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Recently an aspartyl protease with β-secretase activity called BACE was identified. In the present paper we showed that BACE is modulated by the oxidative stress product 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). Exposure of NT2 neurons to the two classical pro-oxidant stimuli ascorbate/FeSO4 and H2O2/FeSO4 resulted in a significant generation of HNE, which is temporally followed by an increased production of BACE protein levels. HNE mediated BACE induction is accompanied by a proportional elevation of carboxy-terminal fragments of amyloid precursor protein. Moreover, the direct relationship between BACE induction and lipid peroxidation products was strongly confirmed by the protection exerted by a short pretreatment with α-tocopherol, the most important antioxidant known to prevent the formation of aldehydic end-products of lipid peroxidation, including HNE. Our results support the hypothesis that oxidative stress and Aβ production are strictly interrelated events and suggest that inhibition of BACE may have a therapeutic effect synergic with antioxidant compounds.