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1. The Medicago Genome Provides Insight into the Evolution of Rhizobial Symbioses

Author

Claude Scarpelli, Thomas Schiex, Ghislaine Magdelenat, Michael K. Udvardi, Baifang Qin, Xinbin Dai, Jeff J. Doyle, Patrick X. Zhao, Hélène Bergès, Vagner A. Benedito, Arvind K. Bharti, Chrystel Gibelin, Dong-Hoon Jeong, Stéphane De Mita, Stephane Rombauts, Mingyi Wang, Nathalie Choisne, Simone L. Macmil, Patrick Wincker, Senjuti Sinharoy, Sylvie Samain, Christopher D. Town, Susan R. Singer, Heidrun Gundlach, Anne Berger, Jane Rogers, Kathrin Klee, Sarah Sims, Nevin D. Young, Stéphanie Fouteau, Claire Riddle, Iryna Sanders, John Gish, Limei Yang, René Geurts, Gregory D. May, Shiguo Zhou, Shweta Deshpande, David C. Schwartz, Anika Jöcker, Christine Nicholson, Ton Bisseling, Klaus F. X. Mayer, Antoine Zuber, Roxanne Denny, Chunting Lang, Carolien Franken, Douglas R. Cook, Ruihua Shi, Frédéric Debellé, Valérie Barbe, Giles E. D. Oldroyd, Foo Cheung, Lucy Matthews, Blake C. Meyers, Jeremy D. Murray, Dong-Jin Kim, Joann Mudge, Agnès Viollet, Heiko Schoof, Graham B. Wiley, Benjamin D. Rosen, Jean Dénarié, Florent Prion, Keqin Wang, Arnaud Bellec, Béatrice Segurens, Jeong Hwan Mun, Ernest F. Retzel, Sean Humphray, Andrew Farmer, D. Janine Sherrier, Lieven Sterck, Richard A. Dixon, Steven B. Cannon, Steve Kenton, Philippe Bardou, Alvaro J. González, Haibao Tang, Julie Poulain, Arnaud Couloux, Majesta O'Bleness, Pamela J. Green, Manuel Spannagl, Shelby L. Bidwell, Jixian Zhai, Asis Hallab, Anne Marie Dudez, Michael Bechner, Marina Naoumkina, James D. White, Francis Quetier, Marijke Hartog, Erin L. Monaghan, Charles Paule, Chunmei Qu, Andrew J. Severin, Céline Noirot, Fu Ying, Shaoping Lin, Ziyun Yao, Vivek Krishnakumar, Steven A. Goldstein, Axin Hua, Erika Sallet, Bing Bing Wang, Peng Zhou, Hongshing Lai, Yanbo Xing, Nicolas Samson, Jamison McCorrison, Doug White, Yi Jing, Olivier Saurat, Liping Zhou, Kevin A. T. Silverstein, Jean Weissenbach, Bruce A. Roe, Sebastian Proost, Yves Van de Peer, Xiaohong Wang, Jens Warfsmann, Jérôme Gouzy, Fares Z. Najar, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, Unité mixte de recherche interactions plantes-microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des interactions plantes micro-organismes (LIPM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre [Norwich], Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University [West Lafayette], Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, West Virginia University, German Research Center for Environmental Health - Helmholtz Center München (GmbH), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Center for Plant Systems Biology (PSB Center), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie [Ghent, Belgique] (VIB), Department plant pathology, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, University of Delaware [Newark], J. Craig Venter Institute [La Jolla, USA] (JCVI), Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes (IAM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Laboratory for Molecular and Computational Genomics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, National center for genome resources (NCGR), BBSRC John Innes Centre, Partenaires INRAE, Bayer Cropscience, Centre National de Ressources Génomiques Végétales (CNRGV), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), College of Science [Swansea], Swansea University, University of Oklahoma (OU), Department of Plant Biology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University = Kongelige Veterinær- og Landbohøjskole (KVL ), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research (MPIPZ), Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Wellcome Trust, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Rural Development Administration, Unité de Biométrie et Intelligence Artificielle (UBIA), Carleton College, Funding support to N.D.Y., C. D. T. and B. A. R. from The Noble Foundation and NSF-PGRP 0321460, 0604966, to N.D.Y., J.M. and G. D. M. from NSF-PGRP 0820005, to C. D. T. from NSF-PGRP 0821966, to F. D., G.E.D.O., R. G., K. F. X. M., T. B., J. Denarie, F. Q. and J. R. from FP6 EU project GLIP/Grain Legumes FOOD-CT-2004-506223, to G.E.D.O. and J.R. from BBSRC BBS/B/11524, to F. D. and F. Q. from ANR project SEQMEDIC 2006-01122, to R. G. from the Dutch Science Organization VIDI 864.06.007, ERA-PG FP-06.038A, to Y.V.d.P. from the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office IUAP P6/25, Fund for Scientific Research Flanders, Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders and Ghent University (MRP N2N), to D. R. C. from NSF IOS-0531408, IOS-0605251, to D.J.S., B. C. M. and P.J.G. from USDA CSREES 2006-03567, and to J. Gouzy from 'Laboratoire d'Excellence' (LABEX) TULIP (ANR-10-LABX-41). We also acknowledge technical support from the University of Minnesota Supercomputer Institute and thank Y.W. Nam for a BamHI BAC library used by Genoscope, S. Park and M. Accerbi for RNA isolation, T. Paape for statistical consulting, and M. Harrison for supplying myc infected and control root tissues used to make small RNA libraries.

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, multidisciplinary science, 01 natural sciences, Genome, genomic, flavonoid biosynthesis, Vitis, genes, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Medicago, biology, truncatula, food and beverages, Biological Evolution, Medicago truncatula, plant science, duplications, Rhizobium, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Genome, Plant, signal-transduction, science and technology, Lotus japonicus, Molecular Sequence Data, Genomics, Synteny, tetraploidy, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Nitrogen Fixation, Botany, evolution, expression, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Biologie, Medicago sativa, Symbiosis, 030304 developmental biology, fungi, Fabaceae, sequence, biology.organism_classification, arabidopsis, leguminosae, Soybeans, genetic, EPS, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Chantier qualité GA; International audience; Legumes (Fabaceae or Leguminosae) are unique among cultivated plants for their ability to carry out endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation with rhizobial bacteria, a process that takes place in a specialized structure known as the nodule. Legumes belong to one of the two main groups of eurosids, the Fabidae, which includes most species capable of endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation1. Legumes comprise several evolutionary lineages derived from a common ancestor 60 million years ago (Myr ago). Papilionoids are the largest clade, dating nearly to the origin of legumes and containing most cultivated species2. Medicago truncatula is a long-established model for the study of legume biology. Here we describe the draft sequence of the M. truncatula euchromatin based on a recently completed BAC assembly supplemented with Illumina shotgun sequence, together capturing ~94% of all M. truncatula genes. A whole-genome duplication (WGD) approximately 58 Myr ago had a major role in shaping the M. truncatula genome and thereby contributed to the evolution of endosymbiotic nitrogen fixation. Subsequent to the WGD, the M. truncatula genome experienced higher levels of rearrangement than two other sequenced legumes, Glycine max and Lotus japonicus. M. truncatula is a close relative of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), a widely cultivated crop with limited genomics tools and complex autotetraploid genetics. As such, the M. truncatula genome sequence provides significant opportunities to expand alfalfa’s genomic toolbox.

Published
2011

2. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event

Author

Andrey Bekker, Carlos Alberto Rosière, Timothy W. Lyons, Olivier Rouxel, Noah J. Planavsky, Lee R. Kump, Kurt O. Konhauser, Ernesto Pecoits, Mark Barley, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Phillip W. Fralick, Stefan V. Lalonde, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Edmonton], University of Alberta, Domaines Océaniques (LDO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers-Institut d'écologie et environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth Sciences [Riverside], University of California [Riverside] (UCR), University of California-University of California, Department of Geological Sciences [Boulder], University of Colorado [Boulder], Unité de recherche Géosciences Marines (Ifremer) (GM), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia (UWA), University of Federal Minas Gerais, Department of Geology [Thunder Bay], Lakehead University, Instituto de Geociencias, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Department of Geological Sciences [Winnipeg], and University of Manitoba [Winnipeg]

Subjects
Chromium, Geologic Sediments, Time Factors, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Iron, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Geochemistry, Mineralogy, Weathering, Sulfides, engineering.material, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Paleoatmosphere, Isotope fractionation, Rivers, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Ultramafic rock, Seawater, 14. Life underwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Multidisciplinary, Great Oxygenation Event, Authigenic, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, 15. Life on land, Bacteria, Aerobic, 13. Climate action, engineering, Sedimentary rock, Pyrite, Oxidation-Reduction
Abstract

International audience; The enrichment of redox-sensitive trace metals in ancient marine sedimentary rocks has been used to determine the timing of the oxidation of the Earth's land surface1,2. Chromium (Cr) is among the emerging proxies for tracking the effects of atmospheric oxygenation on continental weathering; this is because its supply to the oceans is dominated by terrestrial processes that can be recorded in the Cr isotope composition of Precambrian iron formations3. However, the factors controlling past and present seawater Cr isotope composition are poorly understood. Here we provide an independent and complementary record of marine Cr supply, in the form of Cr concentrations and authigenic enrichment in iron-rich sedimentary rocks. Our data suggest that Cr was largely immobile on land until around 2.48 Gyr ago, but within the 160 Myr that followed--and synchronous with independent evidence for oxygenation associated with the Great Oxidation Event (see, for example, refs 4-6)--marked excursions in Cr content and Cr/Ti ratios indicate that Cr was solubilized at a scale unrivalled in history. As Cr isotope fractionations at that time were muted, Cr must have been mobilized predominantly in reduced, Cr(III), form. We demonstrate that only the oxidation of an abundant and previously stable crustal pyrite reservoir by aerobic-respiring, chemolithoautotrophic bacteria could have generated the degree of acidity required to solubilize Cr(III) from ultramafic source rocks and residual soils7. This profound shift in weathering regimes beginning at 2.48 Gyr ago constitutes the earliest known geochemical evidence for acidophilic aerobes and the resulting acid rock drainage, and accounts for independent evidence of an increased supply of dissolved sulphate8 and sulphide-hosted trace elements to the oceans around that time1,9. Our model adds to amassing evidence that the Archaean-Palaeoproterozoic boundary was marked by a substantial shift in terrestrial geochemistry and biology.

Published
2011

3. Precise interpolar phasing of abrupt climate change during the last ice age

Author

Peter Neff, Thomas E. Woodruff, Nelia W. Dunbar, Shaun A. Marcott, Eric J. Steig, Joel B Pedro, Chris J. Gibson, Kristina Slawny, R. C. Bay, Edward J. Brook, Howard Conway, B. G. Koffman, Daniel Baggenstos, Joan J. Fitzpatrick, Joseph M. Souney, Nicolai B. Mortensen, Andrew J. Schauer, Stephanie Gregory, Erin C. Pettit, Richard B. Alley, Spruce W. Schoenemann, Richard M. Nunn, Bruce H. Vaughn, Tyler R. Jones, Michael Sigl, Alexander J. Shturmakov, John M. Fegyveresi, Mai Winstrup, Mark S. Twickler, Todd Sowers, Nels Iverson, Karl J. Kreutz, James W. C. White, Kunihiko Nishiizumi, Kurt M. Cuffey, Geoffrey M. Hargreaves, T. K. Bauska, Edwin D. Waddington, Jinho Ahn, Matthew J. Kippenhan, Bradley R. Markle, P. Buford Price, Vasileios Gkinis, Tanner W. Kuhl, Nathan Chellman, J. S. Edwards, Logan Mitchell, G. J. Wong, Anthony W. Wendricks, Joshua J. Goetz, Kees C. Welten, Rachael H. Rhodes, Olivia J. Maselli, Tyler J. Fudge, Gary D. Clow, Jihong Cole-Dai, Jeffrey P. Severinghaus, Brian B. Bencivengo, Joseph R. McConnell, Charles R. Bentley, Julia Rosen, Kenneth C. McGwire, Eric D. Cravens, Betty Adrian, Mary R. Albert, D. G. Ferris, John C. Priscu, M. K. Spencer, Daniel R. Pasteris, M. Kalk, Donald A. Lebar, Anais Orsi, James E. Lee, Jay A. Johnson, Paul J. Sendelbach, Donald E. Voigt, Christo Buizert, Kendrick C. Taylor, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Corvallis] (CEOAS), Oregon State University (OSU), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry [Brookings], South Dakota State University (SDSTATE), New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] (NMT), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Climate Change Institute [Orono] (CCI), University of Maine, Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz (JGU), University of Washington [Seattle], Desert Research Institute (DRI), Space Sciences Laboratory [Berkeley] (SSL), University of California [Berkeley], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Laboratory of Radio- and Environmental Chemistry [Villigen], Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Earth and Environmental Systems Institute (EESI), Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Purdue University [West Lafayette], Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz = Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010506 paleontology, Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, fungi, Northern Hemisphere, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, Ice-sheet model, Oceanography, Ice core, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Ice age, Abrupt climate change, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Southern Hemisphere, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The last glacial period exhibited abrupt Dansgaard-Oeschger climatic oscillations, evidence of which is preserved in a variety of Northern Hemisphere palaeoclimate archives. Ice cores show that Antarctica cooled during the warm phases of the Greenland Dansgaard-Oeschger cycle and vice versa, suggesting an interhemispheric redistribution of heat through a mechanism called the bipolar seesaw. Variations in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) strength are thought to have been important, but much uncertainty remains regarding the dynamics and trigger of these abrupt events. Key information is contained in the relative phasing of hemispheric climate variations, yet the large, poorly constrained difference between gas age and ice age and the relatively low resolution of methane records from Antarctic ice cores have so far precluded methane-based synchronization at the required sub-centennial precision. Here we use a recently drilled high-accumulation Antarctic ice core to show that, on average, abrupt Greenland warming leads the corresponding Antarctic cooling onset by 218 ± 92 years (2σ) for Dansgaard-Oeschger events, including the Bølling event; Greenland cooling leads the corresponding onset of Antarctic warming by 208 ± 96 years. Our results demonstrate a north-to-south directionality of the abrupt climatic signal, which is propagated to the Southern Hemisphere high latitudes by oceanic rather than atmospheric processes. The similar interpolar phasing of warming and cooling transitions suggests that the transfer time of the climatic signal is independent of the AMOC background state. Our findings confirm a central role for ocean circulation in the bipolar seesaw and provide clear criteria for assessing hypotheses and model simulations of Dansgaard-Oeschger dynamics.

Published
2014

4. Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution

Author

Ross C. Hardison, Caleb Webber, Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith, Camilla M. Whittington, Rosalind Attenborough, Jarret Glasscock, Yoko Sekita, Xiaoqiu Huang, Emily S. W. Wong, Kym Hallsworth-Pepin, Laura Clarke, Jan Ole Kriegs, Makedonka Mitreva, Willem Rens, Todd Wylie, Arian F.A. Smit, Paul D. Waters, Angelika Merkel, Anthony T. Papenfuss, Ewan Birney, Brett Nixon, Asif T. Chinwalla, Alexander Stark, Ravi Sachidanandam, Neil J. Gemmell, Thomas H. Pringle, Juergen Schmitz, Daniel McMillan, Hitoshi Niwa, Russell C. Jones, Pat Miethke, Lin Chen, Gennady Churakov, Scott M. Smith, Gregory J. Hannon, Doron Lancet, Tsviya Olender, John W. Wallis, Joanne O. Nelson, Gavin A. Huttley, Lucinda Fulton, Prathapan Thiru, Jennifer A. Marshall Graves, Manolis Kellis, Devin P. Locke, Michael N. Nhan, Amber E. Alsop, Yucheng Feng, Pouya Kheradpour, Shunfeng Hou, Frédéric Veyrunes, Jean Louis Dacheux, Andrew J Pask, Ze Cheng, Wesley C. Warren, Bob Fulton, Colin Kremitzki, Miriam K. Konkel, Marilyn B. Renfree, Carly Smith, Gonzalo R. Ordóñez, Richard K. Wilson, Patrick Minx, Webb Miller, Yuan Chen, Xose S. Puente, Evan E. Eichler, Chris P. Ponting, Christophe Lefevre, Craig Pohl, Juergen Brosius, Shiaw Pyng Yang, Tina Graves, Robert S. Harris, Matthew Wakefield, Jerilyn A. Walker, Katherine Thompson, Janine E. Deakin, Peter Temple-Smith, Chris Markovic, Elaine R. Mardis, Michael Kube, Patrick J. Kirby, David A. Ray, Andreas Heger, Katherine Belov, Richard Reinhardt, Elizabeth P. Murchison, Iris M. Vargas Jentzsch, Kevin R. Nicholas, James Taylor, Mark A. Batzer, Anja Zemann, Frank Grützner, Emmanuel Buschiazzo, Patricia Wohldmann, Carlos López-Otín, Julie A. Sharp, Paul Flicek, Kim D. Delehaunty, LaDeana W. Hillier, Enkhjargal Tsend-Ayush, Genome Sequencing Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Australian National University (ANU), The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute [Cambridge], University of Oxford [Oxford], University of Adelaide, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics (CCBB), Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Instituto Universitario de Oncología, University of Washington [Seattle], University of Canberra, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science [Rehovot, Israël], University of Melbourne, Monash University, Louisiana State University (LSU), Penn State System, University of Sydney, University of Canterbury [Christchurch], University of Münster, University of Texas, West Virginia University, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (MPIMG), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Sperling Foundation, Partenaires INRAE, State University of New York (SUNY), University of Newcastle (UoN), Physiologie de la reproduction et des comportements [Nouzilly] (PRC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]-Université de Tours (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), RIKEN Plant Science Center, Iowa State University (ISU), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]-Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Male, 0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Genomics, Receptors, Odorant, Monotreme, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Genome, Article, Evolution, Molecular, Genomic Imprinting, 03 medical and health sciences, Molecular evolution, biology.animal, parasitic diseases, Animals, Dentition, Humans, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Platypus, Platypus venom, Gene, Phylogeny, Zona Pellucida, Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid, 030304 developmental biology, Mammals, Whole genome sequencing, Genetics, Base Composition, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, biology, Venoms, Immunity, Reptiles, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Milk Proteins, biology.organism_classification, Spermatozoa, ORNITHORYNQUE, MicroRNAs, Female
Abstract

International audience; We present a draft genome sequence of the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus. This monotreme exhibits a fascinating combination of reptilian and mammalian characters. For example, platypuses have a coat of fur adapted to an aquatic lifestyle; platypus females lactate, yet lay eggs; and males are equipped with venom similar to that of reptiles. Analysis of the first monotreme genome aligned these features with genetic innovations. We find that reptile and platypus venom proteins have been co- opted independently from the same gene families; milk protein genes are conserved despite platypuses laying eggs; and immune gene family expansions are directly related to platypus biology. Expansions of protein, non- protein- coding RNA and microRNA families, as well as repeat elements, are identified. Sequencing of this genome now provides a valuable resource for deep mammalian comparative analyses, as well as for monotreme biology and conservation.

Published
2008

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