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The Dementia Coding System (DeCS), an observational assessment tool to measure positive, challenging, and music-related behaviors in people with dementia, was developed and psychometrically evaluated to assess effects of non-pharmacological interventions (for example, individualized music interventions). Data from N = 114 people with dementia were analyzed for factorial validity, internal consistencies, and test-retest reliability. Factorial validity was analyzed using explorative factor analysis (EFA). The results indicate a single factor including nine items that represent "Positive Behaviors". Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were also acceptable for this single factor. Two exploratory factors ("Challenging Behaviors", "Musical Engagement") were proposed for behaviors that could not be included in the EFA due to insufficient variability. Here again, internal consistency and test-retest reliability were calculated with acceptable results. In conclusion, DeCS is a useful coding system to assess effects of non-pharmacological interventions, especially music-based interventions for people with dementia, across a variety of behavioral indicators of negative and positive aspects of quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Music interventions are thought to improve the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). However, results regarding the effectiveness of such interventions have been mixed and there is a lack of results regarding the feasibility of such interventions. In a pilot randomized controlled trial, we evaluate the feasibility and effects of an individualized recorded music intervention for people with dementia living in a nursing home. Methods: Twenty nursing home residents with dementia were randomly assigned to either an intervention or wait list control group. The intervention group listened to personally-relevant music playlists for 30 minutes every other day for four weeks. Nursing staff assessed participants' BPSD pre- and post-intervention. The implementation, acceptance, and applicability of the intervention were also evaluated. Results: The intervention could be successfully implemented in the institutionalized care setting and stimulated significant improvements in sleep quality along with trends towards improvements in social participation and agitation. Nursing staff were highly satisfied with the intervention. Discussion: The results suggest that carefully implemented individualized recorded music interventions are well accepted by nursing staff and can improve BPSD for people in nursing homes. Individualized music interventions represent an innovative and inexpensive alternative to pharmacological interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]