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The present comment concerns the correct presentation of an algorithm proposed in the above paper for the glow-curve deconvolution in the case of continuous distribution of trapping states. Since most researchers would use directly the proposed algorithm as published, they should be notified of its correct formulation during the fitting of TL glow curves of materials with continuous trap distribution using this Equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of paper samples was investigated using high-resolution phase-contrast microtomography at the beamline ID 22 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, France. It was shown that X-ray microtomography is a non-destructive method suitable for high resolution depicting real 3D-paper structures. The method detects highly localised changes in the refractive index of the sample, such as fibre–pore interfaces. The resulting tomograms represented an outlined image of the fibre structure with an image resolution of 1 μm. Analyses were performed in dry state, but in addition some were done in wet state. The raw data obtained were transformed into 3D images. The reconstructed slices were in general of rather good quality, even if both noise and ring-like artifacts were observed. These required special filtering efforts before a segmented binary volume could be obtained for further use of the data. This approach was made up of semi-automatic routines to convert the structure into a binary format. The resulting binary volumes can be used for further characterisation of the 3D-paper structure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The use of the elemental composition, determined by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), to characterize ancient and modern papyrus and parchment, and newspaper from three different years is reported. The concentrations of S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Br, Rb, Sr, Ba and Pb were determined in these samples in order to proceed to its characterization. From this work, we can conclude that the obtained results allow distinguishing modern and ancient documents by its elemental amount. It was observed, with few exceptions, that the modern samples present lower elemental concentration than the older ones. Furthermore, in the newspaper samples the number of detected elements depends on the newspaper''s age, and decreases from the oldest (1919) to the most recent (2005). X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is a good elemental technique with the main advantage of being non-destructive, which makes it the perfect tool for the elemental analysis of cultural heritage. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The (CR–LR) difference technique, based on the CR-39 and LR 115 detectors, for the determination of implanted 210Po in glass after deposition of short-lived radon progeny, was analyzed in details in this paper. The sensitivities of both detectors were calculated using the Monte Carlo method with V functions particularly derived in our previous works for the detectors used in the present experiments. The dependency of the sensitivity ratio on the removed layer of both detectors was determined and verified experimentally. The simulated sensitivity ratios correlate well with the experimental ones. A major finding of the present work is that the sensitivity ratio between the CR-39 and LR 115 detectors depends only weakly on the ratio between the 238U and 232Th concentrations in the glass samples. This is crucial for the application of the (CR–LR) difference technique for retrospective radon exposure assessments, since measurements of the 238U and 232Th concentrations in the relatively small real-life glass samples will make the retrospective radon exposure assessments impractical. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper we consider the calculation of the linearly polarised undulator brightness with the inclusion of the sextupolar magnetic field contributions and an axial magnetic field. The analysis is aimed at the damping of the betatron oscillations which arise when the electrons are injected off the undulator axis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The performance of Small Anode Germanium (SAGe) Well detector [1] has been evaluated for a range of sample sizes and geometries counted inside the well, on the end cap or in Marinelli beakers. The SAGe Well is a new type of low capacitance germanium well detector manufactured using small anode technology. The detector has similar energy resolution performance to semi-planar detectors, and offers significant improvement over the Coaxial and existing Well detectors. Resolution performance of 0.75 keV Full Width at Half Maxiumum (FWHM) at 122 keV γ-ray energy and resolution of 2.0–2.3 keV FWHM at 1332 keV γ-ray energy are guaranteed. Such outstanding resolution performance will benefit environmental applications in revealing the detailed radionuclide content of samples, particularly at low energy, and will enhance the detection sensitivity resulting in reduced counting time. This paper reports the counting performance of SAGe Well detector for range of sample sizes and geometries and how it compares to other detector types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coherent synchrotron radiations (CSR) emitted by a high-brightness electron beam during transport in a bending magnet is a double-edged sword in electron accelerators. While CSR contributes to a stronger radiation field than the incoherent radiation, it simultaneously leads to degradation of the electron beam quality. Specifically, CSR effects manifest in increases of the beam energy spread and the projected emittance, and amplification of the microbunching instability. A dedicated design of the multi-bend transport lines to mitigate CSR effects has recently become a crucial consideration in modern high-brightness electron accelerators. This paper presents analytical formulas for the CSR-induced microbunching instability gain and for the induced emittance growth in an arbitrary achromatic four-bend chicane with inclusion of both the steady-state and transient CSR effects. For the microbunching instability, an iterative method is employed to solve the integral equation for the bunching factor, providing satisfactory gain formulas. Regarding the CSR-induced emittance growth, based on the linear transfer matrices and incorporating the expressions of the CSR-induced energy spread, analytical formulas are derived for the projected emittance growth in an arbitrary four-bend transport section. The analytical formulas are compared and show good agreement with semi-analytical Vlasov calculations and particle tracking simulations. As an application, the obtained analytical formulas are applied to evaluate the CSR effects in the design of a general achromatic four-bend bunch compressor chicane, providing a quick estimate on the microbunching gain and the induced emittance growth. From the widely adopted symmetric C-shape chicane to a non-symmetric S-shape chicane, a design recently proposed by the co-authors, our analytical formulas offer insight into the evolution of the microbunching gain and the emittance growth with the variations of design parameters. In comparison to the time-consuming, full numerical particle tracking simulations currently employed for CSR effect analyses, the analytical formulas presented in this paper significantly reduce the evaluation time, enabling systematic study of parametric dependencies and comprehensive optimization with inclusion of CSR effects within specified design parameter ranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SoLid experiment is a very-short-baseline experiment aimed at searching for nuclear-reactor-produced active-to-sterile antineutrino oscillations. The detection principle is based on the pairing of two types of solid scintillators: polyvinyl toluene and 6LiF:ZnS(Ag), which is a new technology used in this field of Physics. In addition to good neutron-gamma discrimination, this setup allows the detector to be highly segmented (the basic detection unit is a 5 cm side cube). High segmentation provides numerous advantages, including the precise location of inverse beta decay (IBD) products, the derivation of the antineutrino energy estimator based on the isolated positron energy, and a powerful background reduction tool based on the topological signature of the signal. Finally, the system is read out by a network of wavelength-shifting (WLS) fibres coupled to a photodetectors. This paper describes the design of the reconstruction algorithm that allows maximum use of the granularity of the detector. The goal of the algorithm is to convert the output of the optical-fibre readout to the list of the detection units from which it originated. This paper provides a performance comparison for three methods and concludes with a choice of the baseline approach for the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research utilizing the sub-micron three-dimensional spatial resolution of nuclear emulsion detectors has been expanding in various fields, triggered by the development of automated emulsion scanning technology. This paper describes a new production system capable of supplying several thousand square meters of nuclear emulsion film per year. The development and introduction of improved emulsion gel, knife coating, and drying equipment have enabled the mass production of double-side coated nuclear emulsion films with thick emulsion layers suitable for full-area scanning and analysis. This system has played an essential role in numerous nuclear emulsion experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new silicon tracker for the ATLAS detector is envisioned during the Phase-II upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider experiment (LHC), the so-called High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). The new Inner Tracker (ITk) consists of a silicon pixel inner tracker and a silicon microstrips outer tracker. This paper focuses on the strips ITk detector, and, in particular, on the high precision, low-mass, high thermo-mechanical performance structures supporting the silicon microstrip modules, so-called "staves" for the barrel region and "petals" for the end-cap regions. A detailed description of these structures is provided, along with the manufacturing procedures employed. This paper covers also the Quality Control (QC) program during pre-production phase, evaluating the mechanical, electrical and thermal performance of twenty support structures of each type, and the validation for their production phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the characteristics of the LYSO-SiPM-based receiver used in X-ray communication (XCOM). The X-ray signal receiving scheme based on a scintillator and photodetector is an important part of the XCOM system. However, the inherent characteristics of the scintillator and photodetector hinder the improvement of the performance of the X-ray signal receiver. Thus, this paper proposes a comprehensive analysis model for modeling the counting statistical characteristics of the LYSO-SiPM-based receiver, and analyzes the effects of the receiver's characteristics on the communication performance of the OOK-modulated XCOM system. Furthermore, the LYSO-SiPM pulse X-ray signal receiver is optimized, and its performance in the XCOM experiment is tested. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical analysis trend, indicating that the proposed analytical model can be used for XCOM performance analysis and optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particle accelerators are developed worldwide for several societal, industrial, and scientific applications. With the advent of high-strength permanent magnets, the focus is shifting to building particle accelerators using permanent magnets for beam handling. This shift offers the distinct advantage of power efficiency and compactness, over electromagnets. However, such systems face inherent limitations related to temperature sensitivity and lack of tuneability. This paper explores and demonstrates methods for reducing temperature sensitivity and incorporating tuneability in permanent magnet-based systems. Accelerators employing a large number of permanent magnets are more energy efficient as they do not incur running expenditures and are therefore classified as green in this paper. Moreover, we believe that future particle accelerators will be able to leverage these advantages even more. A temperature-compensated magnet using a Nickel–Iron special alloy is designed using the measured temperature-dependent B–H curve of the material. The optimum thickness of the temperature-compensated shunt was determined and cross-verified by constructing a magnet and measuring it in a temperature-controlled environment. Additionally, this paper discusses the design of hybrid magnets integrating permanent magnets and electromagnetic coils highlighting their utility in temperature compensation and tunability. Furthermore, other methods for incorporating tunability and making a permanent magnet system more resilient to temperature changes are also briefly outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the beam test results obtained with a Resistive Silicon Detector (RSD) (also called AC-Low Gain Avalanche Diode, AC-LGAD) pixel array tested at the DESY beam test facility with a 5 GeV/c electron beam. Furthermore, it describes in detail the simulation results of DC-RSD, an evolution of the RSD design. The simulations campaign described in this paper has been instrumental in the definition of the structures implemented in the Fondazione Bruno Kessler FBK first DC-RSD production. The RSD matrix used in this study is part of the second FBK RSD production, RSD2. The best position resolution reached in this test is σ x = 15 μ m, about 3.4% of the pitch. DC-RSD LGAD, are an evolution of the AC-coupled design, eliminating the dielectric and using a DC-coupling to the electronics. The concept of DC-RSD has been finalized using full 3D Technology-CAD simulations of the sensor behavior. TCAD simulations are an excellent tool for designing this innovative class of detectors, enabling the evaluation of different technology options (e.g., the resistivity of the n + layer, contact materials) and geometrical layouts (shape and distance of the read-out pads). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of the updated version of the Front-End Board (FEB) for the NectarCAM camera, developed for the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO). The FEB is a critical component responsible for reading and converting signals from the camera's photo-multiplier tubes into digital data and generating module-level trigger signals. This study provides an overview of the design and performance of the new FEB version, including the use of an improved NECTAr3 chip with advanced features. The NECTAr3 chip contains a switched capacitor array for sampling signals at 1 GHz and a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for digitization upon receiving a trigger signal. The integration of the new NECTAr3 chip results in a significant reduction of NectarCAM's deadtime by an order of magnitude compared to the previous version. The paper also presents the results of laboratory testing, including measurements of timing performance, linearity, dynamic range, and deadtime, to characterize the new FEB's performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The previous paper has indicated that it is important to depress both direct recombination and reverse reaction between ionic relaxation products, i.e., latent image centers (Ag n) and Br 2 for dark matter (DM) detection by a super-fine-grained nuclear emulsion named NIT. This paper describes the results of the analyses on the reverse reaction in the NIT containing a typical halogen acceptor Na 2 SO 3 (SS), which is used to make the NIT sensitive. The electronic structure of the NIT layer containing SS as measured by means of photo-electron yield spectroscopy in air revealed that Ag(SO 3) 2 3− was formed in emulsions and could become to be Ag(SO 3) 2 2−by giving an electron to Br 2. Although SS could not stop the reverse reaction, SS made it so slow that SS could make the NIT with SS available for DM detection when the irradiated NIT layers were kept at low temperature (−20 °C to −50 °C) in order to bring about further slowdown of the reaction rate. It is thought that Ag(SO 3) 2 2− took a place of Br 2 for the reverse reaction and decreased its rate, since the diffusion of Ag(SO 3) 2 2−, which is electrically charged and large in size, is slower than that of Br 2 owing to attractive interaction between Ag(SO 3) 2 2− and many ionized substituents in gelatin. Discussions are made on ideas to depress further the reverse reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a stationary solution of the Vlasov–Fokker–Planck equation, the Haissinski equation predicts the equilibrium line density of a bunch that circulates in a storage ring for a given wake function. This paper shows that some equations regarding the centroid shift of the bunch, the peak position of the bunch profile, bunch length, and the impedance from the bunch profile can be derived from the Haissinski equation in a self-consistent manner. Specifically, a generalized quadratic equation for potential-well bunch lengthening is derived to accommodate any arbitrary impedance model (that is, the impedance spectrum under consideration can take any form). This expands upon Zotter's cubic equation, which is primarily applicable to inductive impedance. The equations derived in this paper are tested using computed impedance models for some electron storage rings, showing machine-dependent properties of impedance effects. We conclude that these equations can be employed in electron storage rings to effectively bridge the gap between impedance computations and beam-based measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new facility called CAFE2 (Chinese Accelerator Facility for super heavy Elements) has been constructed and put into routine operation at Institute of Modern Physics (IMP) in 2021. To meet the requirement of metallic ions, we assembled a room-temperature ECR ion source-LECR5 (Lanzhou Electron Cyclotron Resonance ion source No.5) as its injector. This paper mainly introduces the results of optimization of metallic ions, including 40Ca, 48Ca, 54Cr and 55Mn, with inductive heating metal oven. Calcium ions was produced by direct heating of the mixture powder of calcium oxide and aluminum. Chromium and manganese ions were obtained by heating of isotopic pure elemental materials. With different supporting gas, 1–5 puA of metallic ions have been produced and delivered to the accelerator successfully. Beam emittance and transmission efficiency will also be discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A repetitive pulsed power supply prototype has been designed and implemented for the RCS beam extraction kicker in the CSNS upgrade. The pulsed power supply features an ultra-low impedance Blumlein PFN to generate a fast front and high-current pulse, and a saturable magnetic switch to sharpen the pulse's rising edge at the nanosecond time scale. A detailed report is provided on the practical engineering issues arising from the ultra-low impedance Blumlein PFN in the paper. Additionally, we have utilized simulation and experimental methods to evaluate the effectiveness of the saturation magnetic switch in sharpening the excitation current at the nanosecond time scale. The developed pulsed power supply is capable of generating a pulse current of 6660 A with a rise time of 248 ns, a pulse flat-top duration of 628 ns, a time jitter of ±4.5 ns, and a flat-top ripple of ≤±1 % at a repetition rate of 25 Hz. The design and experimental results of this pulsed power supply are presented in detail in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of the channeling phenomenon of positrons in single crystals relies on the availability of high quality positron beams. At the Mainz Microtron MAMI a facility is under construction which will supply a 500 MeV positron beam (Backe et al., 2022) with an emittance of ϵ v = 0.055 π mm mrad (1 σ) in vertical direction. The beam line allows focusing of the positron beam in the target chamber with an angular spread of 64 μ rad (FWHM) at a beam width of 5 mm (FWHM). Employing a silicon detector oriented in (110) channeling conditions, it is intended to measure in a triple coincidence the energy loss of the positrons in the silicon detector, as proposed in a recent paper by Shchagin et al. (2022), the scattering angle and the energy of the emitted photons. In this paper a case study is presented with the aid of simulation calculations for such an experiment with special emphasis on the role of the plasmon resonances in silicon at 17 and 3.9 eV. Simulation results are presented for an electron beam of 500 MeV from MAMI as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the mathematical basis for analysis of vertical time-of-flight (TOF) measurements with ultracold neutrons (UCN). In contrast to conventional horizontal TOF, this enables spectroscopy of UCN incident on the chopper with kinetic energies below the neutron optical potential of the detector entrance window. Much of the treatment presented here is general, and may be applied to horizontal and vertical TOF data of stationary and time-dependent spectra. Transformation rules are given for the conversion of vertical TOF spectra into other spectra of interest, and some aspects of detection efficiency are discussed that are common to all vertical TOF measurements using detectors with entrance windows. Throughout the paper, examples are provided using experimental data from measurements at the SUN-2 prototype superthermal UCN source. The technical details of these experiments and a comprehensive characterization of the source will be published by the present authors in a later paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SuperKEKB is an accelerator to collide electron and positron particles with a nano-beam collision scheme and equipped with two cryostats to accommodate 55 superconducting (SC) magnets for final focusing. Each cryostat is cooled by an independent cryogenic system employing a refrigerator of 250 W at 4.41 K and a subcooler to supply subcooled liquid helium (LHe), which absorbs heat leak by the relatively small sensible heat (∼2.4 J/g) with an acceptable temperature rise of 0.35 K from 4.41 K to 4.76 K (saturated temperature at 0.161 MPa). The associated limitation of the permissible heat leaks necessitated a careful cryostat design with comprehensive thermal considerations to reduce heat conduction and radiation and maintain stable cryogenic conditions of SC magnets. This paper presents the designs of the cryostats and cryogenic systems to address the technical challenges to cool SC magnets with the compact spatial constraints. Cryogenic systems were designed to supply a subcooled LHe flow of ∼20 g/s and to provide a mixed capacity of refrigeration and liquefaction loads. The liquefaction component amounts to 40 L/h (∼1.3 g/s), approximately half of the total refrigerator capacity to cool the vapor-cooled current leads of SC magnets, which is also found to significantly influence the total LHe flow (∼20 g/s) to cool the cryostats. Dedicated studies were performed to investigate the SC magnet temperature variations with the LHe flow, the system operation modes such as cooldown and quench of SC magnets, and to assess the heat leaks with local and global methods, which facilitate the practical operation of cryogenic systems for the SuperKEKB accelerator and are detailed in this paper. • Heat leak distributions were evaluated and compared for cryogenic components. • Cryogenic systems of SuperKEKB final focusing SC magnets are described. • The subcooled LHe scheme was realized in cryogenic systems of SC magnets. • Operations of current leads are summarized for thermal stability of cryostats. • Practical operations of cryogenic systems are presented with thermal parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The double crystal monochromator (DCM) is the core equipment of high flux and high monochromatic light on the synchrotron beamline, which directly affects the performance of the synchrotron hard X-ray beamline in terms of stability. To meet the requirements for the stability of the nano-radian magnitude of the DCM for the 4th-generation synchrotron light source, this paper presents a method to suppress the primary resonance of the system using an integral lead compensation notch filter and eliminate the higher-order positive and negative resonance peaks with a dual second-order notch filter. The bandwidth of the DCM system is enhanced to meet the system speed requirements. Meanwhile, the mechanical coupling is considered equivalent to the system's internal disturbance. The disturbance observer is designed to ensure the stability and dynamic performance of the DCM system. The simulation results show that after correction by the integral lead compensation notch filter and the dual second-order notch filter, the system bandwidth can reach 308Hz while maintaining a phase margin of approximately 25°. Furthermore, the stability of DCM can reach an RMS of 0.139 nrad, 16.610 nrad, and 1.431 nm in the Pitch, Roll, and Gap direction, respectively, with the help of a disturbance observer. The paper proposes a method to develop stable DCMs in 4th-generation synchrotron radiation facilities while improving the X-ray beamline performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic principle of operation of silicon sensors with resistive read-out is built-in charge sharing. Resistive Silicon Detectors (RSD, also known as AC-LGAD), exploiting the signals seen on the electrodes surrounding the impact point, achieve excellent space and time resolutions even with very large pixels. In this paper, a TCT system using a 1064 nm picosecond laser is used to characterize RSD sensors produced by Fondazione Bruno Kessler. The paper first introduces the parametrization of the errors in the determination of the position and time coordinates in RSD, then outlines the reconstruction method, and finally presents the results. Three different pixel pitches are used in the analysis: 200 × 340, 450 × 450, and 1300 × 1300 μ m 2 . At gain = 30, the 450 × 450 μ m 2 pixel achieves a time jitter of 20 ps and a spatial resolution of 15 μ m concurrently, while the 1300 × 1300 μ m 2 pixel achieves 30 ps and 30 μ m, respectively. The implementation of cross-shaped electrodes improves considerably the response uniformity over the pixel surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have used the TOPAS Geant4-based package to create a parametric simulation of a new TOF-PET scanner design based on a low atomic number scintillator. TOPAS was extended to provide complete information on individual particle position, energy, and identity, allowing access to all particle interactions in the simulation. The data were then used as the 'truth' information of particle kinematics for the simulation of the TOF-PET scanner, as described in a separate paper. The Derenzo and XCAT phantoms were added to the simulation with in-patient scattering, positron emission placement, and positron diffusion. Running Geant4 simulations through TOPAS requires substantially smaller amounts of user training than would be needed in raw Geant4. This paper describes the methods used to simulate the low-Z whole-body scanner at reduced dose. Specifically, this paper covers the simulation of the FDG decay energy spectrum; the simulation of tissue densities, atomic compositions, and radiotracer doses within imaging phantoms with doses; the custom TOPAS extension used to record particle interaction data; computational performance; and required Geant4 libraries used in TOPAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the beam transport issue in the double-period focusing structure of low energy proton/ion cryogenic superconducting linear accelerators (CSLA). The structure, consisting of a large period corresponding to a cryogenic refrigeration module and a small period of focusing solenoid, is modeled with solenoids and drifts to study the impact of higher-order resonances on beam halo in transverse phase spaces without considering the acceleration. Numerical simulation reveals that the double-period structure can cause beam envelope instability even when the small periodic zero-current phase advance (σ 0f) is less than 90°, making it more susceptible than the fully periodic structure. The study identifies that 2:1 resonance remains a major factor contributing to the formation of beam halo, particularly in the double-period structure. Furthermore, through exploration of different matching modes, the paper elucidates that not only 2:1 resonance but also higher-order resonances can lead to beam halo formation for space charge dominated beam. The oscillation frequency spectrum of the matched envelope is obtained using fast Fourier transform. It is recommended that particle oscillation frequencies avoid matching the identical fundamental frequency and its multiples of the matched envelope. Overall, the findings of this study can serve as valuable references for the design and optimization of CSLA. • The mechanisms for beam halo generation in a double-period structure were compared for different matched beam conditions. • The frequency of envelope oscillations under non-smooth approximation was obtained using Fourier analysis. Background: The low-energy end of a superconducting linear accelerator typically employs a double-period focusing structure (the large period corresponding to a cryogenic refrigeration module, and the small period of focusing solenoid). This structure has two main characteristics. Firstly, it has more focal discontinuity points (known as cryomodule modules), increasing the likelihood of misalignment. Secondly, the periodicity of the cryomodules induces a low-frequency modulation similar to the envelope oscillation when the beam is mismatched. Under suitable conditions, this modulation can potentially satisfy the resonance condition between particles and core, leading to the excitation of beam halo. Therefore, research in this area is of great importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A previous analysis of beam power dissipation in the new-style multi-plate neutron-producing tantalum-clad tungsten target in the First Target Station (TS-1) of the ISIS Spallation Neutron and Muon Source resulted in a value for the thermal power dissipated in the rearmost plate of the target that was significantly smaller than the power dissipation predicted by Monte Carlo particle-tracking codes. In the present paper a lumped thermal network is developed with a view to enabling an improved analysis to be made. A larger value for the power dissipation in the rearmost plate is obtained, but is still noticeably smaller than predictions from Monte Carlo codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analog front-end channel for the readout of Low Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGADs) based particle detectors for the next generation of space-borne experiments. The circuit has been designed in a 65 nm CMOS technology. The charge generated by the detector is integrated by a Charge Sensitive Amplifier (CSA) with dynamic signal compression feature to achieve improved noise performance, along with enhanced time resolution capabilities over the wide range of input charge to be detected (from 45 fC to 16 pC). An RC-CR shaper with selectable shaping time, a fast discriminator and a Time-to-Amplitude Converter (TAC) complete the readout circuit. An SNR around 300, together with a time resolution of slightly below 60 ps, is achieved in post-layout simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an analytical method based on the transmission line model is proposed for the electromagnetic analysis of a C-band standing-wave dielectric assist accelerating (DAA) structure operating in TM 02 mode at 5.712 GHz. This DAA structure consists of dielectric cylinders and disks periodically arranged in a metallic enclosure. To use the transmission line model analysis, the accelerator is divided into 13 uniform sections along the structure categorized into three types: two-layer, three-layer, and five-layer dielectric-loaded waveguides (DLWs). Then, every dielectric-loaded section is modeled by a dielectric-filled one, provided that the dielectric-loaded and corresponding dielectric-filled sections have the same phase and attenuation constants, power dissipation in the dielectric and metal parts, and inner radius of the metal body. Thus, the DAA structure is considered a series of transmission lines, and the whole circuit model is short-ended at both ends according to the metal plates at the entry and exit of the beam. Important electromagnetic features of the accelerator such as operating frequency, amplitude of the axial electric field component on the central axis, and shunt impedance per unit length are calculated. Moreover, the analytical results are compared with simulation results obtained by full-wave electromagnetic software and it is demonstrated that there is a good agreement between the proposed method and simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutron diffraction is a well-established method for the measurement and characterization of internal stresses in metallic and ceramic materials at room temperature. Some cases have been reported in the literature in which the method has been extended to higher temperatures. In this paper we report both novel setups for in-situ heat treatments and for in-situ mechanical testing at high temperature at SALSA in the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL). Characterization of internal stresses in Ni-superalloys demonstrated the feasibility, stability and exploitation of results achieved by a tailored induction heating system. Different coils are adapted to accommodate several sample geometries for accurate focusing of the magnetic heating induction field on the sample, to achieve high heating rates up to 50 °C/s and therefore limiting the microstructural evolution impact during ramping-up to the target temperature. In return, this enhances the choice of reference d 0 , by either measurements at room temperature and extrapolated values to high temperature, or by direct measurements also at high temperature. A detailed strategy of d 0 stress-free reference approaches for such in-situ experiments at high temperature is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) currently delivers the most intense continuous muon beam in the world with up to several 1 0 8 μ + / s and aims at maintaining its leadership by upgrading its beamlines within the High Intensity Muon Beams project (HIMB) (Eichler et al. 2022; Dal Maso et al. 2023) with projected intensities up to 1 0 10 μ + / s , and having a huge impact on low-energy, high-precision muon based searches. To reach such high quality tunes during commissioning, a novel tuning strategy is required, due to the large aberrations introduced by the employment of solenoidal elements along the HIMB beamlines. This paper presents the preliminary tests carried out in December 2023 at the Compact Muon Beam Line (CMBL) at PSI, serving the Mu3e experiment (Arndt et al., 1012) a tuning of low energy muon transfer lines with Bayesian algorithms was performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COMET (COherent Muon to Electron Transition) Phase-I experiment aims to search for muon to electron conversion with a single event sensitivity of O (1 0 − 15 ). In COMET, a Cylindrical Trigger Hodoscope (CTH), consisting of segmented plastic scintillators, provides a primary trigger signal and timing measurement while suppressing backgrounds under the high rate environment. This paper studies the particle identification capability of CTH to suppress one of the serious backgrounds induced by cosmic-rays. We demonstrated that a background suppression factor greater than 10 is achievable with a signal efficiency higher than 90%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a front-end module emulator for SemiconducTor Array detectoR with Large dynamIc ranGe and cHarge inTegrating readout (STARLIGHT), a versatile hybrid silicon pixel detector with a high frame rate (≥ 10kHz) and serving as the first charge-integrating pixel detector for XFEL in China. The detector is intended for operation in a vacuum environment, with the front-end module generating a thermal power of up to 5.443 mW/mm 2 , presenting a significant challenge for thermal management. To assess the thermal management capabilities of the mechanical and PCB designs for the project, a thermal emulator was developed to replicate the heat generated by the ASIC. This was particularly crucial during the early stages of the project when the ASIC was not yet available, achieved by placing copper wires on the PCB. Subsequent thermal simulations were conducted and compared with the results obtained from the thermal emulator. The comparison shows that the experimental results are very close to the thermal simulation results, validating the thermal performance of the STARLIGHT front-end modules. These endeavors not only provide validation but also offer valuable insights to ensure the thermal efficiency of the STARLIGHT front-end modules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present ion-optical simulation for the design studies of a new solenoid separator as part of the NEXT experiment. Our aim is to separate Neutron-rich, EXotic, heavy nuclei produced in multinucleon Transfer reactions (NEXT) from the primary beam and un-wanted by-products within the magnetic field. The goal of the simulation is to find the optimum arrangement of the components within the NEXT solenoid separator to achieve the highest transmission efficiencies of transfer products and a good suppression of background. In our simulations, we focused on two complementary reactions to produce transfermium isotopes and to produce neutron-rich nuclei around the neutron number N = 126. Transmission yields above 50% for the transfermium isotopes of interest were reached in the simulations. The simulated yields for N = 126 lie between 5% and 20%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incident beam quality at the target determines the resolution and intensity of micro-focus X-ray sources, which depends greatly on the focusing system and the target. To meet different spatial layouts of the focusing system with transmission and reflection targets, three-dimension (3-D) modelling of the focusing system was built with Monte Carlo simulation and coordinate transforming method in this paper. In the proposed approach, the focusing system was first optimized by a 2-D model to achieve a fine beam spot with high effective current at the optimum working distance for the transmission and reflection targets. Then, 3-D practical model of the focusing system was achieved by tracing N electrons from the electron gun in three directions using the 5-order Runge-Kutta method. Finally, examples of the focusing system for 90 keV and 30 keV X-ray sources were given to get the energy distributions at transmission and reflection targets. Results show that resolutions of 4 μm and 500 nm have been achieved for 90 keV X-ray source with the transmission target and 30 keV X-ray source with the reflection target respectively. Compared with the experimental results, 2-D modelling of the focusing system is also applicable for X-ray source with the transmission target while 3-D modelling of the focusing system is essential for X-ray source with the reflection target. In addition, the 3-D electron beam model will simplify the design of the real apertures, liner tubes, beam blankers etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Second Target Station of the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory is anticipated to provide a neutron source with ∼20 times increase in peak brightness than the First Target Station. The neutron reflectometers currently in operation at the First Target Station need to be upgraded due to the increased neutron flux. A prototype neutron detector module based upon a pixelated scintillator array readout by silicon photomultipliers is being developed to address the high-rate challenge faced with future neutron reflectometer instruments at the Second Target Station. Two types of scintillator materials were considered for this detector development, i.e., 6Li-loaded EJ-270 plastic scintillator and Ce-doped LiCAF single crystal. This paper reports the scintillator characterization results, including light yield, pulse shape discrimination performance, capability to detect thermal neutrons in a high γ-ray field, and γ-ray sensitivity. The number of photons produced per neutron capture by EJ-270 and LiCAF:Ce was measured to be 2176 ± 91 and 2651 ± 108, respectively. EJ-270 demonstrated a good capability to discriminate between neutrons and γ-rays by employing the commonly used charge comparison method (figure-of-merit: 1.13 ± 0.01 for an energy cut of 292–426 keVee) and a reasonable performance when using the time-over-threshold techniques; however, no discrimination was observed from LiCAF:Ce regardless of the pulse shape discrimination approaches utilized, making pulse height discrimination necessary for LiCAF:Ce to differentiate between neutrons and γ-rays. Both EJ-270 and LiCAF:Ce exhibited an acceptable capacity to detect thermal neutrons at high exposure rates up to approximately 584 mR/h. The γ-ray sensitivities measured with a60Co source at an exposure rate of around 1145 mR/h were determined to be (6.11 ± 0.87) × 10−6 and (7.64 ± 1.08) × 10−7 for EJ-270 and LiCAF:Ce, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The OBELIX depleted monolithic active CMOS pixel sensor (DMAPS) is currently developed for the upgrade of the vertex detector of the Belle II experiment located at Tsukuba/Japan. The pixel matrix of OBELIX is inherited from the TJ-Monopix2 chip, but the periphery includes additional features to improve performance and allow the integration into a larger detector system. The new features include a trigger unit to process trigger signals, a precision timing module and a possibility to transmit low granularity hit information with low latency to contribute to the Belle II trigger. Additionally, low dropout voltage regulators and an ADC to monitor power consumption and substrate temperature is developed. This paper will focus on the trigger contribution capabilities of the OBELIX chip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents our experimental work to assess the capability of estimating the transient-induced power distribution evolution in the CABRI experimental reactor, using Cherenkov radiation in optical fibers. The CABRI reactor is designed to produce power transients from 100 kW up to 21 GW in less than 100 ms, in order to irradiate a test fuel pin under conditions representative of a Reactivity Insertion Accident in pressurized water reactors. Because of the wide response range and short response time required to follow the reactor power evolution during a complete transient, the usual means of detection, such as ionization or fission chamber, are rendered inoperable, especially for in-core or core vicinity measurements. For this reason, we suggest measuring the Cherenkov light produced within the optical fibers. The Cherenkov light emission is linked to local electron production, which is proportional to local gamma flux through the Compton or pair production cross-section. In other words, the intensity of Cherenkov radiation is related to the photon flux intensity. Knowledge of the fission photons emitted by the reactor gives direct insight into the fission rate, hence a spatial power density distribution could be reconstructed by using the measurement of Cherenkov light at different points in the reactor. The radio-luminescence measurements taken using photodiodes show very good linearity with the reactor power monitoring system despite the transient radiation induced attenuation observed in the optical fibers. The radio-luminescent light shows steady values with around 5% of variations over the 15 transients for low OH fibers and high OH fibers. Low OH tends to overestimate the FWHM of the power peak by 1–4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In proton therapy, scanning magnets play a crucial role in the treatment equipment. Specifically, in pencil beam scanning, these magnets are responsible for deflecting the proton beam, thereby enabling the illumination of the tumor's precise location. To reduce the size of the scanning system, a combined X–Y scanning magnet is used instead of separate scanning magnets, which can reduce the overall size of the gantry. The design in this paper combines a window-shaped yoke and three sets of elephant-ear-shaped coils, and one of the coils generates a horizontal magnetic field while the other two coils generate a vertical magnetic field. By adjusting the distance between the coils and the shape of the coils at both ends, the magnetic integral field exhibits higher uniformity compared to other combined scanning magnets. The simulation results show that the integrated field achieves a uniformity of 0.84% in the horizontal direction and 0.60% in the vertical direction. Particle tracking simulation and steady-state thermal analysis were also conducted. After cutting a certain number of slits with the same size at the ends of the magnetic yoke, the magnet can meet the requirements of a suitable working temperature. This magnet design has the capability to effectively decrease the space utilized by the scanning system, consequently reducing the rotational radius of the frame and minimizing the equipment required. • The magnet design combines a window-shaped yoke and elephant-ear-shaped coils. • The magnet can effectively decrease the system size, and reduce the gantry radius. • The magnetic field quality is accomplished through modifications to the coil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report on a tabletop experiment studying neutron scattering in a Spherical Proportional Counter using an Am-Be source. Systematic studies were carried out to investigate the effect of gas mixture, pressure, operating voltage, and sphere size on the drift time-rise time relationship of the signal in a spherical proportional counter. Our experimental results showed good agreement with MagBoltz-based simulations. These findings are a crucial step towards measuring the quenching factor in gases using a neutron beam for the New Experiments With Spheres-Gas (NEWS-G) experiment and has important implications for the development of neutron detection techniques and their potential applications in nuclear and particle physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multiturn injection scheme is used in the XiPAF-Upgrading synchrotron, with beam loss mainly occurring at the injection septum. The paper presents two theoretical models for calculating the efficiency of multiturn injection in compact synchrotrons, with a focus on the situation of dispersion mismatch at the injection point. The first model is the beam phase ellipse rotation model, which is based on the beam projection distribution. The second model is the injection septum rotation model, which is based on the particle coordinate criterion. The deviation in efficiency between both injection models and the simulation results is less than 5%, and the calculation speed has increased by a factor of 1000 compared to PyORBIT simulations. The models are used to optimize the multiturn injection efficiency of the XiPAF-Upgrading synchrotron, resulting in an optimal injection efficiency of 92%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]