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Luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion by the anterior pituitary gland was investigated in hemidecorticate (HD) rats under several conditions. Higher plasma and lower pituitary LH levels were observed in HD rats in the afternoon of proestrus, after unilateral ovariectomy, and at the 7th and 14th days after bilateral castration. The ovarian hypertrophy observed in HD rats did not differ from control. When hormonal substitutive therapy was started 3 days after bilateral ovariectomy, larger doses of estradiol benzoate (EB) were required to reduce plasma LH levels in control than in HD animals. The increase in pituitary weight was, however, significantly higher in the HD castrated group. When substitutive therapy started at the 7th and 14th days after castration no significant differences between the 2 experimental groups were observed. The results of substitutive therapy suggest that hemidecortication induces an increase in the sensitivity of hypothalamic-pituitary axis to estrogen negative feedback. This change in sensitivity is clearly seen in HD rats during the first few days after castration. These results suggest that hemidecortication may release the hypothalamus from inhibitory influences coming from rhinencephalic or cortical structures, thus rendering the preoptic-suprachiasmatic complex (POA-SCH) more sensitive to LH-releasing mechanisms.