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1. Sea-water desalination with nuclear and other energy sources: the EURODESAL project

Author

Nisan, S., Caruso, G., Humphries, J.-R., Mini, G., Naviglio, A., Bielak, B., Asuar Alonso, O., Martins, N., and Volpi, L.

Subjects
*NUCLEAR matter, *SALINE water conversion
Abstract

This paper summarises our recent investigations undertaken as part of the EURODESAL project on nuclear desalination, currently being carried out by a consortium of four European, and one Canadian, industrials and two leading EU R&D organisations.Major achievements of the project, as discussed in this paper are:

  • Coherent demonstration of the technical feasibility of nuclear desalination through the elaboration of coupling schemes for optimum cogeneration of electricity and water and by exploring the unique capabilities of the innovative nuclear reactors and desalination technologies.
  • Verification that the integrated system design does not adversely affect nuclear reactor safety.
  • Development of codes and methods for an objective economic assessment of the competitiveness and sustainability of proposed options through comparison, in European conditions, with fossil energy based systems.
    • Results obtained so far seem to be quite encouraging as regards the economical viability of nuclear desalination options.Thus, for example, specific desalination costs ($/m3 of desalted water) for nuclear systems, such as the AP-600 and the French PWR-900 (reference base case), coupled to multiple effect distillation (MED) or the reverse osmosis (RO) processes, are 30–60% lower than the desalination costs for fossil energy based systems, using pulverised coal and natural gas with combined cycle, at low discount rates and recommended fossil fuel prices. Even in the most unfavourable scenarios for nuclear energy (discount rate=10%, low fossil fuel costs) desalination costs with the nuclear reactors are 7–20% lower, depending upon the desalination capacities. Furthermore, with the advanced coupling schemes, utilising waste heat from nuclear reactors, the gains in specific desalination costs of nuclear systems are increased by another 2–15%, even without system and design optimisation. A preliminary evaluation shows that desalination costs with the GT-MHR, coupled to a MED process, could still be much lower than the above nuclear options for desalting capacities≤43 000 m3 per day. This is because its design intrinsically provides “virtually free” heat at ideal temperatures for desalination (80–100 °C). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

    Published
    2003
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    2. SEMER: a simple code for the economic evaluation of nuclear and fossil energy-based power production systems

    Author

    Nisan, S., Rouyer, J.L., Marcetteau, P., and Duflo, D.

    Subjects
    *NUCLEAR reactors, *TECHNOLOGICAL innovations, *SAFETY
    Abstract

    The code system, SEMER, was recently developed to evaluate the economic impact of various nuclear reactors and associated innovations. Models for nearly all fossil energy-based systems were also included to provide a basis for cost comparisons.Essentially, SEMER includes three types of model libraries: the global model, for a rapid estimation of various nuclear and fossil energy-based systems, the detailed models, for the finer cost evaluation of individual components and circuits in a PWR type of reactor and the fuel cycle models, for PWRS, HTRs and FBRs, allowing the cost estimations related to all the steps in the nuclear fuel cycle, including reprocessing and disposal.This paper summarises our on-going investigations on new developments in, and on the validation of, the SEMER system.Details of the modelling principles, and the results of validation carried out in the context of an EDF/CEA Joint Protocol Agreement, are also presented.First results of this validation are highly encouraging:

  • Relative errors for the total kWh or overnight and investment costs are less than 5% for large PWR systems operating in France or other countries.
  • These errors are less than 3% for small-sized compact PWRs and they are of the order of 4–7% for HTRs (as compared to IAEA estimations).
  • For fossil energy-based power plants, the relative error, even with slightly different cost breakdown between SEMER and that of existing installations, is from 5 to 20%.
  • Similarly, errors on the nuclear fuel cycle costs are about 1–4%, compared to published reference values.
    • [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

    Published
    2003
    Full Text
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