1. Dire wolves were the last of an ancient New World canid lineage
- Author
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Andrew T. Ozga, Mary Thompson, Colin J. Shew, Mario dos Reis, Anne C. Stone, James C. Chatters, Beth Shapiro, Holly Heiniger, Philippe Gaubert, Josh Kapp, Graham Gower, Alan Cooper, Dmitry E. Taranenko, Alexander T. Salis, Alexandra Jamieson, James Haile, Kristofer M. Helgen, Julie Meachen, Alberto Carmagnini, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Yaroslav V. Kuzmin, Audrey T. Lin, Carly Ameen, Pavel A. Kosintsev, Ardern Hulme-Beaman, Mikkel-Holger S. Sinding, Greger Larson, Keith Dobney, Alice Mouton, Nedda F. Saremi, Kieren J. Mitchell, Laurent A. F. Frantz, Katherine M. Skerry, Samantha Presslee, Sandra Álvarez-Carretero, Shyam Gopalakrishnan, Robert K. Wayne, Ekaterina Antipina, Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Allowen Evin, Pere Bover, Angela R. Perri, Matthew J. Collins, Anna Linderholm, Christian Carøe, Mikhail V. Sablin, Selina Brace, Blaine W. Schubert, José Alfredo Samaniego Castruita, Durham University, Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, University of Adelaide, University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California (UC), School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU), Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art [Oxford], School of Archaeology [Oxford], University of Oxford-University of Oxford, Des Moines University, Smithsonian Institution, East Tennessee State University (ETSU), University of Exeter, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza], The Natural History Museum [London] (NHM), Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), The University of Sydney, University of Aberdeen, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Australian Museum [Sydney], University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), Ural Federal University [Ekaterinburg] (UrFU), Texas A&M University System, Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), University of York [York, UK], Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Idaho State University, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ZIN RAS), Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy [Novosibirsk], South Australian Museum (SAM), Ludwig Maximilian University [Munich] (LMU), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Perri, Angela R [0000-0002-4349-1060], Mitchell, Kieren J [0000-0002-3921-0262], Mouton, Alice [0000-0002-0598-8789], Hulme-Beaman, Ardern [0000-0001-8130-9648], Haile, James [0000-0002-8521-8337], Jamieson, Alexandra [0000-0003-0979-5762], Meachen, Julie [0000-0002-2526-2045], Lin, Audrey T [0000-0003-2505-1480], Bover, Pere [0000-0003-2942-2840], Brace, Selina [0000-0003-2126-6732], Samaniego Castruita, Jose A [0000-0001-5904-1198], Chatters, James C [0000-0001-8774-1044], Dobney, Keith [0000-0001-9036-4681], Dos Reis, Mario [0000-0001-9514-3976], Evin, Allowen [0000-0003-4515-1649], Gower, Graham [0000-0002-6197-3872], Helgen, Kristofer M [0000-0002-8776-4040], Salis, Alexander T [0000-0002-3205-3006], Taranenko, Dmitry E [0000-0002-3311-3947], Thompson, Mary [0000-0001-5626-3246], Sablin, Mikhail V [0000-0002-2773-7454], Kuzmin, Yaroslav V [0000-0002-4512-2269], Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S [0000-0003-1371-219X], Stone, Anne C [0000-0001-8021-8314], Shapiro, Beth [0000-0002-2733-7776], Van Valkenburgh, Blaire [0000-0002-9935-4719], Larson, Greger [0000-0002-4092-0392], Frantz, Laurent AF [0000-0001-8030-3885], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY ,Lineage (evolution) ,Geographic Mapping ,CANIS LUPUS ,PHENOTYPE ,01 natural sciences ,COLONIZATION ,Extant taxon ,FOSSILS ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,Phylogeny ,CANID ,FOSSIL ,CARNIVORA ,0303 health sciences ,WOLF ,Multidisciplinary ,NORTH ,Genome ,ORIGIN ,Fossils ,Biodiversity ,Genomics ,CANIDAE ,MEGAFAUNAL EXTINCTIONS ,GENOME ,ADMIXTURE ,Geography ,EXTINCTION ,Phenotype ,SUBFOSSIL ,EXTINCTION, BIOLOGICAL ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,HYBRIDIZATION ,Gene Flow ,NORTH AMERICA ,Pleistocene ,GENETICS ,PHYLOGENY ,PLEISTOCENE ,Zoology ,Extinction, Biological ,010603 evolutionary biology ,EURASIA ,CLASSIFICATION ,03 medical and health sciences ,COYOTE ,WOLVES ,EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY ,REVEALS ,GENE FLOW ,NONHUMAN ,Animals ,ARTICLE ,SPECIES EXTINCTION ,PALEONTOLOGY ,030304 developmental biology ,Taxonomy ,CANIS LATRANS ,MAMMALIA ,Extinction ,Wolves ,Human evolutionary genetics ,ANIMALS ,Paleontology ,ANIMAL ,15. Life on land ,North America ,GEOGRAPHIC MAPPING ,GENOMICS - Abstract
Dire wolves are considered to be one of the most common and widespread large carnivores in Pleistocene America1, yet relatively little is known about their evolution or extinction. Here, to reconstruct the evolutionary history of dire wolves, we sequenced five genomes from sub-fossil remains dating from 13,000 to more than 50,000 years ago. Our results indicate that although they were similar morphologically to the extant grey wolf, dire wolves were a highly divergent lineage that split from living canids around 5.7 million years ago. In contrast to numerous examples of hybridization across Canidae2,3, there is no evidence for gene flow between dire wolves and either North American grey wolves or coyotes. This suggests that dire wolves evolved in isolation from the Pleistocene ancestors of these species. Our results also support an early New World origin of dire wolves, while the ancestors of grey wolves, coyotes and dholes evolved in Eurasia and colonized North America only relatively recently. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited. Acknowledgements We thank the staff at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Cincinnati Museum Center, Danish Zoological Museum, Harrison Zoological Museum, Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, Idaho Museum of Natural History, Institute of Archaeology (Russian Academy of Sciences), Institute of Systematics and Animal Ecology (Russian Academy of Sciences), Institute of Zoology (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Instituto de Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas, Kansas Museum of Natural History, La Brea Tar Pits and Museum, Ludwig Maximilian University, McClung Museum, Museum of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology (Russian Academy of Sciences), Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, National Museums Scotland, Natural History Museum London, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Swedish Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, SYLVATROP, US Bureau of Reclamation, University of California Museum of Paleontology, University of Texas at El Paso, University of Washington Burke Museum and the Zoological Institute (Russian Academy of Sciences; state assignment no. АААА-А19-119032590102-7) for access to specimens in their care; T. Barnosky, S. Bray, A. Farrell, R. Fischer, A. Harris, J. Harris, A. Henrici, P. Holroyd, R. MacPhee, T. Martin, A. Philpot, J. Saunders, J. Southon, G. Storrs, G. Takeuchi, X. Wang and C. Widga for assistance; and L. DeSantis for comments. A.M. used computational and storage services associated with the Hoffman2 Shared Cluster provided by UCLA Institute for Digital Research and Education’s Research Technology Group. DireGWC was sequenced using the Vincent J. Coates Genomics Sequencing Laboratory at UC Berkeley, supported by NIH S10 OD018174 Instrumentation Grant. We acknowledge the assistance of the Danish National High-Throughput Sequencing Centre, BGI-Europe, the Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Australian Cancer Research Foundation (ACRF) Cancer Genomics Facility for assistance in Illumina and BGIseq500 data generation. A.R.P. was supported by a Marie Curie COFUND Junior Research Fellowship (Durham University). A.M. was supported by an NSF grant (award number: 1457106) and the QCB Collaboratory Postdoctoral Fellowship (UCLA). L.A.F.F., J.H., A.H.-B. and G.L. were supported by either European Research Council grant (ERC-2013-StG-337574-UNDEAD and ERC-2019-StG-853272-PALAEOFARM) and/or Natural Environmental Research Council grants (NE/K005243/1 and NE/K003259/1). K.S. was supported by a grant from Barrett, the Honors College at Arizona State University. A.T.O. was supported by the Strategic Initiative Funds, Office of the President, Arizona State University to the Institute of Human Origins DNA and Human Origins at Arizona State University project. L.A.F.F. was supported by a Junior Research Fellowship (Wolfson College, University of Oxford) and L.A.F.F. and A. Carmagnini were supported by the Wellcome Trust (210119/Z/18/Z). S.G. was supported by Carlsbergfondet grant CF14–0995 and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions grant 655732-WhereWolf. M.T.P.G. was supported by ERC Consolidator grant 681396-Extinction Genomics. B.S. and J.K. were supported by IMLS MG-30-17-0045-17 and NSF DEB-1754451. A.H.-B. was supported by the Leverhulme Trust (ECF-2017-315). A. Cooper, K.J.M. and H.H. were supported by the Australian Research Council. A.T.S. and G.G. were supported by Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarships. A.T.L. was supported by the Peter Buck Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History. Y.V.K. was supported by the by State Assignment of the Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy.
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- 2020