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Herein we present our work on the synthesis, investigation of the photophysical properties, interactions with nucleic acids, molecular docking, and imaging application of three carbocyanine dyes. The described low-molecular-weight compounds were found to exhibit high resistance against photobleaching and showed promising optical properties as fluorescent labeling agents for ribonucleic acids. They form strong biocomplexes (log K-s = 6.11-7.84) and revealed remarkable sensitivity towards RNA, reaching up to a 379 times increase of the emission signal when bound to AU-rich sequences. According to the score values obtained from the molecular docking studies, the compounds show strong binding affinity towards RNA macromolecules. All fluorophores exhibit significant cell tolerance since they were found to be 16 to 60 times less toxic against MRC5 cells (healthy human fibroblasts) compared to the conventional Thiazole Orange - TO. The IC50 concentrations for the compounds were calculated up to 40 mu M in human fibroblasts MRC5, A549 adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells, the HCT116 human colon cancer cell line, and MDA-MB-231 adenocarcinoma cells. Analyzing the dyes for preferential cytotoxicity towards cancer cell lines in comparison to the normal human fibroblasts, we found a candidate exhibiting promising anticancer potential. Based on the selectivity (Si) towards cancer cells and more specifically against difficult to treat colon HCT116 carcinoma, we can suggest these small molecules as an interesting platform for further development. We have also demonstrated the efficiency of the carbocyanines as staining agents for in vivo labeling of human cells as well as microbial and eukaryotic cells.

The Trametes versicolor laccase catalyzed oxidation of chalcone butein afforded four dimers of aurone sulfuretin (i.e. two regioisomeric pairs of diasteromers, 1-4) as the major products. The formation of the dimers was explained by a two step process involving the initial cyclization of butein into aurone sulfuretin, followed by the combination of two molecules of sulfuretin. The coupling process occurred between the 2,10-double bond of one molecule of sulfuretin and the (3′,4′) catechol group of the other to yield a dimeric structure. This was confirmed by the experiment involving the laccase catalyzed oxidation of sulfuretin yielding the same dimeric bisaurones. Compounds 1, 3 and 4, were isolated using semipreparative HPLC and characterized by the detailed analysis of the NMR, MS, IR, and UV-vis data. The structure of compound 2, isolated as a mixture containing ca. 25% of compound 1, was proposed by the comparison of 1H NMR data to compound 1 and by using LC-ESIMS analysis. The starting chalcone butein and the products of the biocatalytic transformation, aurone sulfuretin and sulfuretin dimers 1, 3 and 4, were evaluated for their cytotoxic and antioxidative properties in vitro using a healthy human fibroblast (MRC5) cell line. The biotransformation products showed lower cytotoxicity but higher antioxidative properties. The C. coggygria bark methanol extract rich in butein and sulfuretin was also biotransformed by laccase. The transformed extract exhibited significantly improved antioxidative activities.

The Trametes versicolor laccase catalyzed oxidation of chalcone butein afforded four dimers of aurone sulfuretin (i.e. two regioisomeric pairs of diasteromers, 1-4) as the major products. The formation of the dimers was explained by a two step process involving the initial cyclization of butein into aurone sulfuretin, followed by the combination of two molecules of sulfuretin. The coupling process occurred between the 2,10-double bond of one molecule of sulfuretin and the (3′,4′) catechol group of the other to yield a dimeric structure. This was confirmed by the experiment involving the laccase catalyzed oxidation of sulfuretin yielding the same dimeric bisaurones. Compounds 1, 3 and 4, were isolated using semipreparative HPLC and characterized by the detailed analysis of the NMR, MS, IR, and UV-vis data. The structure of compound 2, isolated as a mixture containing ca. 25% of compound 1, was proposed by the comparison of 1H NMR data to compound 1 and by using LC-ESIMS analysis. The starting chalcone butein and the products of the biocatalytic transformation, aurone sulfuretin and sulfuretin dimers 1, 3 and 4, were evaluated for their cytotoxic and antioxidative properties in vitro using a healthy human fibroblast (MRC5) cell line. The biotransformation products showed lower cytotoxicity but higher antioxidative properties. The C. coggygria bark methanol extract rich in butein and sulfuretin was also biotransformed by laccase. The transformed extract exhibited significantly improved antioxidative activities.

The Trametes versicolor laccase catalyzed oxidation of chalcone butein afforded four dimers of aurone sulfuretin (i.e. two regioisomeric pairs of diasteromers, 1-4) as the major products. The formation of the dimers was explained by a two step process involving the initial cyclization of butein into aurone sulfuretin, followed by the combination of two molecules of sulfuretin. The coupling process occurred between the 2,10-double bond of one molecule of sulfuretin and the (3′,4′) catechol group of the other to yield a dimeric structure. This was confirmed by the experiment involving the laccase catalyzed oxidation of sulfuretin yielding the same dimeric bisaurones. Compounds 1, 3 and 4, were isolated using semipreparative HPLC and characterized by the detailed analysis of the NMR, MS, IR, and UV-vis data. The structure of compound 2, isolated as a mixture containing ca. 25% of compound 1, was proposed by the comparison of 1H NMR data to compound 1 and by using LC-ESIMS analysis. The starting chalcone butein and the products of the biocatalytic transformation, aurone sulfuretin and sulfuretin dimers 1, 3 and 4, were evaluated for their cytotoxic and antioxidative properties in vitro using a healthy human fibroblast (MRC5) cell line. The biotransformation products showed lower cytotoxicity but higher antioxidative properties. The C. coggygria bark methanol extract rich in butein and sulfuretin was also biotransformed by laccase. The transformed extract exhibited significantly improved antioxidative activities.

TheTrametes versicolorlaccase catalyzed oxidation of chalcone butein afforded four dimers of aurone sulfuretin (i.e.two regioisomeric pairs of diasteromers,1-4) as the major products. The formation of the dimers was explained by a two step process involving the initial cyclization of butein into aurone sulfuretin, followed by the combination of two molecules of sulfuretin. The coupling process occurred between the 2,10-double bond of one molecule of sulfuretin and the (3 ',4 ') catechol group of the other to yield a dimeric structure. This was confirmed by the experiment involving the laccase catalyzed oxidation of sulfuretin yielding the same dimeric bisaurones. Compounds1,3and4, were isolated using semipreparative HPLC and characterized by the detailed analysis of the NMR, MS, IR, and UV-vis data. The structure of compound2, isolated as a mixture containingca.25% of compound1,was proposed by the comparison of(1)H NMR data to compound1and by using LC-ESIMS analysis. The starting chalcone butein and the products of the biocatalytic transformation, aurone sulfuretin and sulfuretin dimers1,3and4,were evaluated for their cytotoxic and antioxidative propertiesin vitrousing a healthy human fibroblast (MRC5) cell line. The biotransformation products showed lower cytotoxicity but higher antioxidative properties. TheC. coggygriabark methanol extract rich in butein and sulfuretin was also biotransformed by laccase. The transformed extract exhibited significantly improved antioxidative activities.

TheTrametes versicolorlaccase catalyzed oxidation of chalcone butein afforded four dimers of aurone sulfuretin (i.e.two regioisomeric pairs of diasteromers,1-4) as the major products. The formation of the dimers was explained by a two step process involving the initial cyclization of butein into aurone sulfuretin, followed by the combination of two molecules of sulfuretin. The coupling process occurred between the 2,10-double bond of one molecule of sulfuretin and the (3 ',4 ') catechol group of the other to yield a dimeric structure. This was confirmed by the experiment involving the laccase catalyzed oxidation of sulfuretin yielding the same dimeric bisaurones. Compounds1,3and4, were isolated using semipreparative HPLC and characterized by the detailed analysis of the NMR, MS, IR, and UV-vis data. The structure of compound2, isolated as a mixture containingca.25% of compound1,was proposed by the comparison of(1)H NMR data to compound1and by using LC-ESIMS analysis. The starting chalcone butein and the products of the biocatalytic transformation, aurone sulfuretin and sulfuretin dimers1,3and4,were evaluated for their cytotoxic and antioxidative propertiesin vitrousing a healthy human fibroblast (MRC5) cell line. The biotransformation products showed lower cytotoxicity but higher antioxidative properties. TheC. coggygriabark methanol extract rich in butein and sulfuretin was also biotransformed by laccase. The transformed extract exhibited significantly improved antioxidative activities.

The Trametes versicolor laccase catalyzed oxidation of chalcone butein afforded four dimers of aurone sulfuretin (i.e. two regioisomeric pairs of diasteromers, 1-4) as the major products. The formation of the dimers was explained by a two step process involving the initial cyclization of butein into aurone sulfuretin, followed by the combination of two molecules of sulfuretin. The coupling process occurred between the 2,10-double bond of one molecule of sulfuretin and the (3′,4′) catechol group of the other to yield a dimeric structure. This was confirmed by the experiment involving the laccase catalyzed oxidation of sulfuretin yielding the same dimeric bisaurones. Compounds 1, 3 and 4, were isolated using semipreparative HPLC and characterized by the detailed analysis of the NMR, MS, IR, and UV-vis data. The structure of compound 2, isolated as a mixture containing ca. 25% of compound 1, was proposed by the comparison of 1H NMR data to compound 1 and by using LC-ESIMS analysis. The starting chalcone butein and the products of the biocatalytic transformation, aurone sulfuretin and sulfuretin dimers 1, 3 and 4, were evaluated for their cytotoxic and antioxidative properties in vitro using a healthy human fibroblast (MRC5) cell line. The biotransformation products showed lower cytotoxicity but higher antioxidative properties. The C. coggygria bark methanol extract rich in butein and sulfuretin was also biotransformed by laccase. The transformed extract exhibited significantly improved antioxidative activities.

The Trametes versicolor laccase catalyzed oxidation of chalcone butein afforded four dimers of aurone sulfuretin (i.e. two regioisomeric pairs of diasteromers, 1-4) as the major products. The formation of the dimers was explained by a two step process involving the initial cyclization of butein into aurone sulfuretin, followed by the combination of two molecules of sulfuretin. The coupling process occurred between the 2,10-double bond of one molecule of sulfuretin and the (3′,4′) catechol group of the other to yield a dimeric structure. This was confirmed by the experiment involving the laccase catalyzed oxidation of sulfuretin yielding the same dimeric bisaurones. Compounds 1, 3 and 4, were isolated using semipreparative HPLC and characterized by the detailed analysis of the NMR, MS, IR, and UV-vis data. The structure of compound 2, isolated as a mixture containing ca. 25% of compound 1, was proposed by the comparison of 1H NMR data to compound 1 and by using LC-ESIMS analysis. The starting chalcone butein and the products of the biocatalytic transformation, aurone sulfuretin and sulfuretin dimers 1, 3 and 4, were evaluated for their cytotoxic and antioxidative properties in vitro using a healthy human fibroblast (MRC5) cell line. The biotransformation products showed lower cytotoxicity but higher antioxidative properties. The C. coggygria bark methanol extract rich in butein and sulfuretin was also biotransformed by laccase. The transformed extract exhibited significantly improved antioxidative activities.

The Trametes versicolor laccase catalyzed oxidation of chalcone butein afforded four dimers of aurone sulfuretin (i.e. two regioisomeric pairs of diasteromers, 1-4) as the major products. The formation of the dimers was explained by a two step process involving the initial cyclization of butein into aurone sulfuretin, followed by the combination of two molecules of sulfuretin. The coupling process occurred between the 2,10-double bond of one molecule of sulfuretin and the (3′,4′) catechol group of the other to yield a dimeric structure. This was confirmed by the experiment involving the laccase catalyzed oxidation of sulfuretin yielding the same dimeric bisaurones. Compounds 1, 3 and 4, were isolated using semipreparative HPLC and characterized by the detailed analysis of the NMR, MS, IR, and UV-vis data. The structure of compound 2, isolated as a mixture containing ca. 25% of compound 1, was proposed by the comparison of 1H NMR data to compound 1 and by using LC-ESIMS analysis. The starting chalcone butein and the products of the biocatalytic transformation, aurone sulfuretin and sulfuretin dimers 1, 3 and 4, were evaluated for their cytotoxic and antioxidative properties in vitro using a healthy human fibroblast (MRC5) cell line. The biotransformation products showed lower cytotoxicity but higher antioxidative properties. The C. coggygria bark methanol extract rich in butein and sulfuretin was also biotransformed by laccase. The transformed extract exhibited significantly improved antioxidative activities.