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Introduction: Patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome may present cognitive and emotional symptomatology. This study aims to analyse the results of an outpatient neuropsychological intervention program for post-COVID-19 syndrome., Method: In June 2020 Institut Guttmann started an outpatient post-COVID-19 neurorehabilitation program, including respiratory therapy, physiotherapy, and neuropsychological rehabilitation. Before and after the program, the cognitive-emotional state of all participants is assessed. Six months after treatment, a follow-up assessment is administered (which includes a collection of information on various aspects of daily life)., Results: The sample analysed consisted of 123 patients (mean age: 51 years, SD: 12.41). Seventy-four per cent (n=91) had cognitive impairment and underwent cognitive treatment (experimental group); the remaining 26% (n=32) constituted the control group. After the intervention, the experimental group improved in working memory, verbal memory (learning, recall and recognition), verbal fluency and anxious-depressive symptomatology. The control group showed changes in immediate memory, verbal memory (learning and recognition) and depressive symptomatology, although the effect size in the latter two was smaller than in the experimental group. Six months after treatment, 44.9% of the patients were unable to perform their pre-COVID-19 work activity, and 81.2% reported difficulties in their activities of daily living., Conclusions: Neuropsychological rehabilitation is an effective tool to treat the cognitive-emotional deficits present in post-COVID-19 syndrome. However, months after the end of treatment, not all patients recover their pre-COVID-19 functional level., (© 2022 Sociedad Española de Neurología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U.)

Introduction: Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) may have an impairment in their decision-making. Altered decision making is a known cause of functional impairment in daily living activities and in the patient's autonomy, negatively contributing to their quality of life., Objective: The current study assessed the decision-making capacity of patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) compared to healthy control subjects., Patients and Methods: Nineteen patients with multiple sclerosis (9 PPMS and 10 SPMS) and 18 healthy controls participated in the study. Decision-making was evaluated using a computerized version of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a test created to simulate punishment-reward contingencies in a real-life manner., Results: Overall, the PPMS group performed more poorly than the control and SPMS groups on the IGT. The SPMS group was not significantly impaired compared to control group on the task, but showed abnormalities of IGT performance similar to the PPMS group., Conclusions: The authors suggest that the existence of decision- making impairments in patients with multiple sclerosis can be explained by a difficulty in the acquisition of stimulus-reward contingencies.

Introduction: Patients with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) may show impairment in decision- making processes. The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has become a widely used neuropsychological research tool to investigate decision-making by simulating real-life decision-making in terms of uncertainty, reward, and punishment., Objective: Investigate decision-making in patients with moderate or severe TBI during performance of the IGT, and study patient's conscious knowledge of the task's reinforcement contingencies (reward/punishment schedule)., Patients and Methods: Forty patients with moderate or severe TBI and 30 healthy volunteers participated in the study. Decision-making was evaluated using a computerized version of the IGT. After completing the task, the participants' knowledge of the task was tested., Results: The TBI group had worse performance on the IGT than the control group. They chose more unfavorable cards of the deck than the favorable ones. IGT score differences were observed among TBI patients in relation to level of knowledge of the task. The patients with knowledge of the task's reinforcement contingencies showed better performance, while the patients with scarce knowledge presented worse performance., Conclusions: These results suggest that there is a direct relationship between the knowledge that patients with moderate and serious TBI have regarding the TBI reinforcement contingencies and their performance in the task.