1. 53BP1-dependent robust localized KAP-1 phosphorylation is essential for heterochromatic DNA double-strand break repair.
- Author
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Noon AT, Shibata A, Rief N, Löbrich M, Stewart GS, Jeggo PA, and Goodarzi AA
- Subjects
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Animals, Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins, Cell Cycle Proteins metabolism, Cell Line, Cells, Cultured, DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded radiation effects, DNA Repair genetics, DNA Repair Enzymes, DNA-Binding Proteins metabolism, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Heterochromatin radiation effects, Humans, Immunoblotting, Immunoprecipitation, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins genetics, MRE11 Homologue Protein, Mice, NIH 3T3 Cells, Nuclear Proteins metabolism, Phosphorylation, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases metabolism, Radiation, Ionizing, Trans-Activators metabolism, Tripartite Motif-Containing Protein 28, Tumor Suppressor Proteins metabolism, Tumor Suppressor p53-Binding Protein 1, Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases metabolism, DNA Repair physiology, Heterochromatin metabolism, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins physiology, Repressor Proteins metabolism
- Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) trigger ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) signalling and elicit genomic rearrangements and chromosomal fragmentation if misrepaired or unrepaired. Although most DSB repair is ATM-independent, approximately 15% of ionizing radiation (IR)-induced breaks persist in the absence of ATM-signalling. 53BP1 (p53-binding protein 1) facilitates ATM-dependent DSB repair but is largely dispensable for ATM activation or checkpoint arrest. ATM promotes DSB repair within heterochromatin by phosphorylating KAP-1 (KRAB-associated protein 1, also known as TIF1beta, TRIM28 or KRIP-1; ref. 2). Here, we show that the ATM signalling mediator proteins MDC1, RNF8, RNF168 and 53BP1 are also required for heterochromatic DSB repair. Although KAP-1 phosphorylation is critical for 53BP1-mediated repair, overall phosphorylated KAP-1 (pKAP-1) levels are only modestly affected by 53BP1 loss. pKAP-1 is transiently pan-nuclear but also forms foci overlapping with gammaH2AX in heterochromatin. Cells that do not form 53BP1 foci, including human RIDDLE (radiosensitivity, immunodeficiency, dysmorphic features and learning difficulties) syndrome cells, fail to form pKAP-1 foci. 53BP1 amplifies Mre11-NBS1 accumulation at late-repairing DSBs, concentrating active ATM and leading to robust, localized pKAP-1. We propose that ionizing-radiation induced foci (IRIF) spatially concentrate ATM activity to promote localized alterations in regions of chromatin otherwise inhibitory to repair.
- Published
- 2010
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