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ABSTRACTPseudognaphalium luteoalbum(L.) Hilliard & Burtt is a morphologically variable cosmopolitan species allied to a number of geographically restricted taxa with a confusing taxonomic history. The relationships and circumscription of these taxa have never been the subject of a global study. We subjected plastid genome and nuclear-ribosomal DNA sequences from New Zealand samples of P. luteoalbumand the threatened endemic P. ephemerumde Lange to phylogenetic analyses along with sequences from elsewhere in the world. Our analyses suggest that two lineages of the genus are present in New Zealand. One was collected from urban and peri-urban locations and we propose it is naturalised to New Zealand. The other was collected from peri-urban and relatively unmodified locations and we propose that it is indigenous and provide the new combination P. lanatum(G.Forst) Smissen, Breitw. & de Lange for the indigenous lineage at species rank. Pseudognaphalium ephemerumsequences were part of the lineage putatively indigenous to New Zealand but their sequences were not distinguishable from some others of this lineage in our analyses. Hawaiian Islands samples attributed to the four varieties of P. sandwicensium(Gaudich) Anderb. may all belong to different species. Sequences of two P. sandwicensiumplants match those of the lineage putatively naturalised in New Zealand. Those of P. sandwicensiumvar. kilaueanum(O.Deg. & Sherff) W.L.Wagner are most similar to those of the putatively indigenous New Zealand lineage. Another group of Hawaiian Islands plants, including one of P. sandwicensiumvar. molokaiense(O.Deg. & Sherff) W.L.Wagner from west Maui, are more closely related to the Asiatic species P. affine(D.Don) Anderb. than to the other Hawaiian Islands lineages or either New Zealand lineage. The affinities of P. sandwicensiumvar. hawaiiense(O.Deg. & Sherff) W.L.Wagner lie with native North American Pseudognaphaliumspecies.

ABSTRACTOur research towards a revision of New Zealand Craspedia(Compositae/Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) led to the recognition of a new species from Nelson/Tasman, South Island of New Zealand. Craspedia huriawaoccurs only in the area of the Riuwaka River North Branch at the base of Tākaka Hill, Pikikirunga Range. It is morphologically similar to C. minorbut is distinguished by its sturdier scapes, oblanceolate to almost linear leaves, glomerules changing gradually from hemispherical to globose after anthesis, larger and more numerous florets (c. 200 per glomerule), clavate apical pappus bristle plumes, longer twin trichomes of the achene, and pappus-to-achene length <2.1:1. We are providing the formal taxonomic treatment together with illustrations and descriptions of its morphology, distribution, habitat, ecology, phenology, and etymology, as well as an assessment of its conservation status.

ABSTRACTIn New Zealand, Craspedia(Compositae/Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) has much more morphological variation than previously recognised, as demonstrated by suggestions of about 50 informally named putative species and varieties. As part of our research towards a revision of New Zealand Craspediawe have focused here on those plants that can be segregated from other New Zealand species of Craspediaby their dark red-purple anthers. We are describing the four species C. argentea, C. diversicolor, C. rugosa, and C. thinicolafrom the South Island of New Zealand as new to science. They are recognised based on a morphological assessment of scape, rosette leaf, inflorescence, floret, and achene characters following detailed herbarium, cultivation, and field studies. All four species are threatened. Each is known from a single locality only. Craspedia argentea, endemic to Mahaka Katia Scientific Reserve (Pisa Flats) in Central Otago, has rosette leaves with a dense, silvery, appressed to floccose lanate indumentum. Craspedia diversicolorwas once more widespread in the Canterbury plains but is now restricted to Wakanui Gully in Canterbury, where only two plants were found recently. The colour of its rosette leaves varies from olive-green to grey, to dark red. Craspedia rugosa, known only from Cameron Fan, near Lake Heron, in Canterbury, can be distinguished from all other species of Craspediaby its rugose, dark-red-mottled rosette leaves. Craspedia thinicolais confined to the stable deflation hollows at Kaitorete Spit, adjoining Banks Peninsula in Canterbury. Its rosette leaves are covered with a dense, appressed, lanate indumentum. When in the open its leaves are appressed to the ground, with the upper rosette leaves strongly recurved. The formal taxonomic treatments for each species are provided, together with illustrations and descriptions of their morphology, distribution, habitat, phenology, etymology, and cytology, as well as an assessment of their conservation status.

ABSTRACTThe rosette-forming group of Brachyglottis(Asteraceae: Senecioneae) is a New Zealand endemic species complex in which five species are currently recognised. Although there are clear morphological differences between some members of this group (for example, in trichome characters), morphological intermediates and sites where plants display considerable variation in diagnostic characters are common. Using existing keys and descriptions many specimens of this group can therefore not be identified to species with confidence. In this study, analyses of morphological, DNA sequence and simple sequence repeat data are used to test the existing delimitation, with the intention of revising the taxonomic treatment of the group. Our results show that variation in morphological characters in the rosette Brachyglottisgroup is continuous, making species delimitation arbitrary. Moreover, they demonstrate that the current species classification does not reflect genetic relationships in the group. Instead, there is a strong geographical pattern in the genetic data which we attribute to isolation by distance. Our findings are consistent with a single but morphologically variable species within which infraspecific taxa cannot be unambiguously recognised. We therefore recognise a single broadly circumscribed rosette-forming Brachyglottisspecies, Brachyglottis lagopus, and provide a full synonymy.

DNA sequencing of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and plastid trnK intron confirms that wild intergeneric hybrids between Argyrotegium mackayiand Leucogenes leontopodiumoccur in the Tararua Range of the North Island of New Zealand. Both parent species belong to the tribe Gnaphalieae (Asteraceae), already known in New Zealand for numerous intergeneric hybrid combinations. However, an Argyrotegium × Leucogeneshybrid is an especially wide cross within this group. In keeping with the presumed breeding biology of the two parent species, plastid DNA sequences indicate A. mackayias the maternal parent of the sequenced sample.

Twelve polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers were developed from transcribed sequences generated by RNA-seq. These were then used to assess relationships among selected putative species of Craspediain Kahurangi National Park, New Zealand, including three putative species in sympatry at Mt Arthur; plants from two putative species from the nearby Mt Mytton; and plants from the Marino Mountains, where at least four putative species have been listed. We confirmed that two of the putative species present on Mt Arthur are also present on Mt Mytton, but identified another Craspediathere that was previously not recognised as being distinct. At the Marino Mountains the situation appears more complex. One putative species there is clearly distinct from all other plants sampled. However, the remainder of the Marino Mountains plants could not be assigned to genetic groups consistent with the putative species, nor could we clearly relate them to the putative species from Mt Arthur or Mt Mytton.

Three morphologically distinct forms of Craspedia grow together in a small area of Mt Arthur (New Zealand) where they appear to remain distinct. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was investigated at the site. Although sample sizes were small, the results indicate that these three distinct forms are reproductively isolated from each other. Further, the level of polymorphism within each suggests that they are not composed of clones or highly selfing lineages. Amplified fragment length polymorphism provides a powerful tool for examining gene flow and reproductive isolation in sympatric Craspedia populations. These results also suggest that it may be possible to recognize reproductively isolated forms as species within the New Zealand radiation of Craspedia. However, taxonomic changes are considered premature at this time.

AFLP profiles, nuclear ITS sequences, and chloroplast psbA-trnH intergenic spacer sequences for representative samples of the New Zealand edelweiss species Leucogenes grandiceps, L. leontopodium, L. neglecta, and L. tarahaoa were examined. Analysis of AFLP profiles from a small number of populations strongly groups samples of each species, and in turn samples of diploid (2n = 2x = 28) L. leontopodium and tetraploid (2n = 4x = 56) L. neglecta cluster together, consistent with a derivation of the latter from the former by auto-polyploidy. However, octoploid (2n = 8x = 112) L. tarahaoa does not cluster closely with either L. neglecta or L. leontopodium, indicating this species has an independent origin. Analyses of chloroplast DNA sequences show that although the majority of Leucogenes samples share similar chloroplast sequences not sampled from other species of New Zealand Gnaphalieae, a single accession of L. grandiceps and North island populations of L. leontopodium share chloroplast sequences more similar to other species of New Zealand Gnaphalieae. ITS sequence variation is more complex, with sequences sampled from Leucogenes not constituting a monophyletic group, and striking intraspecific variation detected within L. grandiceps.

Helichrysum lanceolatum is a widespread and variable New Zealand species that has been regarded as a species complex. A survey of genetic variation in Helichrysum lanceolatum using AFLP, nrDNA ITS sequence, and cpDNA psbA-trnH sequences is presented. No evidence to support segregate taxa at any rank was found. Geographic structure in genetic diversity is weak and consistent with a model of increasing genetic isolation with distance.

Haastia, an alpine genus of three species endemic to New Zealand, has been of uncertain tribal affiliation within the Asteraceae subfamily Asteroideae. On the basis of morphological evidence it has been variously assigned to Gnaphalieae and Astereae, split between tribes, and unassigned to a tribe. Here morphological characters that have been used to delimit tribes of Asteroideae are reviewed. These characters are described for Haastia and evidence for its tribal position is assessed. The weight of the evidence favours inclusion in Senecioneae and suggests affiliation to Brachyglottis. This is in accordance with recent phylogenetic analyses of ITS and 5' trnK/matK intron sequences that place Haastia in a Senecioneae clade with Brachyglottis and allied genera.

Euchiton mackayi and E. nitidulus lack the definitive characters of Euchiton, namely stolons and paired papillae on the cypsela epidermis. A morphological comparison of species of Euchiton from New Zealand and Australia, supplemented by published data on other species and genera, demonstrates that E. fordianus, E. mackayi, E. nitidulus, and E. poliochlorus are morphologically distinct from the remainder of Euchiton and from all other genera of Gnaphalieae. This is supported by published evidence from ITS sequences. Euchiton fordianus, E. mackayi, E. nitidulus, and E. poliochlorus are transferred to a new genus, Argyrotegium, and new combinations are made.

Species Plantarum: Flora of the World. Australian Biological Resources Study. ISSN1441-1393 (series). Address for registering Standing Orders: ABRS (Publications), GPO Box 787, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia. (www.anbg.gov.au/abrs). Standing Order customers receive a 20% discount on the Rec ommended Retail Price of the booklets. Price for the first two parts of Species Plantarum (Introduction and Irvingiaceae): A$20.Species plantarum: Flora of the World. Introduction to the series by A. E. Orchard. Australian Biological Resources Study. 1999.91 p. ISBN 0-642-56804-9 (paperback).Species Plantarum: Flora of the World. Part 1, Irvingiaceae by D. J. Harris. Australian Biological Resources Study. 1999. 25 P. ISBN 0-642-56800-6 (paperback).Species Plantarum: Flora of the World. Part 2, Stangeriaceae by E. M. A. Steyn, G. F. Smith, and K. D. Hill. Australian Biological Resources Study. 1999. 9 p. ISBN 0-642-56805-7 (paperback).Species Plantarum: F1ora Of the Wor1d. Part 3, We1witschiaceae by E' M* A. Steyn and G. F. Smith. Australian Biological Resources Study. 1999. 8 p. ISBN 0-642-56806-5 (paperback).Flora of Australia Volume 48. Ferns, Gymnosperms and Allied Groups edited by p. M. McCarthy. CSIRO Publishing and Australian Bio logical Resources Study, Melbourne. 1998. xxii & 766 p. Hardback ISBN 0-643-059717, price A$94.95. Paperback ISBN 0-643-05972-5, price A$59.95.Methods in plant electron microscopy and cytochemistry edited by William V. Daskek. Humana press, Totowa, New Jersey. 20.312 p. Paperback. US$89.50. ISBN 0-896-03809-2.

Statistics for the composition of the New Zealand seed plant flora are presented. The information provided is based on the number of wild speties listed in the New Zealand Plant Names Database Landcare Research' New Zealand' The statistics include the number of wild species, genera, and families; the number of species in the largest genera and families; and species numbers according to biostatus categories.

Nine species are reported as additional or newly substantiated fully naturalised records for the flora of New Zealand during the 2-year period 1997-1998. Notable additions are the invasive Eupatorium cannabinum and Acacia sophorae, which are well established in the Wanganui area, and Myricaria germanica which is relatively common along parts of the Waimakariri River, Canterbury. Thirty-seven species, including two ferns, are considered to be new records of casual naturalised plants. Thirty-eight additional species that were previously known from few collections are given extended distributions.

AbstractAnalyses of ITS sequences of Australasian Gnaphalieae reveal at least six distinct lineages of Gnaphalieae in New Zealand. Our results suggest that the New Zealand species of Craspediaform a monophyletic group, which originated in Australia. The stoloniferous species of Euchitonare clearly separated from the non‐stoloniferous species. They are not closely related to any other New Zealand gnaphalioid taxon. The Australian species of Ewartiaare a polyphyletic group and are not closely related to the sole New Zealand species, Ewartia sinclairii. An almost endemic New Zealand Glade consists of species currently included in Anaphalioides, Ewartia, Helichrysum, Leucogenes, Rachelia, and Raoulia. It appears that the New Zealand Glade diversified rapidly soon after the arrival of its ancestor in New Zealand. The relationships of Ozothamnus leptophyllusare poorly resolved. Pseudognaphalium luteoalbumemerges with mainly Asian and South American Gnaphalieae.

AbstractThe genus Racheliaand its single species, R. gloria, are described and illustrated. Rachelia glariais a rhizomatous perennial occurring on fine argillite scree on the dry mountains of Marlborough and the extreme north of Canterbury in the South Island of New Zealand. Its taxonomic affinities lie with the gnaphalioid Compositae. R. glariais evidently very local and is classed as vulnerable, but it is not considered to be endangered.

Six taxa are reported as additional or newly substantiated naturalised records for the weed flora of New Zealand during the 3-year period 1994-1996. Thirty-six species are considered to be new records of casual adventive plants. Eleven additional species that were previously poorly known are given extended distributions. Most records are in the Fabaceae (6).

An evaluation is presented of the exceptionally large number of name changesJunparticularly of generic attribution, proposed for New Zealand gnaphalioid taxa, principally in the past decade. The transfer of certain New Zealand species to AnaphalioidesNovEuchiton, and Pseudognaphalium is supported, but some other changes, including the establishment of Ewartiothamnus, the resurrection of Psychrophyton, and the relocation of New Zealand species of Helichrysum, require (and are now receiving) further study.

AbstractThe sole New Zealand species attributed to Cassinia, C. leptophylla, is shown to have its closest relatives within Ozothamnusrather than Cassinia. Cassinia leptophyllais therefore transferred to Ozothamnus.

AbstractForty-five species of Inuleae (Compositae), predominantly from New Zealand and Tasmania, were subjected to numerical phenetic analysis using 49 leaf anatomy and 38 leaf flavonoid characters. Results indicate that on the basis of overall similarity in this suite of characters: (1) Leucogenesis a good genus; (2) an undescribed taxon of Inuleae is a distinct monotypic genus; (3) New Zealand species currently placed in Anaphalis, Cassinia, and Ewartiaare generically distinct but are referred to the wrong genera; (4) similarity between species of Ewartiaand Gnaphaliumindicates that the boundary between these genera needs to be reassessed; (5) both Helichrysumand Raouliaare heterogeneous and need revision; (6) in New Zealand, Pseudognaphaliumis distinct from other gnaphalioid genera.

The use of a Maori place-name for a specific or infraspecific epithet as a word in apposition is sanctioned by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, and this has been the approach adopted to date by most New Zealand botanists. The epithets already published in this form do not require correction. It is recommended that when adopting Maori place-names as epithets botanists continue to treat Maori place-names as indeclinable, but clearly explain the origin and form of the epithets chosen.

The new combinations Euchiton polylepis (D.G.Drury) Breitw. et J.M.Ward, Euchiton ruahinicus (D.G.Drury) Breitw. et J.M.Ward, and Euchiton lateralis (C.J.Webb) Breitw. et J.M.Ward are made for the New Zealand indigenous species formerly known as Gnaphalium polylepis (D.G.Drury) C.J.Webb, Gnaphalium ruahinicum (D.G.Drury) C.J.Webb, and Gnaphalium laterale C.J.Webb.