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ObjectiveThis nationwide cohort study evaluates seizure responses to immunotherapy and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in patients with anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1), anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR), and anti-gamma-aminobutyric-acid B receptor (GABABR) encephalitis.MethodsAnti-LGI1, anti-NMDAR, and anti-GABABR encephalitis patients with new-onset seizures were included. Medical information about disease course, AEDs and immunotherapies used, effects, and side effects were collected. Outcome measures were (1) seizure freedom while using AEDs or immunotherapy, (2) days to seizure freedom from start of AEDs or immunotherapy, and (3) side effects.ResultsOf 153 patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) (53 LGI1, 75 NMDAR, 25 GABABR), 72% (n = 110) had epileptic seizures, and 89% reached seizure freedom. At least 53% achieved seizure freedom shortly after immunotherapy, and 14% achieved seizure freedom while using only AEDs (p < 0.0001). This effect was similar in all types (p = 0.0001; p = 0.0005; p = 0.013, respectively). Median time to seizure freedom from AEDs start was 59 days (interquartile range [IQR] 27–160), and 28 days from start of immunotherapy (IQR 9–71, p < 0.0001). Side effects were psychotic behavior and suicidal thoughts by the use of levetiracetam, and rash by the use of carbamazepine. Carbamazepine was more effective than levetiracetam in reducing seizures in anti-LGI1 encephalitis (p = 0.031). Only 1 patient, of 86 surviving patients, developed epilepsy after resolved encephalitis.ConclusionEpilepsy after resolved encephalitis was rare in our cohort of patients with AIE treated with immunotherapy. In addition, seizure freedom is achieved faster and more frequently after immunotherapy. Therefore, AEDs should be considered as add-on treatment, and similar to treatment of other encephalitis symptoms, immunotherapy is crucial.

Objectives: New insights in the pathophysiology of lacunar stroke (LS) suggest that it is caused by increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier due to endothelial activation. Because endothelial cells are the major production and storage site of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), this protein can be used as marker of endothelial activation. In this observational study we measured the different pools of TFPI, as a marker of endothelial function, in first-ever lacunar stroke patients. Methods: We determined antigen levels of total and free full-length (FL) TFPI using ELISA in 149 patients and 42 controls. Heparin-releasable free FL TFPI was determined in a random subset of 17 patients and 15 controls. By brain MRI, we classified LS patients as having isolated lacunar infarct (ILA) or silent ischemic lesions (SILs). Results: Plasma levels of total TFPI were highest in patients with SILs compared with those with ILA, but this association disappeared after correction for age and levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, levels of heparin-releasable free FL TFPI were higher in patients than in controls. Conclusions: Although ambient plasma levels of total TFPI were not different in subtypes of LS, the increased levels of heparin-releasable TFPI in patients suggest a role of endothelial activation in the pathogenesis of LS. Neurology (R) 2012;78:493-498