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Purpose. This paper presents the findings of a review of the literature published in the twenty-first century in order to identify and analyze the current state of tools that track developer interactions with integrated development environments, as well as to recommend future research directions based on the actual state. Methodology. By systematically searching in five digital libraries we conducted a systematic review of the literature on data collection tools from integrated development environments published in the twenty-first century. Fifty-five papers were selected as primary studies. Findings. 55 articles were analyzed and the findings show that using an integrated development environment to collect usage data provides more insight into developer activities than it was previously possible. Usage data allows us to analyze how developers spend their time. With usage data, you can learn more about how developers create mental models, investigate code, conduct mini-experiments through trial and error, and what can help everyone improve performance. The research community continues to be highly active in developing tools to track developer activity. The findings indicate that more research is needed in this area to better understand and measure programmer behavior. Originality. For the first time, systematization and analysis of tools for tracking programmer's behavior in an integrated development environment have been carried out. Practical value. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the current state of research on programmer behavior in integrated development environments. An analysis of the study can help define a research agenda as a starting point for the creation of a novel practical tool.

Purpose. Settling tanks are widely used in technological schemes of wastewater treatment. As a rule, horizontal settling tanks are used in practice. However, to increase the efficiency of water treatment in a horizontal settling tank, additional elements can be used, which are placed in different places in the structure. When reconstructing such structures or designing them for new facilities, it is necessary to assess the efficiency of the settling tanks under different operating conditions. To solve this problem, mathematical models play an important role, including conducting physical experiments, which requires considerable time to obtain results. In the case of mathematical modeling of the water treatment process in a sedimentation tank, two problems need to be solved: the hydrodynamic problem and the mass transfer problem. The main purpose of this paper is to develop a 3DCFD model for calculating the impurity concentration field in a sedimentation tank. Methodology. A dynamic multifactorial numerical model was developed for computer calculation of the wastewater treatment process in a settling tank. The hydrodynamics of the wastewater flow in the settling tank was calculated on the basis of a three-dimensional equation for the velocity potential (potential motion model). The calculation of the impurity concentration field in the settling tank was determined by numerical integration of the three-dimensional mass transfer equation. This equation takes into account the non-uniformity of the flow velocity field in the settling tank, the diffusion process, and the gravitational deposition of the impurity in the structure. The numerical integration of the modeled equations was carried out by using finite-difference splitting schemes. Findings. The software implementation of the constructed mathematical model was carried out. The results of a computational experiment to study the process of wastewater treatment in a settling tank with visualization of the calculation results are presented. Originality. A multifactorial three-dimensional CFD model has been developed that allows to quickly assess the efficiency of the settling tank. Practical value. The proposed CFD model can be used in calculations in the design of wastewater treatment systems or to determine the efficiency of wastewater treatment under new operating conditions.

Purpose. This paper aims to analyze and classify construction and demolition waste. It is necessary that this classification not only reflects statistical data on waste generation, but also serves as an information basis for the integrated waste management system (IWMS). The main task of this system is to maximize the involvement of waste in economic recycling and to objectively reflect the technological capabilities of its processing. This is extremely important in the context of the implementation of European waste management principles and the implementation of the National Waste Management Strategy in Ukraine until 2030. Methodology. The article considers the problems of construction waste management within the framework of the National Waste Management Strategy in Ukraine until 2030, which provides for the implementation of measures and principles of waste management, including construction waste. The author analyzes the management problems in the field of construction and demolition waste, which substantiates the need to classify construction waste with the simultaneous harmonization of processing methods and technologies. Construction activities are inextricably linked to the management of various types of resources, among which secondary materials play a key role in the implementation of construction processes. The ability to effectively manage the flows of these secondary resources is critical to ensuring the sustainability and efficiency of construction production. In this context, the study of the importance of managing the flows of secondary resources becomes an integral part of strategies for optimizing construction processes. Findings. Construction waste from the demolition of buildings and structures is unique due to its size and the need to prepare it for primary crushing. This is especially true in the context of implementing the concept of renovation of the outdated housing stock. Various static and dynamic methods of destruction of building materials, in particular, impact and vibration, have been investigated, with dynamic methods being characterized by lower energy consumption. Originality. The work reflects the formation of theoretical and methodological directions based on the use of recycled materials in construction, as well as a comparative characterization of various methods of destruction of building materials. Practical value. The possibilities of recycling construction waste, in particular, their maximum involvement in recycling, which meets the goals of the Strategy of Ukraine, provides 50% of waste recycling.

Purpose. The main purpose of this article is to thoroughly substantiate the possibilities of implementing a mechanism for selecting organizational and technological solutions to achieve parametric criteria for managing construction processes, especially under conditions of uncertainty. To achieve this goal, we use a functional model of the system-integrated approach, which allows us to systematize and coordinate management functions at the level of individual processes. Methodology. The study is based on the introduction of new requirements for standardization in the construction industry, in particular, on the use of the parametric method. This method can improve management strategies, methods, and technologies, as well as facilitate the implementation of innovative organizational and technological solutions. As a result, the quality and volume of construction can be improved, which, in turn, will help overcome the crisis and develop the construction industry. The management process involves achieving a key goal, namely the efficiency of project implementation, while construction has certain specifics that complicate the management process and require the use of more complex, integrated, and multi-directional organizational and technological solutions. Findings. In the current economic environment, which provides for both an increase in the number of risks in the construction sector and the size of their possible consequences, in the context of increasing (expanding the list) of quality requirements for construction projects, there is a reasonable need to search for and improve organizational and technological solutions in order to apply new approaches to the management of construction processes related to the practical implementation of the results of modern scientific and methodological research. The results obtained, however, indicate that the use of the parametric method creates new challenges for the efficiency of management in the construction industry. The increased number of management decision alternatives, identification of risks and improvement of consequence forecasting processes may cause certain difficulties. On the other hand, the lack of clear requirements can lead to increased costs and risks. Originality. The paper substantiates the necessity of using a system-wide algorithmic mechanism for the effective management of construction processes under conditions of uncertainty. This is important for adapting to modern challenges and ensuring the sustainable development of the construction industry. Practical value. The study makes it possible to determine the compliance of organizational and technological solutions with the established criteria and compare them to select the most effective one, in particular in terms of cost, efficiency and risk mitigation.

Purpose. It is a very important issue to be able to determine the accurate particle degradation of railway ballast material. There are three different – but connecting – methodology for that: 1) full scale field tests, 2) full scale or reduced scale laboratory tests, 3) computer modelling, mainly with discrete element method (DEM). Options no. 1 and no. 2 need a lot of time and money, but for option no. 3 sophisticated software is needed that can consider the accurate micromechanical characteristics of ballast bed material. Methodology. In this paper the authors summarize their results related to modelling, having applied a software that uses DEM for calculation, as well as laboratory tests, namely uniaxial compression tests with reduced scale and computer tomography. Findings. The authors obtained the results that the uniaxial compression test in laboratory was able to be modelled by DEM software with an initial precision but in the future should be specified. The results are certified by measurements performed by computer tomography method. Originality. It is a very complicated issue to model the particle breakage of railway ballast not only particle movements in DEM software. There are many available software packages at the ‘market’, e.g. PFC, EDEM, YADE. Some of them are quite expensive, the others can be controlled by significantly difficult manner (special programming technique is needed, command line, etc.) The authors applied not only laboratory loading tests, but sophisticated computer tomography for their research. Practical value The results can be useful for railway engineering area. This article is a part of a PhD research at Szechenyi Istvan University, the PhD student is Erika Juhász. Her aim is to develop a method to be able to determine the more accurate ballast breakage, as well as develop assessment methodology related to special measurement techniques (e.g. GOM techniques, computer tomography, etc.). The publishing of this paper was supported by ÚNKP–19-3–I–SZE–13 project.

Purpose. The most railway lines in the world have so called traditional ballasted superstructure. The authors think that it is important to learn about the process of ballast degradation. There are only two types of standardized laboratory test methods in the EU to assess railway ballast particle degradation and describe the rock physic characteristics, but are not suitable for modelling the railway stress-strain circumstances of ballast materials, and they particles. In this paper the authors represent some conclusions from their research that the authors experienced during their individual fatigue laboratory test and from new additional tests. With these kind of testing methods, the deterioration process of railway ballast particles can be assessed more realistic and precisely. Methodology and new directions. There are two types of laboratory tests which are presented in this article. The first one was performed by using a shear box with a special layer structure that is loaded by dynamic, pulsating force; while the second one was executed by using a 140 mm diameter HDPE tube with its original closing element that is loaded by ZD-40 machine. Findings and problems. There is a development after the R&D work made and published in 2014, in 2017 and 2018 years the ballast particle deterioration process is given according to more intermediate fatigue cycles with individual measurements that show more precise «picture» about the full particle degradation, i.e. breakage process. The authors give more accurate correlation functions between the calculated parameters and load cycles during fatigue. However, there are many factors in the test that need to be improved in the future. Therefore, the authors have discovered other additional tests. Originality. The most important goal of the authors that supplement the currently used regulation with new measurement methods. Practical value The authors’ developed and new methods may serve as a basis for a future instruction or regulation. The publishing of this paper was supported by EFOP 3.6.1-16-2016-00017 project.

Purpose. The paper involves the development of information and algorithmic support for conducting the optimization traction and energy calculations on the railway network for their further use in decision-making systems – systems for efficient management of the transport process. Methodology. The system is based on the graph-analytic system, the model of the train with different types of traction, the methods of optimal control of the train and the fundamental algorithms on the weighted graphs with possible parallel ribs (arcs). In the complex, these components of the system provide finding the tracks on the chart-diagram according to the given criteria, conducting the optimization traction-energy calculations according to different criteria, as well as conducting a comparative analysis of the obtained results. The reliability of the results has been repeatedly checked by available methods for varying complexity of race according to the plan and profile of the course. For this purpose, data obtained as a result of control visits using dynamometric cars were used. Also a comparative analysis of the modes in operation of trains, calculated and received by qualified drivers on different races was conducted. Findings. The problem of efficient operation of various types and modifications of locomotives, involved in the implementation of trains schedules for different purposes and loads is considered. Presentations of direct and inverse optimization, according to various criteria, of the regime tasks on the railway network and variants of their effective solution are given. The analysis of the results of the developed mathematical support and the ideas of implemented algorithms is given. Originality. The paper proposes the establishment of the network optimization problems that arise at the stages of the developing the plan for the formation, construction of traffic schedules, transmission capacity assessment and the calculation of optimal parameters for the composite graphs of motion, etc. The system approach is important to ensure the combination of the developed network structure in the universal terms of the graph theory with the system of actualization of their parameters. Pull and energy efficiency calculations are carried out by combinatorial optimization methods, which ensured the maximum level of automation of the process in solving a large set of direct and inverse regime problems with different optimality criteria. Practical value. The information and algorithmic support for the automation of the process in solving the direct and reverse regime traction-energy problems on the railway network was developed. It was tested in the process of calculating the main components for the formation of traffic schedules, analysis of train driving modes, assessment in choosing the optimal parameters of the track reconstruction for high-speed and new types of trains (locomotives).

Purpose. Increasing the level of safety and reducing the cost of rolling stock maintenance is an urgent problem for Ukrainian railways today. Existing test benches for auxiliary machines are usually built according to the scheme with direct loading of the tested electric machine and do not meet modern requirements for the quality and energy efficiency of testing. In this regard, there is a need to design energy-efficient test benches for testing auxiliary machines of electric rolling stock. Methodology. To achieve this goal, we used an analytical method of research to determine the optimal structure of the test bench. The paper considers the voltage balance diagram in the mutual load system. Separately, the calculations are presented, on the basis of which the design diagrams of the electrical and mechanical parts of the test bench are constructed, and the conditions for covering all losses in the mutual load system are determined using the design diagrams. Findings. In the course of the research, the power balance equation in the mutual load system was obtained. On the basis of the equations, a model of a mutual load system with coverage of all losses from a single source of mechanical power was built. The main advantage of the developed model is that it can be implemented both by numerical calculations using composite systems of equations and by object-oriented programming in specialized software systems. Originality. A rational scheme for testing auxiliary machines with the coverage of losses from a single source of mechanical power is proposed. The use of a single power source can significantly reduce the additional consumption of electrical energy due to the more efficient use of auxiliary equipment, in particular, a mechanical power source. Practical value. Based on the results obtained, it is possible to determine the parameters of the scheme for testing auxiliary machines at the design stage of the test bench. Implementation of the research results at auxiliary machine repair enterprises will reduce electricity consumption for post-repair testing due to the higher energy efficiency of the test scheme.

Purpose. Improving the efficiency of the use of locomotives by choosing a rational maintenance system that takes into account the assessment of the effect of dependent failures on the cost of their life cycle is the main purpose of this paper. Methodology. The relevance of introducing LCC (Life Cycle Cost) approaches in locomotive facilities is explained by the introduction of new locomotives with on-board control and diagnostic systems, as well as the development of the theory of traction rolling stock maintenance systems. The cost of a locomotive as a traction unit ceases to be the determining factor. This is because the locomotive maintenance and repair cost for the entire period of its operation is much higher than the initial cost of the locomotive. The paper analyses the existing approaches to managing the cost of the life cycle of locomotives at the stages of selecting, updating, upgrading and operating the traction rolling stock. The necessity of improving the methods for assessing the degree of influence of reliability indicators of locomotive assemblies on the choice of the maintenance system and the cost of the locomotive life cycle is substantiated. Findings. It is proposed to use the concept of «the effect of dependent failures» when calculating the cost of locomotive renewal after unscheduled repairs and its life cycle cost. We improved the methods for determining the cost of unscheduled repairs, taking into account dependent failures and the coefficient of assessment of the effect of dependent node failure on the locomotive maintenance system. The proposed coefficient will determine the nodes, the failure of which affects the renewal cost more than their nominal value. It will also help to take into account the probable losses due to node failure during the development and adjustment of the locomotive maintenance system. Originality. For the first time, it is proposed to use the concept of the effect of dependent failures to calculate the locomotive renewal cost when performing unscheduled repairs, as well as the locomotive life cycle cost. Practical value. The improved calculation method for determining the cost of unplanned repairs with account taken of dependent failures can be used to compare and evaluate different variants of the locomotive maintenance system and to develop the locomotive diagnostic systems.

Purpose. The paper involves the development of algorithmic support for simulation and optimization of train traffic modes. Methodology. To describe the process of the train movement in spatial coordinates with the distributed mass along the trajectory of motion, a system model is proposed. The model takes into account traction and support parameters and their changes depending on external and internal factors. For a numerical integration of a system model, a finite-difference method is used. In addition, iterative procedures are developed to meet the boundary conditions, the formation of a sequence of traction, braking and idling modes with appropriate parameters to satisfy the criterion of optimality of traffic and technical limitations with sufficient accuracy. The criterion of optimality includes fuel and energy resources, the frequency of changes in the modes of work of traction means (significantly affect the wear of drives), cost rates, etc. Findings. The developed algorithmic, software and information support provided: calculation of driving modes of arbitrary, including standard ones for formation of traffic schedules, calculation of inter-station and station intervals, and research of influence of extreme parameters of trains on their modes of operation. The system provides for the adaptation of the parameters of the train model based on the results of experimental trips. Originality. The paper proposes the task of calculating train driving modes as a problem of optimal control and proposes a quick method for its solution. This ensured the automation of the process of solving a large set of direct and inverse modes with different optimality criteria. Practical value. The proposed approach to the formulation and solution of tasks of modeling and optimization of train driving modes was tested in the process of calculating the main components for the formation of traffic schedules, the selection of optimal parameters for the reconstruction of the roadbed for high-speed and new types of trains.

Purpose. The paper aimed at analysis of the current state of railway traffic safety at the transportation of dangerous goods, as well as the assessment of emergency events and the level of security based on statistical analysis. Methodology. The objective is achieved through theoretical generalization and analysis of modern knowledge and ideas about the prediction of accidents with dangerous goods. Geo-information systems are used for the analysis of security systems for transportation of dangerous goods by rail. Findings. Authors analyzed the types of incidents that occurred on the railway in recent years. The main causes of emergencies are: technical malfunction of cars; extremely high depreciation of fixed assets, deficiency in organizational factors in the transportation of goods, violation of safety rules for cargo operations, interference of unauthorized persons during transportation and the suchlike. One of the main causes of dangerous events is the extremely high depreciation of fixed assets. A map of potential hazards and emergencies has been developed for the transportation of dangerous goods using geo-information technologies. The results of the research are aimed at practical solutions to the problems of improving the safety and stability of rail transport in emergency situations. The transportation safety of dangerous goods should be developed by: investigating the likelihood of emergency threat; increase the efficiency of decision-making for the elimination of the consequences of accidents; development of technology for liquidation of consequences of emergency situations; implementation of the satellite navigation system. Originality. The paper presents the scientific substantiation and development of the basis for forecasting emergencies at railway transport facilities. The reasons of occurrence of events with dangerous cargoes are estimated. The map of Ukraine is drawn up according to the number of events and depending on the types of incidents on the railway. Practical value. The use of the proposed approach will allow determining the quality of any decision-making system, especially when planning rescue operations, planning forces and facilities for the localization and elimination of emergency situations. The practical value of the work consists in obtaining a scientifically based and at the same time acceptable methodology for practical workers in assessing the stability of the transportation process on individual sections of the railways, as well as developing recommendations for road sections with increased accidents.

Purpose. The paper aimed at analyzing the presence of residual quantities of medicinal preparations in the water of Ukraine and the world. Based on the world and own experience to propose methods for waters cleaning from medicines. Methodology. The research was carried out on the basis of analysis of scientific sources and reporting data on the availability of medicines in the water of Ukraine, European countries, the USA (1999-2017). Findings. Analyzed sources inform that the main environmental threat of a global scale is the presence of medicines in drinking water. The treatment facilities are not suitable for the detection and decomposition of medicinal preparations. The fight against these substances is not envisaged all over the world. The authors present the results of a comprehensive review of issues related to the determination of the medicines availability in various waters, their concentrations and the most dangerous medicinal preparations - toxicants. Medications can be accumulated not only in the body of humans and animals, but also in marine and river fish, etc. The impact of even trace amounts of certain medicines (drugs, hormones) can have a negative effect on the health of more vulnerable segments of population, such as children. It was found that the main culprit of hormonal water pollution is agriculture, namely animal husbandry. Originality. The paper summarizes available and presents new methods and technologies for water cleaning, such as: electrochemical, membrane, adsorption based on activated carbon, ultrasonic treatment in the presence of catalysts, treatment of water with enzymes and persulfates. As the second way to reduce the number of medicines in the water, it is proposed to produce environmentally friendly medicines. Practical value. Water problems are the main ones all over the world and in Ukraine as well. It is necessary to provide the additional financing to solve the problem of water cleaning from medicines not on a residual principle, but considering that water is the basis of life on the Earth, and in general the health and life of mankind depends on the quality of water.

Purpose. There are specific, standardized laboratory test methods to assess railway ballast particle degradation; they are the Los Angeles (EN 1097-2) and the Micro-Deval abrasion (EN 1097-1) tests. These testing methods can’t take into consideration the real railway stress-strain circumstances of ballast materials, and they particles. In this paper the authors represent a specific laboratory fatigue breakage test of railway ballast materials. With this kind of testing method, the deterioration process of railway ballast particles can be assessed more realistic and precisely. Methodology. A special layer structure is built-up with elastic sublayer system and 30 cm thick ballast samples (from two different type andesite base rocks) that is loaded by dynamic, pulsating forces. Particle size distribution functions have to be recorded before and after a more million cycle fatigue test, but intermediate measurements are also executed. The measured data should be processed, and different parameters have to be calculated that are offered by international literature and researches. The test doesn’t consider the particle breakage due to hand-made and machine-made tamping, but it can simulate particle degradation due to more years’ railway traffic in laboratory circumstances. Findings. There is a development after the R&D work made and published in 2014: in 2017 and 2018 years the ballast particle deterioration process is given according to more intermediate fatigue cycles with individual measurements, that show more precise «picture» about the full particle degradation, i.e. breakage process. The authors give more precise correlation functions between the calculated parameters and load cycles during fatigue. Originality. The paper summed up the results of a specific developed laboratory test method for assessment of the breakage process of railway ballast particles according to two different railway ballast materials from andesite base rocks. Practical value. The results help with the calculation of approximate time interval of required ballast screening (cleaning) work in the future. This research is supported by the ÚNKP-17-4 New National Excellence Program of Ministry of Human Capacities.

Purpose. The tasks of data classification and optimization of order flow management in service systems are widespread. The development of an intelligent information technology (IIT) for optimal management of order flows in service systems (OMFS&S), taking into account imprecisely defined and natural language data characteristics (IDD), implemented on the basis of a modified Hamming network (MHN), is currently relevant, scientific and practical. The main purpose of the work is to develop and improve mathematical models and procedures of the OMFS&S and the formation of IIT based on the MHN with IDD. Methodology. New formulations of the tasks of the OMFS&S, which are characterized by the IDD, are proposed. Mathematical models and intellectual procedures for optimizing the flows of OMFS&S based on MHN have been improved. Software tools for IIT based on MHN and procedures of OMFS&S processes were developed. Numerical studies of the correctness and efficiency of solutions were carried out. Findings. New task formulations of the OMFS&S according to the IDD were formed, which differ in the ability to take into account the results of the choice of controls in the previous steps. Improved mathematical models and productive intellectual procedures of the OMFS&S based on MHN were developed, and the scope of their application was analyzed. IIT software tools for the processes of OMFS&S with IDD were developed and studied, and a numerical experiment was conducted to confirm the reliability and efficiency of the proposed models and methods of OMFS&S processes. Originality. The paper improves mathematical models and productive intelligent procedures for optimizing flows based on the results of classification by MHN. Variants of models for the functioning of OMFS&S procedures have been developed, where flow elements are considered either in isolation from others, or the optimal control choice for the current element affects the maintenance of subsequent elements. Practical value. The intelligent information technology developed on the basis of modified Hamming networks allows optimizing the management of order flows in service systems with imprecisely defined and natural language data characteristics.

Purpose. The intelligent search engine Bing can be used as a method and a means of determining the author of a Ukrainian-language test. Bing helps to find information about a text fragment and its author, but the search results may be inaccurate or incomplete. The main purpose of the paper is to study the effectiveness of establishing the authorship of literary texts by state-of-the-art artificial intelligence tools based on ultra-short excerpts. Methodology. Ten Ukrainian authors with a rich body of fiction reflecting various aspects of Ukrainian culture and history were selected, as well as random fragments of 3–7 words each from different works of these authors. An experiment was conducted to determine the authorship of 2,000 fragments. Findings. Using the Python programming language and the skpy package, we developed software that sends questions and receives answers from the Bing bot built into Microsoft Skype. The answers were checked for the name of the author of the phrase and the corresponding title of the work. According to the results, Ivan Franko has the highest percentage of answers where the author's name was mentioned (65%), and Oleksandr Dovzhenko has the lowest result (23%). The answers were analyzed by the length of the fragments. Of course, the longer the length of a text fragment, the greater the likelihood of accurately identifying its authorship. Features of the author's style are manifested in 20–40 % of short fragments. The remaining 60–80% may be commonly used language constructions that the author relayed from the external environment. Originality. In this work, for the first time, the method of checking the authorship of fragments of Ukrainian-language text using the Bing bot with artificial intelligence is presented. A comparative analysis was performed and experiments were given to determine the authorship of short fragments of 3–7 words. It has been established that even quite small fragments of the text have signs characteristic of the original style of the author of artistic works. Practical value. It has been determined to what extent experts in determining the authorship of natural language texts can rely on existing state-of-the-art artificial intelligence tools in combination with an extensive database of texts in the Internet space.

Purpose. The main purpose of this work is to solve the problem of designing a longitudinal profile, provided that the volume of earthworks is rationally distributed and the width of the right-of-way is reduced when designing a road on the ground in conjunction with the landscape. Methodology. The study was conducted in accordance with the requirements of SBS B.2.3–4:2015 regarding the need to comply with the principles of landscape design and the use of rational combinations of plan elements and longitudinal profile to ensure the smoothness of the road, as well as its relationship with the environment to reduce destruction and preserve the existing landscape in each case. Findings. The paper considers two options for drawing the design line relative to the ground line: in the first option, the design line is drawn based on the condition of approximate equality of the volumes of excavations and embankments, in the second – on the condition of designing the longitudinal profile with the maximum permissible slopes to reduce the value of the working elevations. The research confirms that designing the longitudinal profile with maximum slopes leads to a decrease in the working elevations of embankments and excavations. This, in turn, leads to a reduction in the width of the road right-of-way. In the case of a balanced distribution of embankment and excavation volumes, the width of the right-of-way increased by 1.6 times. However, the use of soil from the excavations for embankment filling (the so-called longitudinal dumping) reduced the total cost of earthworks by 27%, despite the increase in the width of the right-of-way. Originality. Methodological approaches to determining the scope of work and cost of subgrade construction are proposed, provided that the width of the right-of-way is minimized during the design of the road. The cost of the subgrade is represented by two components – the cost of soil development and transportation and the cost of land occupation. Practical value. The results obtained in the course of the research work indicate that the task of determining the scope of work and cost of the subgrade construction, while minimizing the width of the right-of-way during the construction of the road, has been solved. The provided recommendations will contribute to the effectiveness of design solutions, determine the quality of the road project in general and the feasibility of its implementation in particular.

Purpose. The current state of Ukraine's economy dictates the requirements for optimizing the selection of a reliable supplier to ensure the stable operation of the enterprise. Therefore, the authors believe that one of the main conditions for the company's activity is the improvement of logistics links. The main purpose of the study is to optimize the selection of suppliers of raw materials and supplies based on a logistics approach. Methodology. The article analyzes the performance indicators of suppliers of raw materials in the meat processing industry of Ukraine. The methodology for building an integral indicator of supplier competitiveness is presented. The modeling of the integral indicator of assessing the competitiveness of a raw material supplier using a fuzzy logic approach is carried out. The study was carried out using the methods of analysis and synthesis to determine the criteria and parameters for selecting a supplier of raw materials in order to organize the movement of material flows of the enterprise. Findings. The study found that the search for a new supplier of raw materials and supplies requires strict adherence to the selection algorithm. One of the elements of the algorithm is a study of the supplier market, which should be carried out using competitiveness indicators. The article assesses the competitiveness of pork and chicken suppliers in the Ukrainian market. The list of optimal suppliers for the uninterrupted supply of raw materials to meat processing enterprises is determined. Originality. The paper proposes a methodological approach to a more detailed analysis of raw material suppliers to enterprises, which allows applying elements of fuzzy logic to optimize the supplier selection process, unify diverse performance indicators, and compare the competitiveness of suppliers both within Ukraine and abroad. Practical value. The article proposes a model procedure for assessing the level of competitiveness of optimal suppliers of raw materials and supplies. The basis is the model of an integral indicator of competitiveness, the components of which are aggregate indicators. The use of fuzzy logic methods made it possible to formalize the obtained diverse indicators of activity of suppliers of raw materials and systematize them on a single scale. This made the supplier assessment model universal and expanded the possibilities of its use for practical purposes.

Purpose. There are special, standardized laboratory test methods to evaluate railway ballast particle breakage; they are the Los Angeles and the Micro-Deval abrasion test. The authors opine that these methods aren’t the most adequate methods to assess the real ballast particle degradation because in reality never occurs these kinds of stresses and strains (i.e. particles in a rotating drum with or without steel balls and with or without water). A new laboratory test procedure is needed. The authors attempted to configure an adequate one in 2014, it is detailed in the paper, as well as the initial results and improvement possibility. This test method is related to dynamic pulsating test, the particle size distributions (PSD) had to be determined before and after fatigue. In 2017-2018 the research is supported by ÚNKP-17-4 program. Methodology. Multi-level steel box is utilized with a special layer structure, detailed in the paper. Five different types of railway ballast samples were tested. PSDs were defined, and regarding to the results relationship between ballast particle degradation values (according to Los Angeles and Micro-Deval abrasion tests, as well as this newly developed laboratory test method) was searched, as well as time interval between necessity railway ballast cleaning work was also calculated. Findings. The authors sentenced the results regarding to the self-developed laboratory test method that is able to assess the particle degradation and time interval between railway ballast cleaning work more precisely related to the real railway operation circumstances. Relationship was determined between particle breakage according to standardized and unique (non-standardized) laboratory test methods. Originality. The paper summarized the results a newly developed laboratory test method for evaluation of the degradation of railway ballast particles. Practical value. It sentenced the possibility to improve the measurements and assessments regarding to the research phase supported by the ÚNKP-17-4 project.

Purpose. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the existing methods for surveying curves in a plan, to study the influence of the errors in measuring plan parameters on the permitted speeds of motion, to develop re-commendations for reducing road disturbances by bringing the parameters of curves to the standards that operate in Ukraine in the directions of accelerated and high-speed train traffic. The problem of restructuring the curves was not so acute until there was a need to increase the speed of motion and technical condition monitoring of the track plan. Unreliable determination of the curves parameters leads to unjustified restrictions in the speed of motion or to large volumes of straightening operations. Methodology. The methodology used in the paper provides for a comprehensive and detailed study of different ways of railway curves survey, aimed at developing and obtaining the optimal solutions for the railway track plan. To date, there are different methods of survey the actual geometry of the railway track. To carry out research in various sections of complexity and for a long time of the railway track operation, the most convenient, first of all, considering the regularity of arrivals, there is a tape of the track-measuring car. However, this method is used to assess the state of the railway track, and not to determine the exact geometric position. Thus, when trying to determine the actual outline of the track unevenness using a track-measuring tape, a number of difficulties arise. When forming a mathematical model of the existing plan, the assumption is used: it is considered that three adjacent points on the curve are located along the circumference. The work of track renewal trains is based on this principle. As a result of track renewal operations with the aim of reducing the volume of flattening, the curve does not correspond to the initial passport data. Findings. The results of the work come out of the analysis of different approaches and methods of surveying the plan of the line, the parameters influence of the curves on establishing the permissible speed of motion. The recommendations received in the work will help to increase the efficiency of design decisions and the quality of railway track reconstruction as a whole. Originality. Scientific approaches to assessing the state of curves, studying the influence of their parameters on the permissible speed of trains, have been further developed. The system of criteria for assessing the state of curves that affect the accumulation of track disturbances in the plan is supplemented. Practical value. The results obtained will be useful for carrying out measures to improve speed, improve the smoothness of train traffic and the level of travel comfort on curved track sections, especially in the areas of accelerated and high-speed train traffic.

Purpose. Plastic waste has become a major environmental issue of concern due to its exponential growth due to rapid urbanization. The paper investigates utility of plastic waste as an additive for bituminous concrete using wet process of mixing. Methodology. The methodology for the present paper has been designed with complex research consisting of Marshall mix design of the bituminous mix added with plastic waste for modifying bitumen using wet process of mixing, performing the tests on the samples and analyzing the results in the form of table and figures. In the present paper LDPE and HDPE type of plastic waste are used to modify the bitumen. Finding. The results show that addition of 6 percent of bitumen improves the Marshall properties of the mix. Use of plastic to modify the bitumen not only makes the road surface more durable but also it is an eco-friendly way of proper disposal of plastic waste. Originality. The processes used for mixing the plastic waste to the bitumen are dry process and wet process. Dry process of mixing the plastic waste to the bituminous mix is most common and lot of study is carried out on its application. In the present paper wet process of mixing has not yet been studied much. Practical Value. The practical application of utilizing the plastic waste to modify bitumen in the bituminous mix improves the stability values resulting in the more durable road surface. Also the method ensures the proper disposal of plastic waste in eco-friendly way.

Purpose. The paper considers the interaction of the cylindrical surfaces of the friction pair «center plate – center pad» of the freight car and theoretically investigates the wear process. It is also necessary to obtain the wear value dependence of center pad on the mileage, taking into account the power load, the physical-mechanical and tribo-technical properties of the interacting materials for the subsequent modeling and control of the value of overhaul mileage by the wear criterion of the corresponding resource-determining elements of freight cars. Методика. For theoretical studies of the wear value of friction pair «center plate – center pad» on the freight car mileage, the theory of friction and wear of solids was used. Findings. In this paper interaction of cylindrical surfaces of the friction pair «center plate – center pad» of a freight car in the form of a «shaft-sleeve» model is considered. Dependences of the permanent and variable wear of a given friction pair are proposed for cases in which forces act in the transverse and longitudinal directions. Obtained dependence of the wear value of center pad on the freight car mileage takes into account the power load, physical and mechanical and tribo-technical properties of the conjugated materials. On its basis, using new materials for repair with various properties, one may simulate the wear state of cylindrical surfaces of the friction pair «center plate – center pad», which will make it possible to control the value of overhaul mileage of freight car. Also (on the example of gondola 12-7023) on the basis of obtained expression there were constructed dependences of the average wear value of center pad for the cases of different values of the mileage use coefficient and the train movement speed. It was shown that with an increase in the train speed to 100 km/h, the average wear value of the gondola 12-7023 center pad is lower by 25% than at the speed of 80 km/h. Originality. In the work on the wear criterion, the interaction of cylindrical surfaces of the friction pair «center plate – center pad» of a freight car is considered. For the first time it was obtained the dependence of wear value of center pad on the mileage taking into account the power load, physical and mechanical and tribo-technical properties of the conjugated materials. Applying new materials for repair with different properties, based on the obtained dependence one can carry out a simulation of the wear state of cylindrical surfaces of friction pair «center plate – center pad», that is to control the value of between-repair mileage of freight car. Practical value. The results of the work make it possible to establish the wear value of canter pad for the corresponding operating mileage of the freight car.

Purpose. The extensive use of the computer-aided design system (CAD) in education and industry puts forward new demands on the scope, content and quality of up-to-date descriptive geometry course. The purpose of the work is topicality analysis of traditional descriptive geometry methods for 3D modelling and development of methodological recommendations for its teaching as a subject together with a selected CAD. Methodology. Conclusions about effectiveness and expedience of application of descriptive geometry methods are drawn on the basis of tools analysis and comparison of modern CADs and descriptive geometry for solving problems arising during 3D modelling. Generalization of teaching experience made it possible to give recommendations about optimization of the descriptive geometry course taking into account present-day requirements to professional skills of an engineer. Findings. CADs tools and descriptive geometry methods are compared by way of specific example to give the answer what is more suitable for solving problems arising during 3D modelling. Originality. We presented the methodological recommendations about optimization of descriptive geometry teaching together with a selected CAD. We proposed the conception of a modern textbook on descriptive geometry. First of all, the textbook must describe algorithms for solving problems by means of standard CAD tools exactly in 3D, not on the plane. It is desirable to accompany these algorithms by pictorial images in order to have an opportunity to grasp an idea quickly and implement it through methods of direct modeling in CAD application. We also touched practical problems of students’ motivation to ensure high effectiveness of graphical education. Practical value. This paper may be useful mainly for educators in the field of engineering graphics because it raises a vital question ‘Descriptive Geometry versus CAD’ which now has no definite answer. Topicality and teaching approaches of different solution methods of spatial problems by means of projections is subject of a dispute, taking into account that CAD tools are continuously updated. This paper by way of specific example shows some advantages and limitations of descriptive geometry and CAD, as well as touches the issues of their efficient joint application for teaching.

Purpose. The research paper proposes to estimate the effect of heat inertia of the water heating system, in transient operation modes, on the temperature condition in the passenger car, as well as to offer technical solutions intended to reduce the heating system inertia effect and to maintain a stable temperature condition in the passenger car premises in transitional modes of the heating system. Methodology. The author developed the method for controlling the heat transfer of heating system pipes with the help of regulating casing. To control the heating system and the heat transfer of heating pipes, two types of temperature control sensors were used in the passenger car: certain sensors interacted with regulatory casings, while the others interacted with high-voltage tubular heating element control devices. To assess the efficiency of heat interchange regulation of heating pipes and the heating system control, with installed regulating casings, the operation of the heating system with regulating casings and two types of sensors was mathematically modelled. Mathematical modelling used the experimental test data. The results of experimental tests and mathematical modelling were compared. Findings. Currently in operated passenger cars, control of heating appliances is not constructively provided. Automatic maintenance of the set temperature in a passenger car is limited to switching on and off of high-voltage tubular heating elements. The use of regulating casings on heating pipes allows reducing the effects of heat inertia and maintaining stable thermal conditions in a passenger car, using the heating system as a heat accumulator, and also provides the opportunity to realize an individual control of air temperature in the compartment. Originality. For the first time, the paper studied the alternative ways of regulating the temperature condition in a passenger car. Using of the heating system as a heat accumulator. Practical value. The regulation of the heat transfers of the heating pipes by regulating casings allows reducing the effect of thermal inertia of the heating system on the temperature condition in a passenger car, implementing individual adjustment of air temperature in a compartment within 40% of the power of the heating pipe section, using the heating system as a heat accumulator.

Purpose. The paper is aimed to analyze the functioning of the existing railway informational system, as the data storage, consideration of the ways to changeover to intelligent management system, including the application of semantic approach. It is necessary to change the paradigm of automated traffic management; this determines changing the paradigm in railway operation management. The development and introduction of new Business-Intelligence-type system requires the formalized knowledge on railway transportation process to be implemented, including in the form of ontology as the model and means to formalize the knowledge. New knowledge requires using the terms and concepts to describe the new processes and management objects in railway operations. Methodology. Formalizing the knowledge one should abstract away from classical definitions such as marshaling or freight station, train station, division station, dead-end station, railway junction, railway hub etc. Unified Modeling Languages for engineering the automated systems use the definitions: the objects’ categories, the class diagrams, statechart diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, component diagrams, link diagrams in properties etc. These concepts enable formalizing the knowledge, bringing to homogeneous representing and using them for modeling the management processes of goods delivery. Findings. The data on timing the events of goods delivery process, breakings of schedule are taken into account in set-theoretical model on scripting scenarios for goods delivery process. One of the concepts in the model on breaking of schedule (from the knowledge base of the system ASK VPUZ-E enables to take into account the influence of possible factors and the real railway operations conditions. Originality. The ways to formalize knowledge on railway transportation process as the major premise to form intelligent informational software for management system were analyzed. The set-theoretical models on goods delivery management for scripting goods delivery process’ scenarios have been developed in the paper, the examples of using the means of object-oriented modeling to construct algorithm for technological processes have been given as well. Practical value. The author suggests new terms, definitions and concepts describing the logistic business processes and enabling to changeover to formalizing the knowledge and to forming the conditions of intelligent management system of goods delivery on railways.

Purpose. The paper focuses on ensuring the rational choice of parameters of the mating surfaces of parts when designing process equipment based on the methods of artificial intelligence. Methodology. The paper considers the geometric model of a ruled developed surface, the conditions of existence of such a surface and provides a generalized algorithm for surface plotting regardless of the type of the working element or the machine-building product. One of the most common technical surfaces are the ruled ones, among which a special position is occupied by developed surfaces (thanks to their differential-parametric properties): surface tangent plane is n contact along the rectilinear generator and does not change its position in space when changing the point of contact; surfaces can be produced by bending sheet metal. These provisions enable a product manufacturer to save significant material and energy means, therefore, the development of geometric models of such surfaces is an important task. Findings. We analyzed the geometrical model of the developed surface which is incident to two guides. Experimental studies have shown the applicationprospectivity of semi-digger moldboards on moldboard plows, particularly on the double-deck ones. Taking into account the operating speed of the plow 2.8 m/s, the plant residues plowing percentage for plow with semi-digger moldboards is 98.9%, and with the digger ones – 96.1%. Originality. According to results: 1) the approaches to solving the problem of recognition of wear conditions of the tested interface, depicted by its conceptual model, were elaborated; 2) the corresponding algorithms of the computational procedures were built; 3) the mathematical model that determines the effect of the parameters of the contacting surfaces on their performance properties – linear wear rate during the normal wear and tear was developed; 4) for this model the theoretical prerequisite of use for the random mating study were designated. Practical value. Currently, these areas produced significant results which are in line with modern requirements of construction engineering. The process of parametric model optimization generates a plurality of desired values of the surface parameters. There are formed the algorithms for automatic recognition of design features and operation of interfaces by their images, which are set by a structured set of formal signs. The recognition result is the interface designation to a particular group, each of which corresponds to an individual computational model of quality parameters normalization.

Purpose. The paper should consider lowering the labour input of maintenance of drive gears operation of vehicles power plants at the expense of working out the coupling construction having low duration of substitution of elastic element and a justification of its force, power and strength parameters. Methodology. During development of coupling construction with increased maintainability the criterion of minimum average labour input of its reconstruction has been used. Constructive-power parametres of coupling were defined with the use of classical methods and statics and calculus theorems. Simulation of couplings operation is executed by numerical methods for couplings of concrete executions with the use of modern program complexes. Findings. Authors developed the coupling with rope elastic elements having low labour input of elastic element substitution due to multiple-purpose construction of tightening elements and pins with open slots in which the rope sequentially can be included is developed. The dependences are received, allowing to define power loads of elements of a coupling, and also to execute selection of ropes and calculation of strength of tightening elements. With obtained dependence the coupling with rope elastic elements for substitution of coupling Vulkan propulsion plant of the bulk ship of the project 2-95А/R is calculated and designed. The integrated definition of time for rope substitution in the offered coupling with application of specifications has displayed that for execution of this process it is necessary to expend about 150 minutes of time that is much less than 530 mines necessary for substitution of elastic membranes of base coupling Vulkan. Originality. The estimation of the basic constructive, power and strenght parametres of coupling with face installation of a rope with increased maintainability is executed. Practical value. Construction of a coupling with increased maintainability equipped with rope elastic elements is offered in the paper. Application of such coupling in power installations can reduce expenditures of time and resources to maintenance operation and to lower cost of transportations.

Purpose. The paper focuses on a study of the US railway transport organization management during passenger transportation. Methodology. Studies were carried out on the basis of the analysis of literature sources and reporting data on passenger transportation in the USA. Findings. Negative trends in the work of the passenger complex of the Ukrainian railways are the slowdown in the volumes of transportation, the progressive aging of the rolling stock and the overall activity running at a loss for Ukrzaliznytsia. In this regard, the actual task for domestic rail transport is the implementation of industry reforms. Therefore, the paper presented the study of the experience of organizing the passenger transportation on US railways, whose peculiarity is the extremely high degree of competition between modes of transport. As a result of the conducted analysis for working conditions of the US and Ukrainian railways, the general conditions for the functioning of the railways in both countries connected with passenger transportation securing have been established. It was found that general condition for execution of railway passenger transportation for the United States and Ukraine is the subsidization of this activity and combined use of infrastructure for the freight and passengers’ transportations. In this connection, when developing approaches to reforming the passenger economy of Ukraine's railways, it is advisable to use the experience of the United States in assessing the social effectiveness of rail transport, the impact of passenger transportation on the conditions of freight trains handling, and combined use of railway infrastructure by freight and passenger companies. Originality. The author determined the general trends in the development of passenger railway transportation in the US and Ukraine. Practical value. The resulted methods of organizing the operation of the US railway passenger transportation complex can be adapted to solve problems in the development of passenger transportation on the Ukrainian railways.

Purpose. At the present stage of development of Ukraine’s economy, passenger traffic service quality management of railway enterprises became one of the main tasks to ensure their efficient operation. In terms of railway re-forms and increased competition in the transport market, the discrepancies between the technological level of traffic and the growing needs of society and the quality standards of transport services, the priority is the establishment of quality management system for passenger traffic services in rail transport. This question should be considered in the paper. Methodology. To achieve this goal and ensure a high quality level of passenger traffic services in rail trans-port, which involves a combination of approaches to the position of consumers (determination of their satisfaction) and railway enterprises (measurement of results and formation processes of service quality), the paper proposed a passenger traffic service quality management system. The proposed methodical approach to formation of the passenger traffic service quality management system in rail transport implements a principally new scheme of interaction of elements during provision of services, where the inter-related resources (human, material, financial, information), means, instruments and processes result in creation of quality transport service. Findings. The efficiency of the passenger traffic service quality management system allows detecting the dynamic of improvement of the services provided by the railway enterprises and building the system which is self-learning on the principles of continuous improvement. The paper grounded new principles of the passenger traffic quality management, which were formed on the basis of general management principles, quality management principles and railway transport management principles. Originality. The work presents the developed passenger traffic service quality management system targeted to meet the expectations of passengers from transport process while taking into account the economic interests of railway enterprises. The basis of this system is conceptual principles, namely, goal, objectives, subject, object, principles, functions and practical recommendations, which generally determine the relationship of the basic elements of the passenger traffic service quality management in rail transport. Practical value. The practical value of the obtained by the author results is that their implementation will enable railway enterprises to forecast the improvement of service quality level, taking into account their specific features and create solutions for control and regulation of processes and passenger traffic service quality effects. The theoretical and methodological provisions may be used in the formation, operation and improvement of the quality management system for passenger traffic services in rail transport.

Purpose. To conduct research of electric motors in order to obtain the results that will assess the degree of energy saving due to electric loss reduction in the equipment with non-controlled electric drive. Methodology. The paper proposes an engineering method for determination of active power losses in the motors of the equipment with non-controlled electric drive in locomotive depot during load changes on the motor shaft. It is necessary to analyse the reduction of active power losses in the motor and the power supply network when an under-loaded motor is replaced with a motor having less power. Findings. After the calculations performed by the authors, it was found that for electric motors, in case of reducing the load factor from to active loss reduction after the motor replacement for the less powerful one ranges from 0.58 kW to 2.865 kW. Also, the calculations were carried out on the example of electric motors with a lower synchronous speed, the effect of under-loaded motor replacement increases in terms of active power loss reduction. The greatest effect is achieved when the load factor is . Originality. For the first time the paper outlines the issues of energy saving efficiency for the equipment with non-controlled electric drive in locomotive depot by replacing the under-loaded motors with the less powerful ones. As long as there is a significant amount of the considered electric drives, it may cause severe losses, taking into account the peculiarities of their operation. Practical value. The obtained research results allow us to solve the problem of replacement of under-loaded motors in locomotive depot equipment with the motors having less power as efficiently as possible in terms of reducing electric losses. For instance 90-kW motor of a washing machine can be replaced with 75-kW motor when the load factor is , this can significantly reduce the performance losses. This method can be applied not only in locomotive depot but also for all equipment with non-controlled electric drives that operates in under-load mode.

Purpose. The paper assumes to set the basic laws in determining the structure and physical-mechanical properties of wheel steels during arc welding technology and to develop the recommendations for reconstruction of railway wheel wear surfaces that will improve the reliability and safety of traffic in terms of increasing operating loads. Methodology. To achieve this purpose the paper studied 1) the influence of operating loads on structural changes and properties of metal wheels; 2) the impact of arc welding on structural and phase composition and properties of the metal heat-affected zone, its resistance to brittle and slow fracture; 3) the impact of welded metal on the formation of the stress state of the welds and their resistance to formation cracks; 4) wear resistance of built up metal during friction-slip of the «wheel-rail» pair. Findings. The most intense zone of the rolling profile of freight railway wheels during operation is a place of transition from rolling surface to the ridge. Therefore, the wheel building up by welding requires first of all the increased resistance to brittle fracture of metal in this area. It is established that welding in the metal of the wheel heat-affected zone cause formation of the hardened bainite-martensite structures. The minimum metal cooling rate, at which the martensite start forming is 8°C / s (in the range of 600…500°C) when the content of carbon in steel is 0.58% and 2°C/s at 0.65% of carbon. It is shown that to increase resistance to cracking it is necessary to limit the cooling rate to 16.0°C/s when the carbon content is C < 0.60% and to 8.0°C / s when C = 0.60…0.65%. Under these conditions, the metal has rather high ability to mikroplastic deformation without cracking. It was founded that to improve the critical stress intensity factor К1С at brittle fracture it is necessary to provide conditions when welding would result in the built up structure that does not contain upper bainite and the martensite share does not exceed the number of lower bainite (ratio of M/Bn < 1). It is proved that exposure of wheels within 3.5-4.5 hours at 100°C after welding, during their slow cooling improves resistance to brittle fracture of metal heat-affected zone by 1.8-2.3 times. This is due to the removal of diffusion hydrogen from the metal and reduction of the ІІ type stress in the lath volume of bainite and martensite by 1.5. Originality. The author has developed the idea of the structural-phase changes that occur in the metal of railway wheels during arc welding. The relation between the carbon content in steel, cooling rate during welding and resistance to cracking and brittle fracture was found. The authors determined the influence of after-welding wheel cooling conditions on the metal properties. Practical value. Technological recommendations for railway freight wheel building up by welding were developed. Their application will improve quality of the railway wheels built up by welding, reliability and safety of traffic in conditions of growing operating loads.

Purpose. Although the advancements in computer simulation technology have paved way to provide very reliable simulation results, track tests still play an essential role during the process of development and homologation of any railway vehicle. On the other hand, track tests depend on weather conditions, are difficult to organize and are not suitable for testing vehicles in critical situations. On a roller rig, the tested vehicle is longitudinally fixed and a track is replaced by rotating rollers. Such device offer testing of railway vehicle running dynamics in safe and stable laboratory environment. The purpose of an article is to investigate and describe roller rig testing at the Czech technical university in Prague (CTU). Methodology. In the paper it is shown the history of development of the scaled CTU roller rig from the earlier stages until the current projects for which the CTU roller rig is utilized for. The current design of the experimental bogie, roller rig, sensors instrumentation and types of experiments conducted at the CTU roller rig are described in more detail. Findings. Although the differences in vehicle behaviour on a track and a scaled model on a roller rig are not negligible, scaled roller rig experiments are found as a relatively inexpensive way for verification and demonstration of computer simulations results. They are especially useful for verification of multibody system simulations (MBS) of entirely new running gear concepts. Originality. The CTU roller rig is currently used for the experiments with active controlled wheelset guidance. According to simulations results published in many papers such systems offer, in principle, better performance compared to conventional passive vehicles. However, utilization and testing of active controlled wheelset guidance on vehicles is still rare. CTU roller rig serves as a tool to verify computer simulations and demonstrate benefits of active wheelset guidance. Practical value. Experiments conducted on the CTU roller rig confirm the possibility to significantly influence railway vehicle running dynamics by actively controlled wheelset guidance. Such concept could be regarded as a possible and likely approach for the design of future railway vehicles running gears.

Purpose. The paper analyses the possibility and terms of increasing the efficiency of heating and ventilation systems of public buildings at the present stage of development and the specific climatic conditions of Ukraine. The main purpose is to develop specific measures for public buildings, which will lead to a significant reduction in energy costs for heating and air conditioning system. The example is similar system of DNURT compact campus, which is heated with its own autonomous boiler that uses natural gas. Methodology. The statistical heat loss analysis for the last 5 years allows defining the types and calculating the heat loss values for specific conditions. These losses are compared with those in the world practice and based on the comparison and analysis of the current system there are offered the ways to reduce the heat loss values through the use of various technical and organizational methods.The paper also proposes involvement for this purpose of secondary and alternative energy sources. The secondary energy resources include the heat that is emitted by people and that coming out with the air during ventilation of buildings. The renewable sources include solar and geothermal energy. To enhance the heat transfer medium temperature capacity it is proposed to use the heat pumps. Findings. The maximum possible use of the proposed measures and implementation of rational schematic and engineering solutions for heat and hot water supply systems cam reduce the energy loss for heating and hot water by 30-35%. Originality. The paper for the first time proposed the use of new integrated approaches to maintain the desired heat balance in the winter period, as well as the new schematic solutions for heating and ventilation systems, both in winter and in summer, based on the use of heat pumps and secondary energy resources. Practical value. The introduction of the proposed schematic solutions and approaches demand relatively small capital investments and do not require significant reconstruction of already installed systems.

Purpose. The main goal of the work is to improve the process of controlling transport units (trains) on the basis of abstract modelling of operational processes, which will allow the operational dispatching apparatus to respond in a timely manner to constantly changing train conditions. Methodology. In order to ensure the rhythmic and uniform movement of trains of all categories along railway lines, train dispatchers, based on their experience, together with locomotive dispatchers and train locomotive drivers, constantly monitor the operational train condition and develop a strategy for the movement of trains along railway sections. This approach is quite energy-consuming in terms of human resources due to excessive nervous tension. As a result of this shortcoming and mistakes made, there are unproductive downtime at railway stations and, in some cases, a significant reduction in sectional speed, which in turn directly affects the industry's profitability and the quality of passenger service, including high-speed traffic. The basis for making management decisions on operational train conditions is automated systems and personal experience of professionals. In this regard, it is advisable to form a model that will reproduce the optimal train operation plan by predicting the main indicators. Findings. In the course of the scientific and applied research, the predictor of collision of trains of different categories with station and inter-train intervals was determined, which can later become the basis of a powerful module of the operational decision support system. Originality. The paper proposes an approach to improving the process of managing transport units based on abstract modelling of operational processes, which, unlike existing approaches, allows the implementation of a high-speed intelligent decision support system for railway dispatching with the possibility of self-adaptation. Practical value. The implementation of the proposed approach in the form of an automated software system will further increase the profitability of the railway industry in the freight and passenger traffic sector.

Purpose. This paper aims to develop a physical model of the homogenization process in a metered-discharge disk extruder, as well as to select and justify the variable parameters that can be used to evaluate the efficiency of mixing and process control. Methodology. With the advent of a large number of alloying additives, filled and composite materials, there is a need for continuous monitoring and control of the melt homogenization process. In classical worm extruders, the processes of feeding, melting, homogenization, and pressure generation are interconnected and are triggered simultaneously by a single working body, the worm, which makes it impossible to control each process separately to optimize them. In such cases, cascade extrusion schemes are used, where the process is divided into separate subprocesses or groups of them with the ability to control them independently. Findings. The scheme of a cascade disk-gear extruder is described, where a metered-powered disk extruder is used as a melt-homogenizer, and a gear pump is used to create pressure and dosing. The variable parameters of the disk extruder for adjusting the mixing efficiency are selected and substantiated. The speed components and their ratios for different parts of the homogenization zone are analyzed. The expediency of using a disk extruder as a melt-homogenizer in cascade extrusion schemes is substantiated. The adequacy of using the mixing index in the form of temperature inhomogeneity is emphasized. The homogenization zone in the form of four separate subzones and changes in the accumulated shear strain along each subzone, as well as the possibility of their regulation, are described. Originality. For the first time, a hydrodynamic model of processes in the homogenization zone of a metered-discharge disk extruder was developed and described. Practical value. The possibility of adjusting the velocity field in the homogenization zone of a disk extruder has been substantiated, which allows controlling the mixing effect directly during the extrusion process. The possibility of selecting the optimal mode of operation of the homogenization zone makes it possible to obtain a melt of a given quality with minimal energy consumption.

Purpose. Models and methods, as well as software tools for the tasks of planning the flow of orders of service systems, or service systems (S&S), are quite widespread. The task of developing processes for classification and management of S&S based on the associative memory model of the Hamming neural network (HNN) with imprecisely defined data characteristics is relevant today, and has theoretical and practical significance. The main purpose of the work is to develop and study mathematical models of Hamming network procedures for S&S with imprecisely defined and natural language data characteristics, comparative analysis of fuzzy set models and CF confidence coefficients. Methodology. The paper uses a modification of the Hamming neural network procedures and numerical experimental studies of the comparative possibilities of using fuzzy sets μX (X → [0; 1]) as models of primary data, as well as expert confidence indicators, confidence factors CF(A) from the set [–1; +1]. Findings. The formation and study of improved models of Hamming neural networks intended for classification procedures in S&S with imprecisely defined and natural language data characteristics is carried out. Originality. For the first time, the comparative possibilities of using fuzzy values (NVs) and CFs as models for representing the properties of incomplete and imprecisely defined data, as well as data in natural language form, are investigated for the tasks of classification and management of S&S. At the same time, the advantages of the CF confidence factor model are established and appropriate procedures for classifying and managing S&S are formed. Practical value. The models and procedures for classifying the properties of multi-parameter S&S objects based on modified Hamming neural networks developed in the article allow to effectively solve a wide range of tasks in the field of S&S management under uncertainty and incompleteness of primary data.

Purpose. As part of the scientific paper it is necessary to study the waveform impact of the braking cylinders filling on longitudinal train dynamics at different modes of braking. At this one should estimate the level of maximum longitudinal forces and braking distance size in freight cars of various lengths. Methodology. In this paper we attempt to approximate the actual diagram of braking cylinders filling with rational functions of varying degrees. In selection of coefficients in the required functions the highest values of the longitudinal forces and braking distances were used as controlled parameters. They were compared with similar values obtained as a result of experimental rides. The level of longitudinal forces and braking distances amount were evaluated by means of mathematical modeling of train longitudinal vibrations, caused by different braking modes. Findings. At mathematical modeling was assumed that the train consists of 60 uniform four-axle gondola cars, weight of 80 tons, equipped with air dispenser No. 483 included in the median operation, composite braking blocks, and one locomotive VL-8. Train before braking has been pre-stretched. Various types of pneumatic braking (emergency, full service and adjusting braking) of the freight train on the horizontal section of the track were simulated. As the calculation results were obtained values of the longitudinal forces, braking distances amounts and reduction time in speed at various braking modes. Originality. Waveform impact of the braking cylinders filling on the longitudinal forces level and braking distances amount in freight trains were investigated. Also the longitudinal loading of freight trains at various pneumatic braking was investigated. Practical value. Obtained results can be used to assess the level of largest longitudinal forces and braking distances in the freight trains of different lengths by mathematical modeling of different braking modes.

Purpose.The second part of the paper completes presentation of constructive and the productive structures (CPS), modeling adaptation of data structures in memory (RAM). The purpose of the second part in the research is to develop a model of process of adaptation data in a RAM functioning in different hardware and software environments and scenarios of data processing. Methodology. The methodology of mathematical and algorithmic constructionism was applied. In this part of the paper, changes were developed the constructors of scenarios and adaptation processes based on a generalized CPS through its transformational conversions. Constructors are interpreted, specialized CPS. Were highlighted the terminal alphabets of the constructor scenarios in the form of data processing algorithms and the constructor of adaptation – in the form of algorithmic components of the adaptation process. The methodology involves the development of substitution rules that determine the output process of the relevant structures. Findings. In the second part of the paper, system is represented by CPS modeling adaptation data placement in the RAM, namely, constructors of scenarios and of adaptation processes. The result of the implementation of constructor of scenarios is a set of data processing operations in the form of text in the language of programming C#, constructor of the adaptation processes – a process of adaptation, and the result the process of adaptation – the adapted binary code of processing data structures. Originality. For the first time proposed the constructive model of data processing – the scenario that takes into account the order and number of calls to the various elements of data structures and adaptation of data structures to the different hardware and software environments. At the same the placement of data in RAM and processing algorithms are adapted. Constructionism application in modeling allows to link data models and algorithms for their processing with the performance criteria in the framework of unified approach and applied means. The developed models allow us to study the process of adaptation and control it. Practical value. The developed model and methods allow automatically changing the data placement in the RAM and their algorithmic connection depending on the operational requirements, the design features of the hardware and software operating environment.

Purpose. State of railway track must meet the conditions of safety, comfort and smooth ride. The presence of irregularities deteriorates the dynamics of interaction of track and rolling stock, causes speed limiting, creates the possibility of movement safety violation. This brings up the question concerning the study of the factors leading to the possibility of track irregularities and the process of their development. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the processes of emergence and development of irregularities in the area of unequal vertical elasticity of railway track using mathematical modelling. Methodology. Railroad under the trains works as the system of elastic bodies, so the emergence and development of irregularities can be represented as the transition from elastic to permanent strain. Irregularity development will affect the dynamics of interaction between track and rolling stock not only at the wheel location directly in the area of irregularity, but also at a certain distance beyond. Therefore, to study the development of irregularities, including those along the track, it is necessary to model the process of wheel load movement along the area. The adopted model consists of a wheel set moving on inertia-free beam and resting on individual supports. It is described by Lagrange differential equations. The work introduced the hypothesis that the level of permanent strain is distributed in proportion to the dynamic deflection derivative. Findings. Location of vertical longwise irregularity does not necessarily reproduce the location of the problem area. While in operation the vertical irregularity extends not only in depth but also along the track, herewith the increase in length is accompanied by the displacement of local maxima and the emergence of new ones. This leads to the development of so-called «pits» when approaching unequal-elastic areas. Originality. The work provides further development of tasks for track and rolling stock interaction modelling, in particular aimed to take into account the unequal elasticity areas and their influence on the formation of the track irregularities. The paper proposes new approaches to modelling the transition from elastic to permanent strain that allows predicting the development of track irregularity sizes depending on the area characteristics. Practical value. The results obtained by the author can be used to determine the schedule for track equal elasticity renovation works, as well as to analyse the measures aimed at the prevention of irregularities in areas with variable elasticity of railway track.

Purpose. In the paper it is necessary to analyze possibility of improving the positioning accuracy of train on the approach section to crossing for traffic safety control at railway crossings. Methodology. Researches were performed using developed mathematical model, describing dependence of the input impedance of the coded and audio frequency track circuits on a train coordinate at various values of ballast isolation resistances and for all usable frequencies. Findings. The paper presents the developed mathematical model, describing dependence of the input impedance of the coded and audio-frequency track circuits on the train coordinate at various values of ballast isolation resistances and for all frequencies used in track circuits. The relative error determination of train coordinate by input impedance caused by variation of the ballast isolation resistance for the coded track circuits was investigated. The values of relative error determination of train coordinate can achieve up to 40-50 % and these facts do not allow using this method directly for coded track circuits. For short audio frequency track circuits on frequencies of continuous cab signaling (25, 50 Hz) the relative error does not exceed acceptable values, this allow using the examined method for determination of train location on the approach section to railway crossing. Originality. The developed mathematical model allowed determination of the error dependence of train coordinate by using input impedance of the track circuit for coded and audio-frequency track circuits at various frequencies of the signal current and at different ballast isolation resistances. Practical value. The authors proposethe method for train location determination on approach section to the crossing, equipped with audio-frequency track circuits, which is a combination of discrete and continuous monitoring of the train location.

Purpose. The aim of the paper is to study the factors that led to the premature destruction of concrete sleepers. Methodology. The express-method of determining the morphology and chemical composition of structural components in concrete, patented by Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport was used in the paper. Methodology makes it possible to control the morphology and chemical composition of cement crystals as the weakest link in the structure of composite material – concrete, and to predict, in accordance with the recommendations of the German Scientists, the possibility of structural transformation of cement in the solid state, which determines the durability of the composite material. Findings. The mass destruction of concrete sleepers on railways of Ukraine is becoming more frequent every year. Moreover, if such destruction in 2010 appears after 4-5 years of operation, in 2015 it is only after 2-3 years of installing the sleepers on the main railways. The nature of the destruction of concrete sleepers can be noted as malty factors influence on it. The batches of cement and other raw materials have been investigated before using with the standard methods in accredited laboratories of PAC «Ukrgeolbudm» (Kyiv) and received a positive evaluation for use in the production of concrete sleepers. However, a significant error in experimental data by standard methods not allowed revealing the critical properties of materials that adversely effect on the durability of rail base concrete. According to the research it was determined that the causes of mass destruction of sleepers are: 1) the inhomogeneity of the macrostructure of the concrete, as a consequence of the use of crushed rock of fraction 5-25 mm; 2) the impact of aggressive environment on the surface of the concrete sleepers; 3) the presence of a secondary structure of sleepers of large ettringite crystals prone to restructuring and the presence of alkaline silicic acid reaction products around the amorphous or those containing amorphous silica sand particles; 4) the exceeding of regulatory factor of the reduced alkalinity of dense and porous components of cement stone is respectively to 3.6 and 3.2 times; 5) saturation of the surface of sand particles of chlorine atoms, which are further accelerate and initiate the alkaline silicic acid reaction. Originality. The scientists firstly applied the author's proprietary express-method of studying the morphology and chemical composition of the structural components of concrete. Practical value. The application of the proposed research methodology and structure of raw materials in the concrete production cycle of enterprises will help to prevent the premature deterioration of concrete as a result of internal factors.

Purpose. The paper is devoted to the detailed analysis of interrelations at the contact point of friction pair «contact wire – current collector insert». In the work it is necessary: 1) to examine quality of manufacturing of specimens of current collector elements from different manufacturers; 2) to narrow the range of hardness for carbon inserts; 3) to develop a technique of sorting carbon current collector inserts for the structural parameters. Methodology. The executed work was based on the use of the theory of reliability of technical systems and electromechanical processes. Findings. The paper studies the interrelation at the contact point of friction pair «contact wire – current col lector insert», the connection was established between the hardness and electrical resistivity. It is proposed to narrow the range of carbon inserts hardness. The method of sorting coal collector inserts in hardness was developed, and the research has revealed the discrepancy of current collector inserts with existing regulations. It was proposed to equip the pantographs slide with current collector elements using special scheme and to develop a specialized research facility, which will be possible to conduct studies of the interaction of the friction pair «contact wire – current collector insert». Originality. In the course of the study the current collector inserts the sharp structural heterogeneity and fluctuations of the density of the material along the length of the insert were established. The dependence between hardness of inserts and electrical resistivity was established. It was analyzed and concluded about the need to reduce the values of the normal range of hardness. Based on the results of the research, the experimental dependences were obtained and proposed the method for sorting carbon current collector inserts for the structural parameters. Practical value. The obtained results of coal current collector inserts define the need to use method for sorting the coal current collector inserts and the use of a special scheme for equipping pantograph slide. It will allow optimizing their work, knowing the limitations for edges in exploitation and the type of the objective function that should be achieved. The proposed measures can reduce the intensity of the electrical and mechanical wear of materials friction pair «contact wire – current collector inserts». The use of specialized research facility for the study of the friction pair, will allow carrying out the studies to determine the intensity of wear of contact surfaces of the pair of friction and the coefficient of friction at various external factors.

Purpose. In the paper the question of the development of a methodological approach to the determination of logistics systems’ performance and grounding of the most effective goods’ delivery schemes, based on the theory of functions and sets of multiple objects, vector optimization approaches and discrete maximum principle for multi-stage processes (phase method) is considered. Methodology. To achieve the goals of the research, the model of logistic system represented by multiple object that defined by the structure and content. The object is represented by hybrid superposition, composed of sets, multi-sets, ordered sets (lists) and inhomogeneous sets (sequences, corteges), which at each stage of cargo delivery present sets of technological operations of their processing, choices and decisions algorithms. Multiple structure of objects is constructive three, consisting of the carrier, signatures and axiomatic. To determine the effective scheme of delivery, applied discrete maximum principle using vector optimization criterion. Findings. In this article, logistics system of delivery is presented in the form of a multi-stage (phase) of the process. Each stage reviews a plurality of discrete activities sets, which includes the possible technology cycles of operations in goods handling. At each stage of a multi-phase delivery process from the supplier to the consumer, these sets are different. Considered a model example solving the problem of vector optimization options for delivery of goods by the road in the international logistics system for the five-step process. Optimization performed on the basis of three indicators. Originality. In this paper, the choice of the most effective way of delivery goods produced using the theory of functions and sets of multiple objects, using the discrete maximum principle for multi-stage processes, based on the vector optimization criterion. At each of its stages are formed a plurality of valid solutions as discrete sets of technological cargo handling operations cycles. Practical value. The proposed approach to the modeling of logistic delivery goods systems on the basis of the theory of functions and sets of multiple objects, vector optimization approaches and discrete maximum principle for multi-stage processes (phase method) makes it possible to assess the efficiency of delivery in logistic system’s modeling. The choose the most effective delivery option, based on vector optimization criterion become more possible.

Purpose. The scientific paper is supposed the determination of basic physical and structural conditions in modeling life cycle of the elements of the railway line for the study of deformation processes as the basis of normative base of the track at the condition of railway safety. Methodology. To achieve the aim principles of the elasticity theory and wave propagation process in the description of the interaction between the track and rolling stock were used. Findings. The basic physical and structural conditions under which it is necessary to carry out the simulation of the life cycle of the elements of the railway line for the study of deformation processes were determined. The basic physical and structural principles of drawing the design schemes of railway track elements for the process assessment of the track deformation work were formulated. The decision correctness and the possibility of the problem solution are proved. Originality. The study of the track reliability questions motivates the development of new models, allow considering it for some developments. There is a need to identify the main physical and structural conditions for assembly design schemes based on assessment and prediction of possible track state changes during its operation. The paper presents the basic principles of physical and structural drafting design schemes of railway line items for which Huygens’ principle is implemented. This principle can be performed only when the four dimensional space: the volume changing over time is considered. Practical value. Analytical models applied in determining the parameters of strength and resistance lines, fully satisfy the task, but can not be used to determine the parameters of track reliability. One of the main impossibility factors of these models is quasidynamic approach. Therefore, as a rule, receive and examine not only dynamic process of a railway track, but also its consequences. Besides, these models are related to flat ones, and it also adds some complexity in results comparing with an experiment, as well as the process is not easy to distinguish the impact of volume in its limited parts. The use of numerical methods extend the posibilities, and it also make it impossible for the consideration of the dynamic process, as well as it is impossible to introduce processes, causing the reaction to stress load. Thus the basic physical and constructive approaches in modeling make it possible to consider the dynamic process of localized both in time and in space directly.

Purpose. The calculation methods improvement of the electric vehicle curve movement and the cost of electricity with the aim of performance and accuracy of calculations improving are considered in the paper. Methodology. The method is based upon the general principles of mathematical simulation, when a conceptual model of problem domain is created and then a mathematic model is formulated according to the conceptual model. Development of an improved conceptual model of electric vehicles motion is proposed and a corresponding mathematical model is studied. Findings. The authors proposed model in which the vehicle considers as a system of interacting point-like particles with defined interactions under the influence of external forces. As a mathematical model the Euler-Lagrange equation of the second kind is used. Conservative and dissipative forces affecting the system dynamics are considered. Equations for calculating motion of electric vehicles with taking into account the energy consumption are proposed. Originality. In the paper the conceptual model of motion for electric vehicles with distributed masses has been developed as a system of interacting point-like particles. In the easiest case the system has only one degree of freedom. The mathematical model is based on Lagrange equations. The shown approach allows a detailed and physically based description of the electric vehicles dynamics. The derived motion equations for public electric transport are substantially more precise than the equations recommended in textbooks and the reference documentation. The motion equations and energy consumption calculations for transportation of one passenger with a trolleybus are developed. It is shown that the energy consumption depends on the data of vehicle and can increase when the manload is above the certain level. Practical value. The authors received the equations of motion and labour costs in the calculations focused on the use of computer methods of numerical integration. The calculation expenses are reduced. The accuracy is improved; provided possibility to consider different parameters influencing the motion. A certain environmental effect can be achieved by orientation calculation methods for the practical development of the process charts of the movement of electric vehicle funds in different operating conditions at a constant change of filling the interior of the vehicle.

Purpose. In the paper it is necessary to: 1) find out the causes of turnouts faults to determine diagnostic features failures; 2) consider the requirements structure, purpose components of turnouts, work and technology of their maintenance to determine the construction of the economic activities related to system to the turnout’s maintenance; 3) substantiate the possibility, necessity and prospects of automated diagnostics turnout’s implementation; 4) elaborate a prototype of an automated hardware and software system for the turnouts control parameters and perform diagnostics on them. Methodology. In the paper possible turnouts faults were presented and manifestations and influence on its work were shown. According to the current technology works the process analyze of turnouts’ maintenance was conducted, were defined the basic performed operations during the examination of appearance, parameters and check the repair or replacement of parts and assemblies. Based on the analysis of reasons of turnouts malfunctioning and their fixes were systematized types of damages and ways to deal with them, an information scheme of troubleshooting were created, opportunities and limits of automating the process of diagnostics were identified and compared with the existing method of turnouts maintenance. A diagnostics system block diagram was created, an algorithm of its work was developed and established main basic principles of operation. Software and hardware to determine the turnout’s state considering diagnostic performance of points in use were applied. Findings. During the experiment was created a method of automated turnout’s diagnostics with AC electric drives, managed centrally. The results of automated hardware and software system make it possible to control turnout’s parameters and perform diagnostics on them. Originality. Authors created the method of turnout’s state determination by current curve and its spectral composition in the circle of turnout electric motor. The de hardware and software centralized point’s diagnostics complex was developed. Practical value. Thanks to the obtained results the operation safety due to a time workers decrease in the area of train’s movement is increased. The human factor in the performance of measurements is eliminated. Hiding and concealment the facts of turnouts malfunction are not possible.

Purpose. This paper is a study of innovative methods of learning and teaching English with the help of Internet resources and students motivation to seek the necessary information at homework. Methodology. The main principle of the Web-Quest as a type of English language teaching is to motivate students. For example, by participation in the Web-Quest students, who were unsure of their knowledge, become more confident. Having clear goals and objectives, using computer skills, motivated young people more actively acts as a confident user of English. Findings. According to the technology of We-Quests students were asked to create one or more projects directly related to the successful execution of the work. It is a significant result of all the hard work of students, and it is the subject of evaluation. Evaluation is an essential component of Web-Quest or any other project, and from this point of view, the criteria should be clear and accessible to students from the very beginning. These instructions can and should be changed in order to differentiate and provide an oral presentation and written work. Originality. Basically, Web-Quests are mini-projects in which a higher percentage of the material obtained from the Internet. They can be created by teachers or students, depending on the type of training work. The author detailed the increase of possibilities in the search of Internet projects with other creative types of student work. They may include: review of the literature, essay writing, discussion of read works and other. Practical value. The paper confirmed that the roles and tasks, reflecting the real world, invites to cooperate, stimulate and train the thinking process at a higher level. That is why the use of Web-Quests can improve the language skills of the educational process (reading for information extraction, detailed reading, negotiations, oral and written communication, and other).

Purpose. The development of complicated techniques of production and management processes, information systems, computer science, applied objects of systems theory and others requires improvement of mathematical methods, new approaches for researches of application systems. And the variety and diversity of subject systems makes necessary the development of a model that generalizes the classical sets and their development – sets of sets. Multiple objects unlike sets are constructed by multiple structures and represented by the structure and content. The aim of the work is the analysis of multiple structures, generating multiple objects, the further development of operations on these objects in application systems. Methodology. To achieve the objectives of the researches, the structure of multiple objects represents as constructive trio, consisting of media, signatures and axiomatic. Multiple object is determined by the structure and content, as well as represented by hybrid superposition, composed of sets, multi-sets, ordered sets (lists) and heterogeneous sets (sequences, corteges). Findings. In this paper we study the properties and characteristics of the components of hybrid multiple objects of complex systems, proposed assessments of their complexity, shown the rules of internal and external operations on objects of implementation. We introduce the relation of arbitrary order over multiple objects, we define the description of functions and display on objects of multiple structures. Originality.In this paper we consider the development of multiple structures, generating multiple objects.Practical value. The transition from the abstract to the subject of multiple structures requires the transformation of the system and multiple objects. Transformation involves three successive stages: specification (binding to the domain), interpretation (multiple sites) and particularization (goals). The proposed describe systems approach based on hybrid sets can be used in many application systems for structural and content analysis. An example of the use the hybrid sets for logistics systems modeling is shown.

Purpose. Today the issue, connected with diesel traction remains relevant for the majority of industrial enterprises and Ukrainian railways and diesel engine continues to be the subject of extensive research and improvements. Despite the intensive process of electrification, which accompanies Railway Transport of Ukraine the last few years, diesel traction continues to play an important role both in the main and in the industrial railway traction rolling stock. Anyway, all kinds of maneuvering and chores are for locomotives, they are improved and upgraded relentlessly and hourly. This paper is focused on finding the opportunities to improve technical and energy parameters of diesels due to the development of modern control method of the fuel equipment in the diesel engine. Methodology. The proposed method increases the power of locomotives diesel engines in the range of crankshaft rotation (from idle running to maximum one). It was based on approach of mixture ignition timing up to the top «dead» center of piston position. Findings. The paper provides a brief historical background of research in the area of operating cycle in the internal combustion engine (ICE). The factors affecting the process of mixing and its quality were analyzed. The requirements for fuel feed system in to the cylinder and the «weak points» of the process were presented. A variant of the modification the fuel pump drive, which allows approaching to the regulation of fuel feed system from the other hand and to improve it was proposed. Represents a variant of embodiment of the complex system with specification of mechanical features and control circuits. The algorithm of the system operation was presented and its impact on the performance of diesel was made. Originality. The angle regulating system of fuel supply allows automating the process of fuel injection advance angle into the cylinder. Practical value. At implementation the angle regulating system of fuel supply components of the diesel engine remain unchanged It allows installing the system on diesel engines of the existing fleet of locomotives and railroad industries. The system, considered in the modeling process, has demonstrated its desirability and feasibility of practical application for diesel engines.

Purpose. The study involves the analysis of stages, formation forms and methods of the scientific potential of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan (DNURT) and contribution of its staff in the development of national and world science. Methogology. The use of historical and chronological, comparative, descriptive methods of research, systematization and analysis of archival documents of domestic and foreign funds allows identifying formation forms and means of scientific potential of DNURT over the 85 years of its existence. The periodization method makes it possible to distinguish the main stages and peculiarities of this process. The methods of analysis and synthesis as well as methods of expert assessments were applied. Findings. On the basis of a detailed analysis of the considerable archival documents array the basic stages of scientific potential formation of DNURT in the 85 years of its existence were highlighted. Their features with taking into account the historical and social conditions as well as contribution of university faculty generations (and some individuals) in this process were determined. The forms and methods of continuity of scientific personnel and the impact of their research within the academic schools, formed at the Dnipropetrovsk Institute of Engineers of Railway Transport (DIERT) were analyzed. Up to the presentthey play a significant role in strengthening the authority of DNURT as a leading national institution of higher education and principal scientific organization in the field of railway transport and transport construction. Main stages of the University formation beginning from specialized industry institution to the Polytechnic Research University with modern scientific base for theoretical and experimental research were highlighted. Originality. In the research context concerning reforming problems of higher education system as one of the areas of generation and translation of scientific knowledge, the analysis of the scientific potential formation of one of the largest national Universities is important. It is connected with the fact that the genesis of the Western European system of higher education has some other constraints of time and space, and the most importantly – it has completely different structural unit – the classical University. For the first time on the basis of periodization the forms and methods formation of the scientific potential of Industry University were focused, their uniqueness from the point of view of the prevailing historical conditions was revealed, the forming process of scientific schools as an important component in the development of national science was analyzed. On the base of the analysis of archival documents it was proved that in all periods of University history, the important determinant of its scientific potential increase and high performance achievements is the relationship between the University and production, and in this particular case – with the problems and future of railway transport development. Practical value. The results of the paper can be used at creation of historiographical papers and study guides on issues of higher education; research of formation and development the issues of national scientific schools and traditions of the University of Ukrainian science, in the course of lectures on disciplines «History of railway transport development», «Introduction to specialty», and «Methodology of engineering activity».

Purpose. The main purpose of this paper is to substantiate the necessity of period adjustment and volumes of maintenance, current repairs of locomotive approaching and regulatory exceeded of their useful operational time. Methodology. In connection with the physical and moral depreciation of rolling stock in modern conditions the most important area to ensure the effectiveness of rail transport in the foreseeable future is the rational use of the rolling stock in operation within the designated and extended service life. At the same time extending the operational time of the locomotives must be achieved by compliance with the optimum ratio of measures to adjust the timing and technology maintenance, current repairs and preparation of repair base. The paper presents the components of dependency forming work amount on maintenance, current repairs with time operation. By the modeling of its changes a graph that implement adjusted system to the content of the rolling stock traction after operation were constructed. The study found that the dynamics of change processes of necessary expenses for maintenance and current repair increases. It is shown that under aging conditions of locomotive fleet and repair base of locomotive economy, a situation that is a critical for the railway transport of Ukraine has appeared. According to it, to the end of operation the amount of work relative to the recommended rules of repair increases slightly. When the locomotive is new or renovated, deviations from the standard path for rigid observance of repair requirements (the compliance with technical standards) does not exceed the norm. However, when the standard period is exhausted, to comply with these standards is not possible. From the data it was found that the greater the amount of maintenance, routine repair in the repair cycle, the more effort you need to put in a multiplicity of software runs between scheduled of maintenance, current repairs. It is advisable to conduct more repair work to ensure lower costs for the maintenance of locomotives. Findings. The values for the effective maintenance of traction rolling stock for a variety of tactics to support them were obtained. Originality. Theoretically the need to adjust the timing and technology maintenance and current repair of traction rolling stock in the operation of locomotives, over normative was demonstrated. Practical value. Obtained results allow increasing the efficient use of traction rolling stock with effectively cost.