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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent type of dementia affecting older people. The identification of biomarkers is increasingly important and would be crucial for future therapy. Here, we demonstrated that in AD erythrocytes: (i) the anion transporter band3 is highly phosphorylated; (ii) the lyn kinase is phosphorylated and activated; (iii) the tyrosine phosphatase activity is downregulated, with a significant inverse correlation between band3 phosphorylation and disease progression, as revealed by Mini Mental State Examination score. Finally, we showed that in normal erythrocytes, treated in vitro with Aβ1-42 peptide, both band3 phosphorylation and lyn activation occurs. These results suggest that modulation of tyrosine phosphorylation signaling may be evaluated as a potential peripheral marker in AD.

Synaptic vesicle protein 2 is an integral synaptic vesicle membrane glycoprotein which is present in all synapses for which it has been examined. We used an anti-synaptic vesicle protein 2 monoclonal antibody to examine synaptic vesicle protein 2 localization in the developing hamster retinofugal pathway. From postnatal day 0 to day 1, a period of elongation of retinal ganglion cell axons to their central targets, fiber fascicles in the optic tract over the lateral geniculate nucleus were intensely synaptic vesicle protein 2-immunoreactive. Adjacent to the optic tract, single fibers could be seen. We also observed a marked immunostaining in growth cones and fiber fascicles in retinal explants in culture. By postnatal day 2, the staining of single fibers had ended, and by postnatal day 5, during the formation of terminal arbors, numerous fine puncta of synaptic vesicle protein 2 immunoreactivity were distributed within the neuropil of the lateral geniculate nucleus. In the adult, the optic tract was devoid of synaptic vesicle protein 2 staining, while the neuropil contained distinct immunoreactive profiles, particularly in the outer shell of the lateral geniculate. These synaptic vesicle protein 2-positive profiles closely resembled the grape-like clusters and large swellings of two known retinal axon terminal types. Eye removal resulted in the rapid disappearance of these synaptic vesicle protein 2-labelled terminal profiles contralateral to the enucleation. A similar pattern of synaptic vesicle protein 2 immunoreactivity was observed in the superior colliculus. From postnatal day 0 to day 2, retinal fiber fascicles in the stratum griseum superficiale/stratum opticum were darkly stained for synaptic vesicle protein 2. By postnatal day 5, the immunoreactivity shifted to the neuropil and from postnatal day 6 onwards, the synaptic vesicle protein 2 immunoreactivity was more intense in the stratum griseum superficiale than in the optic fibre layer. This study demonstrates dense synaptic vesicle protein 2-labelling of elongating axons both in vivo and in vitro. However, coincident with the transition from retinal ganglion cell axon elongation to terminal arborization, synaptic vesicle protein 2 is progressively restricted to synaptic terminals and becomes undetectable in axons. This study is the first to document an axonal localization of synaptic vesicle protein 2 during development and raises the question as to its role during axonal elongation.