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Reports that Mitsubishi Motors had secured emergency financing from several sister companies in January 2005. Background on the series of bailouts for the financially strapped company; Details of the financial package; Operational costs and sales performance.

The article reports on the multibillion-dollar government-led bailout for chip maker Renesas Electronics of Japan. It says that the bailout which is supported by shareholders has lifted the company's shares to 17% and could keep Renesas survived for the next few years. Furthermore, despite the planned plant shutdowns and job cuts, the company has still many challenges such as restructuring of its unprofitable unit that makes system chips.

BRUSSELS -- Since the euro zone crisis got under way in earnest a year ago, various Cassandras have warned that the day would come when voters would rise up in revolt against paying for the mistakes of others with costly bailouts. That day came on Sunday, when Finnish voters awarded 19 percent of their ballots to the nationalist and populist True Finn Party, which is highly skeptical of bailouts for countries like Greece, Ireland and, most pertinently, Portugal. The results made the True Finns the odds-on favorites to become coalition partners in a future government. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

LISBON -- Portugal's caretaker government gave in to market pressures on Wednesday and joined Greece and Ireland in seeking an emergency bailout. The decision came after the government was forced to pay much higher rates to sell more debt. Jose Socrates, Portugal's prime minister, said in a televised address Wednesday night that he had requested aid from the European Commission after recognizing that borrowing costs had become unsustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

BRUSSELS -- European finance ministers said on Monday that they wanted their permanent rescue fund to be able to lend 500 billion euros -- double its current lending capacity -- beginning in 2013, but held off making any formal decisions. After a meeting in Brussels, Jean-Claude Juncker of Luxembourg, who leads the euro zone finance group, said ministers had reached a consensus on the 500 billion euro or $677 billion figure, which would be reviewed at least every two years, and he added that ministers were discussing several ideas for making the fund more flexible. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

WASHINGTON -- Citigroup, the giant financial services company bailed out by the government in November 2008, is still too big to be allowed to fail, a situation that could make future bailouts of big banking companies a necessity, a report by a government watchdog said Thursday. The repo, issued by Neil M. Barofsky, the special inspector general for the Troubled Asset Relief Program, said that the government still had not developed objective criteria to measure the amount of systemic risk posed by giant financial companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PARIS -- Investor concerns persisted Tuesday about the possible need for additional financial aid for countries in the euro area as Ireland prepared to release details of additional budget-cutting measures and Greece's restructuring efforts met with approval from international lenders. Although Ireland has agreed to accept aid from its European partners and the International Monetary Fund -- expected to be close to 100 billion, or $134 billion -- the weakness of the Irish coalition government, along with wider worries that Europe might be required to bail out Portugal and perhaps Spain, is continuing to put pressure on the price of debt in countries considered vulnerable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spanish government sold 3.5 billion euros of bonds Thursday, the maximum set for the auction, easing investor worries that the country might struggle to make ends meet without outside help. The successful sale, worth about $4.3 billion, helped push European stocks and the euro higher. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

WASHINGTON -- The Senate opened debate on Thursday on a far-reaching financial regulation bill, and Democrats moved quickly to demonstrate that the legislation would not provide any future taxpayer bailouts of failing financial companies -- answering a Republican criticism that the Democrats had dismissed as false. The first amendment proposed to the bill, by Senator Barbara Boxer, Democrat of California, was intended to tighten language in the bill regarding how the government would handle any future collapses of financial companies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Citigroup is getting smaller, and maybe even better. Just 13 months ago, Citigroup's chief executive, Vikram S. Pandit, was facing the unthinkable. After bailouts worth $45 billion, the federal government had become the largest shareholder of a bank that was once among the biggest on the planet. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

PARIS -- The German cabinet agreed in principle on Wednesday to impose a tax on banks to help finance bailouts but left details of the plan to be worked out in legislation in coming months. The German plan to finance a so-called stability fund won cautious backing from the French economy minister, Christine Lagarde, who attended the cabinet meeting in Berlin, where she called for international coordination on the matter. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

WASHINGTON -- A Congressional panel, in a report to be released Thursday, questioned the need for the Treasury Department's $17.2 billion bailout of GMAC as the company dealt with the collapsing mortgage market in 2008 and 2009. The panel, the Congressional Oversight Panel for the Troubled Asset Relief Program, raised questions about the Bush administration's initial decision to rescue GMAC in December 2008. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A day after Citigroup won approval to escape the government bailout program, a special tax break that the bank received to pave the way for its exit could become a point of contention in Washington. After months of discussions, the Internal Revenue Service granted an exemption late Friday that allowed Citigroup to preserve a $38 billion tax benefit it stood to lose if it repaid the government. The decision essentially waived a longstanding rule that disqualified certain tax breaks if a significant ownership stake changed hands in an effort to discourage outside investors from buying tax benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A year after accepting two taxpayer bailouts, Citigroup is racing to raise billions of dollars in the stock market to repay the aid, a crucial step in freeing itself from Washington's grip. Even if Citigroup were to pay back all or part of its bailout funds -- a move some analysts warn might be premature -- the giant financial services company would still be beholden to the government because of other federal support it is receiving. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

European Union governments ended months of disagreement over a new financial oversight framework on Wednesday after Britain accepted safeguards against the imposition of bank bailouts on reluctant nations. British authorities had worried that they might be forced by a new European Union agency to rescue a troubled bank against its will, a concern that had dogged discussions over ways to police financial institutions that operate in many countries. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner affirmed Wednesday the administration's intent to end the $700 billion financial bailout program soon. Although Mr. Geithner did not provide details, he said the government was close to the point at which ''we can wind down this program'' and end it. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Earlier this week, the inspector general for the Troubled Asset Relief Program, a k a, the bank bailout fund, released his report on the 2008 rescue of the American International Group, the insurer. The gist of the report is that government officials made no serious attempt to extract concessions from bankers, even though these bankers received huge benefits from the rescue. And more than money was lost. By making what was in effect a multibillion-dollar gift to Wall Street, policy makers undermined their own credibility -- and put the broader economy at risk. For the A.I.G. rescue was part of a pattern: Throughout the financial crisis key officials -- most notably Timothy Geithner, who was president of the New York Fed in 2008 and is now Treasury secretary -- have shied away from doing anything that might rattle Wall Street. And the bitter paradox is that this play-it-safe approach has ended up undermining prospects for economic recovery. For the job of fixing the broken economy is far from done -- yet finishing the job has become nearly impossible now that the public has lost faith in the government's efforts, viewing them as little more than handouts to the people who got us into this mess. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner said on Thursday that the government would end its $700 billion bailout program ''as soon as we can,'' and that part of it would be used to lower the federal debt. During a sometimes contentious Joint Economic Committee hearing that included one lawmaker calling on him to resign, Mr. Geithner was pressed to disclose the administration's plan for dealing with the unpopular financial rescue program. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the event of a computer coding emergency at a horse betting parlor, the director of software development for the New York City Off-Track Betting Corporation has an official car at the ready for a fast trip. The car, a 2001 Chevrolet Impala, while nothing fancy, is part of a fleet of 87 vehicles that cost the government-controlled betting operation an average of $6,700 each a year to operate, even as OTB became increasingly at risk of requiring a taxpayer bailout. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

When the Obama administration decided to bail out Chrysler and General Motors, officials insisted the last thing they wanted was for government to make the decisions on how to fix and tune the car business. Congress tended to agree -- until the 2,000-plus car dealerships marked for closing wielded their hometown clout. The House has now passed legislation that would force the two car companies to restore the dealerships. Such a move would seriously disrupt reorganization plans already approved in bankruptcy proceedings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

''Did they first bring up the bailout to you, or did you bring it up to them?'' asked Congressman Edolphus Towns, the chairman of the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. ''I prefer to use the word 'rescue,' '' replied Henry Paulson Jr., the former secretary of the Treasury. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

With a crucial deadline looming in the federal bank bailout program, Washington regulators are pressing some unwelcome prescriptions upon two of the nation's largest lenders. One by one, allies of Kenneth D. Lewis, the embattled leader of Bank of America, are bowing to pressure from the Federal Reserve and leaving the board. The bank named four new directors with financial experience on Friday, a shake-up that could further weaken the hold of Mr. Lewis on the company. More board changes are expected. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Since the government pressed billions of dollars in taxpayer support on the nation's banks, several strong institutions have been pushing to give it back. Now a few of them may get the go-ahead next week -- a crucial step in disentangling themselves from Washington. If federal regulators approve the plans, it would pave the way for a group of large institutions, among them JPMorgan Chase, to leave the bailout program far earlier than many had envisioned. It would also signal that the bankers and regulators believed that the worst was over for these banks, even though confidence in the broader financial industry remained fragile. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

MANY Americans are bewildered, aggrieved and even angry about the financial shenanigans that led to the current mess -- and about the seemingly unending stream of government bailouts. They should be. A bunch of wealthy, supposedly smart financial ''experts'' made irresponsible bets that went bad, pushing our economy to the brink and taking the rest of us down with them. Millions of people worldwide have already lost jobs. Millions more will. And taxpayers are being handed monstrous bills for mistakes that were not their doing. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Japan announced its biggest-ever economic stimulus plan on Thursday, a $154 billion package of subsidies and tax breaks that aims to stem a deepening recession in the world's second-largest economy. Prime Minister Taro Aso also outlined an ambitious long-term economic strategy that he said would make Japan a global leader in green technology like solar energy and electric cars. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

PRESIDENT OBAMA has made clean and efficient energy a top priority, and Congress has obliged with more than $32 billion in stimulus money mostly for conservation and alternative energy technologies like wind, solar and biofuel. Sadly, the Energy Department is too weighed down by nuclear energy programs to devote itself to bringing about the revolution Mr. Obama envisions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

''DERIVATIVES are dangerous.'' That simple sentence, written by Warren Buffett, begins an enlightening discussion in Berkshire Hathaway's most recent annual report. Mr. Buffett's views on derivatives, gleaned from his own unhappy encounters with them, should be required reading for all United States taxpayers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The banks need another bailout and countless homeowners cannot handle their mortgage payments, but one group is paying its bills: the dead. Dozens of specially trained agents work on the third floor of DCM Services here, calling up the dear departed's next of kin and kindly asking if they want to settle the balance on a credit card or bank loan, or perhaps make that final utility bill or cellphone payment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Americans awoke to the news on Monday that federal officials had spent yet another feverish weekend concocting yet another bailout. This time, the Obama Treasury Department -- sounding a lot like the Bush Treasury Department -- promised another $30 billion to the American International Group, the giant insurer. It was the fourth time since September that taxpayers have been called upon to rescue A.I.G. from collapse. It brings the bailout commitment for that one company to some $160 billion. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

THE fundamental causes of this recession, unique in the experience of the United States, were mortgage defaults and the consequent insolvency of major financial firms. These insolvencies, and especially fear of them, damaged normal credit mechanisms. The self-correcting nature of markets will ultimately prevail. We should not underestimate the power of monetary policy; with the sharp increase in the nation's money stock starting in September, monetary policy is now extraordinarily expansionary. I believe, though without great confidence, that the recession will end in the second half of this year. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

THIS new era of government bailouts and widespread concern over wasteful spending offers an opportunity to take a hard look at the National School Lunch Program. Launched in 1946 as a public safety net, it has turned out to be a poor investment. It should be redesigned to make our children healthier. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

CARMAKERS WANT MORE MONEYGeneral Motors said it needed to increase its federal loan request to $30 billion, $12 billion more than it had initially sought, to avoid a bankruptcy filing. Chrysler said it would need a total of $9 billion, $2 billion more than its earlier request. TRIMMING THE ROSTERG.M. said it would phase out its Saturn brand by 2012 and signaled that it would reduce the number of its marques to just four: Chevrolet, Cadillac, Buick and GMC. [B1.] [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

By almost any measure, 2008 was a complete disaster for Wall Street -- except, that is, when the bonuses arrived. Despite crippling losses, multibillion-dollar bailouts and the passing of some of the most prominent names in the business, employees at financial companies in New York, the now-diminished world capital of capital, collected an estimated $18.4 billion in bonuses for the year. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

It is one thing when the best-paid people seem to be the smartest and the most accomplished. Those who make much less may not like it, but the differential seems understandable. It is another thing when those people are shown to have committed huge blunders that would have driven their companies out of business, and them into the unemployment line, but for government bailouts. So it is now with Wall Street. In both Europe and the United States, antipathy toward the bailout is rising amid complaints that the money has not helped the economy by encouraging loans, but has kept the bankers in Champagne and caviar. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Many of the largest United States corporations, including big banks now receiving federal bailout money, operate scores of subsidiaries in offshore tax havens that may let them evade or defer their tax bills, according to a government study released Friday. The study, by the Government Accountability Office, singled out Citigroup as having 427 subsidiaries in offshore havens like the Cayman Islands, British Virgin Islands and Switzerland. Bank of America has 115 subsidiaries in offshore havens, while Morgan Stanley has 273, the report said. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Top Obama administration officials met for nearly an hour with Senate Republicans at the Capitol on Wednesday, hoping to persuade them to support the release of the second half of the Treasury's $700 billion financial bailout money. But several lawmakers said they still wanted better assurances that the money would be used to improve the credit markets and would be more carefully supervised. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Two Agencies, Mixed Signals [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Does the German government simply hate John Maynard Keynes? Or does it just have an enduring and passionate love for Herbert Hoover? Faced with a once-in-a-generation recession, the government of Chancellor Angela Merkel knows what it is not going to do: spend money like it is going out of style. At a time when the global benchmark for decisive leadership boils down to the number of zeros that are attached to economic stimulus packages, Germany has taken a different path. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The governments of Canada and Ontario agreed on Friday to supplement any aid package automakers receive in the United States by about 20 percent. ''The federal and the Ontario governments are prepared to move quickly if and when the Americans approve a support package,'' Tony Clement, the federal industry minister, told reporters Friday evening. ''If the United States comes forward boldly for the auto industry, we also need to be at the table for Canadian production.'' [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Senate on Thursday night abandoned efforts to fashion a government rescue of the American automobile industry, as Senate Republicans refused to support a bill endorsed by the White House and Congressional Democrats. The failure to reach agreement on Capitol Hill raised a specter of financial collapse for General Motors and Chrysler, which say they may not be able to survive through this month. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A little-noticed provision in the proposed bailout plan for Detroit's automakers blesses an aggressive tax shelter sold by large banks and insurers to municipal transit agencies across the country. The provision asks the government to help the agencies by guaranteeing the economics of the complex shelter, despite years of efforts by the Treasury Department and the Internal Revenue Service to shut it down and collect billions of dollars of unpaid taxes, interest and penalties owed by the banks and insurers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Ever since the problems at the American International Group burst into the consciousness of everyday consumers two months ago, a sort of low-grade fear has set in among policyholders at insurance companies of all kinds. This week, the concern moved up a notch or two. First, the federal government raised its A.I.G. bailout commitment to $150 billion. Then, a Goldman Sachs research report suggested that some life insurance companies might have to exit the business altogether. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The federal bailouts of the last few months raise a variety of thorny questions, including who benefits at whose expense. But the question that hits home the hardest is the one that isn't getting enough discussion around kitchen tables: Will we have to bail out our own family members? [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The American International Group has used $90.3 billion of a government credit line since it was bailed out last month, an amount that exceeds the size of the original loan meant to save the company. A.I.G. may need more than the $122.8 billion now available, its chief executive, Edward M. Liddy, said late Wednesday. A.I.G.'s latest balance was disclosed on Thursday and is up from $82.9 billion a week ago. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Trust is a precious thing, and the banks still don't have much of it. Not from the public, and not from one another. The government's latest bailout plan -- to invest $250 billion in banks with few strings attached -- could help restore that trust. But it will succeed only if the government is able to make it clear that those investments confer a sort of ''Good Bookkeeping'' seal of approval. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

While the White House and Congress have been embroiled in negotiations over the $700 billion bailout of the nation's bedraggled banks, another bailout of sorts passed Congress just under the radar: $25 billion in subsidized loans for Detroit's bedraggled automakers. The burst of government generosity last week inspires two thoughts. There is a long list of troubled industries that could easily put government billions to good use. But public finances are looking more stretched with each passing bailout. So it is probably a good idea for Congress, and the administration, to refrain from giving another big chunk of the corporate sector more money, at least for the time being. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Germans tend to be the strait-laced, play-it-safe types in financial matters. That has left them particularly frustrated at footing the bill for bank bailouts and fretting over their accounts because of a global financial crisis that seems to emanate from the spendthrift ways of others and the unfathomable risks taken by Wall Street bankers. American taxpayers may be no happier about bailing out Wall Street, either, but those living in Germany know that they bear little resemblance to Americans on economic matters. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The government's planned financial bailout is a significant if costly step intended to avert economic calamity, but it may not be the last one, according to economists and finance experts. The rescue plan would use taxpayer money -- $350 billion initially, and up to $700 billion with Congressional approval -- to buy mostly soured mortgage-backed securities from Wall Street firms and banks. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

One of the chief concerns about the Treasury Department's $700 billion bailout plan is that the same Wall Street firms that helped create the crisis could make a killing cleaning it up. William H. Gross, the manager of the country's largest bond mutual fund, has a solution: he is offering to sort through the toxic assets -- free. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Bush administration and Congressional leaders moved closer to agreement on a historic $700 billion bailout for financial firms on Monday, including tight oversight of the program and new efforts to help homeowners at risk of foreclosure. But lawmakers in both parties voiced anger over the steep cost and even skepticism about the plan's chances of success. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]