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1. The importance of family-based sampling for biobanks.

Author

Davies, Neil M., Hemani, Gibran, Neiderhiser, Jenae M., Martin, Hilary C., Mills, Melinda C., Visscher, Peter M., Yengo, Loïc, Young, Alexander Strudwick, and Keller, Matthew C.

Abstract

Biobanks aim to improve our understanding of health and disease by collecting and analysing diverse biological and phenotypic information in large samples. So far, biobanks have largely pursued a population-based sampling strategy, where the individual is the unit of sampling, and familial relatedness occurs sporadically and by chance. This strategy has been remarkably efficient and successful, leading to thousands of scientific discoveries across multiple research domains, and plans for the next wave of biobanks are underway. In this Perspective, we discuss the strengths and limitations of a complementary sampling strategy for future biobanks based on oversampling of close genetic relatives. Such family-based samples facilitate research that clarifies causal relationships between putative risk factors and outcomes, particularly in estimates of genetic effects, because they enable analyses that reduce or eliminate confounding due to familial and demographic factors. Family-based biobank samples would also shed new light on fundamental questions across multiple fields that are often difficult to explore in population-based samples. Despite the potential for higher costs and greater analytical complexity, the many advantages of family-based samples should often outweigh their potential challenges.This Perspective discusses the strengths and limitations of future biobank sampling strategies based on oversampling close relatives as opposed to the current population-based approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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2. Global variability in atmospheric new particle formation mechanisms

Author

Zhao, Bin, primary, Donahue, Neil M., additional, Zhang, Kai, additional, Mao, Lizhuo, additional, Shrivastava, Manish, additional, Ma, Po-Lun, additional, Shen, Jiewen, additional, Wang, Shuxiao, additional, Sun, Jian, additional, Gordon, Hamish, additional, Tang, Shuaiqi, additional, Fast, Jerome, additional, Wang, Mingyi, additional, Gao, Yang, additional, Yan, Chao, additional, Singh, Balwinder, additional, Li, Zeqi, additional, Huang, Lyuyin, additional, Lou, Sijia, additional, Lin, Guangxing, additional, Wang, Hailong, additional, Jiang, Jingkun, additional, Ding, Aijun, additional, Nie, Wei, additional, Qi, Ximeng, additional, Chi, Xuguang, additional, and Wang, Lin, additional

Published
2024
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3. The role of low-volatility organic compounds in initial particle growth in the atmosphere

Author

Tröstl, Jasmin, Chuang, Wayne K, Gordon, Hamish, Heinritzi, Martin, Yan, Chao, Molteni, Ugo, Ahlm, Lars, Frege, Carla, Bianchi, Federico, Wagner, Robert, Simon, Mario, Lehtipalo, Katrianne, Williamson, Christina, Craven, Jill S, Duplissy, Jonathan, Adamov, Alexey, Almeida, Joao, Bernhammer, Anne-Kathrin, Breitenlechner, Martin, Brilke, Sophia, Dias, Antònio, Ehrhart, Sebastian, Flagan, Richard C, Franchin, Alessandro, Fuchs, Claudia, Guida, Roberto, Gysel, Martin, Hansel, Armin, Hoyle, Christopher R, Jokinen, Tuija, Junninen, Heikki, Kangasluoma, Juha, Keskinen, Helmi, Kim, Jaeseok, Krapf, Manuel, Kürten, Andreas, Laaksonen, Ari, Lawler, Michael, Leiminger, Markus, Mathot, Serge, Möhler, Ottmar, Nieminen, Tuomo, Onnela, Antti, Petäjä, Tuukka, Piel, Felix M, Miettinen, Pasi, Rissanen, Matti P, Rondo, Linda, Sarnela, Nina, Schobesberger, Siegfried, Sengupta, Kamalika, Sipilä, Mikko, Smith, James N, Steiner, Gerhard, Tomè, Antònio, Virtanen, Annele, Wagner, Andrea C, Weingartner, Ernest, Wimmer, Daniela, Winkler, Paul M, Ye, Penglin, Carslaw, Kenneth S, Curtius, Joachim, Dommen, Josef, Kirkby, Jasper, Kulmala, Markku, Riipinen, Ilona, Worsnop, Douglas R, Donahue, Neil M, and Baltensperger, Urs

Subjects
General Science & Technology
Abstract

About half of present-day cloud condensation nuclei originate from atmospheric nucleation, frequently appearing as a burst of new particles near midday. Atmospheric observations show that the growth rate of new particles often accelerates when the diameter of the particles is between one and ten nanometres. In this critical size range, new particles are most likely to be lost by coagulation with pre-existing particles, thereby failing to form new cloud condensation nuclei that are typically 50 to 100 nanometres across. Sulfuric acid vapour is often involved in nucleation but is too scarce to explain most subsequent growth, leaving organic vapours as the most plausible alternative, at least in the planetary boundary layer. Although recent studies predict that low-volatility organic vapours contribute during initial growth, direct evidence has been lacking. The accelerating growth may result from increased photolytic production of condensable organic species in the afternoon, and the presence of a possible Kelvin (curvature) effect, which inhibits organic vapour condensation on the smallest particles (the nano-Köhler theory), has so far remained ambiguous. Here we present experiments performed in a large chamber under atmospheric conditions that investigate the role of organic vapours in the initial growth of nucleated organic particles in the absence of inorganic acids and bases such as sulfuric acid or ammonia and amines, respectively. Using data from the same set of experiments, it has been shown that organic vapours alone can drive nucleation. We focus on the growth of nucleated particles and find that the organic vapours that drive initial growth have extremely low volatilities (saturation concentration less than 10(-4.5) micrograms per cubic metre). As the particles increase in size and the Kelvin barrier falls, subsequent growth is primarily due to more abundant organic vapours of slightly higher volatility (saturation concentrations of 10(-4.5) to 10(-0.5) micrograms per cubic metre). We present a particle growth model that quantitatively reproduces our measurements. Furthermore, we implement a parameterization of the first steps of growth in a global aerosol model and find that concentrations of atmospheric cloud concentration nuclei can change substantially in response, that is, by up to 50 per cent in comparison with previously assumed growth rate parameterizations.

Published
2016

4. New particle formation from isoprene under upper-tropospheric conditions

Author

Shen, Jiali, Russell, Douglas M., DeVivo, Jenna, Kunkler, Felix, Baalbaki, Rima, Mentler, Bernhard, Scholz, Wiebke, Yu, Wenjuan, Caudillo-Plath, Lucía, Sommer, Eva, Ahongshangbam, Emelda, Alfaouri, Dina, Almeida, João, Amorim, Antonio, Beck, Lisa J., Beckmann, Hannah, Berntheusel, Moritz, Bhattacharyya, Nirvan, Canagaratna, Manjula R., Chassaing, Anouck, Cruz-Simbron, Romulo, Dada, Lubna, Duplissy, Jonathan, Gordon, Hamish, Granzin, Manuel, Große Schute, Lena, Heinritzi, Martin, Iyer, Siddharth, Klebach, Hannah, Krüger, Timm, Kürten, Andreas, Lampimäki, Markus, Liu, Lu, Lopez, Brandon, Martinez, Monica, Morawiec, Aleksandra, Onnela, Antti, Peltola, Maija, Rato, Pedro, Reza, Mago, Richter, Sarah, Rörup, Birte, Sebastian, Milin Kaniyodical, Simon, Mario, Surdu, Mihnea, Tamme, Kalju, Thakur, Roseline C., Tomé, António, Tong, Yandong, Top, Jens, Umo, Nsikanabasi Silas, Unfer, Gabriela, Vettikkat, Lejish, Weissbacher, Jakob, Xenofontos, Christos, Yang, Boxing, Zauner-Wieczorek, Marcel, Zhang, Jiangyi, Zheng, Zhensen, Baltensperger, Urs, Christoudias, Theodoros, Flagan, Richard C., El Haddad, Imad, Junninen, Heikki, Möhler, Ottmar, Riipinen, Ilona, Rohner, Urs, Schobesberger, Siegfried, Volkamer, Rainer, Winkler, Paul M., Hansel, Armin, Lehtipalo, Katrianne, Donahue, Neil M., Lelieveld, Jos, Harder, Hartwig, Kulmala, Markku, Worsnop, Doug R., Kirkby, Jasper, Curtius, Joachim, and He, Xu-Cheng

Abstract

Aircraft observations have revealed ubiquitous new particle formation in the tropical upper troposphere over the Amazon1,2and the Atlantic and Pacific oceans3,4. Although the vapours involved remain unknown, recent satellite observations have revealed surprisingly high night-time isoprene mixing ratios of up to 1 part per billion by volume (ppbv) in the tropical upper troposphere5. Here, in experiments performed with the CERN CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets) chamber, we report new particle formation initiated by the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with isoprene at upper-tropospheric temperatures of −30 °C and −50 °C. We find that isoprene-oxygenated organic molecules (IP-OOM) nucleate at concentrations found in the upper troposphere, without requiring any more vapours. Moreover, the nucleation rates are enhanced 100-fold by extremely low concentrations of sulfuric acid or iodine oxoacids above 105cm−3, reaching rates around 30 cm−3s−1at acid concentrations of 106cm−3. Our measurements show that nucleation involves sequential addition of IP-OOM, together with zero or one acid molecule in the embryonic molecular clusters. IP-OOM also drive rapid particle growth at 3–60 nm h−1. We find that rapid nucleation and growth rates persist in the presence of NOxat upper-tropospheric concentrations from lightning. Our laboratory measurements show that isoprene emitted by rainforests may drive rapid new particle formation in extensive regions of the tropical upper troposphere1,2, resulting in tens of thousands of particles per cubic centimetre.

Published
2024
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5. Mosaic PPM1D mutations are associated with predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer

Author

Ruark, Elise, Snape, Katie, Humburg, Peter, Loveday, Chey, Bajrami, Ilirjana, Brough, Rachel, Rodrigues, Daniel Nava, Renwick, Anthony, Seal, Sheila, Ramsay, Emma, Duarte, Silvana Del Vecchio, Rivas, Manuel A, Warren-Perry, Margaret, Zachariou, Anna, Campion-Flora, Adriana, Hanks, Sandra, Murray, Anne, Pour, Naser Ansari, Douglas, Jenny, Gregory, Lorna, Rimmer, Andrew, Walker, Neil M, Yang, Tsun-Po, Adlard, Julian W, Barwell, Julian, Berg, Jonathan, Brady, Angela F, Brewer, Carole, Brice, Glen, Chapman, Cyril, Cook, Jackie, Davidson, Rosemarie, Donaldson, Alan, Douglas, Fiona, Eccles, Diana, Evans, D Gareth, Greenhalgh, Lynn, Henderson, Alex, Izatt, Louise, Kumar, Ajith, Lalloo, Fiona, Miedzybrodzka, Zosia, Morrison, Patrick J, Paterson, Joan, Porteous, Mary, Rogers, Mark T, Shanley, Susan, Walker, Lisa, Gore, Martin, Houlston, Richard, Brown, Matthew A, Caufield, Mark J, Deloukas, Panagiotis, McCarthy, Mark I, Todd, John A, Turnbull, Clare, Reis-Filho, Jorge S, Ashworth, Alan, Antoniou, Antonis C, Lord, Christopher J, Donnelly, Peter, and Rahman, Nazneen

Subjects
Breast Cancer, Ovarian Cancer, Cancer, Rare Diseases, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Alleles, Breast Neoplasms, Cluster Analysis, Exons, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Isoenzymes, Lymphocytes, Mosaicism, Mutation, Ovarian Neoplasms, Phosphoprotein Phosphatases, Protein Phosphatase 2C, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Tumor Suppressor Protein p53, Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility Collaboration, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Improved sequencing technologies offer unprecedented opportunities for investigating the role of rare genetic variation in common disease. However, there are considerable challenges with respect to study design, data analysis and replication. Using pooled next-generation sequencing of 507 genes implicated in the repair of DNA in 1,150 samples, an analytical strategy focused on protein-truncating variants (PTVs) and a large-scale sequencing case-control replication experiment in 13,642 individuals, here we show that rare PTVs in the p53-inducible protein phosphatase PPM1D are associated with predisposition to breast cancer and ovarian cancer. PPM1D PTV mutations were present in 25 out of 7,781 cases versus 1 out of 5,861 controls (P = 1.12 × 10(-5)), including 18 mutations in 6,912 individuals with breast cancer (P = 2.42 × 10(-4)) and 12 mutations in 1,121 individuals with ovarian cancer (P = 3.10 × 10(-9)). Notably, all of the identified PPM1D PTVs were mosaic in lymphocyte DNA and clustered within a 370-base-pair region in the final exon of the gene, carboxy-terminal to the phosphatase catalytic domain. Functional studies demonstrate that the mutations result in enhanced suppression of p53 in response to ionizing radiation exposure, suggesting that the mutant alleles encode hyperactive PPM1D isoforms. Thus, although the mutations cause premature protein truncation, they do not result in the simple loss-of-function effect typically associated with this class of variant, but instead probably have a gain-of-function effect. Our results have implications for the detection and management of breast and ovarian cancer risk. More generally, these data provide new insights into the role of rare and of mosaic genetic variants in common conditions, and the use of sequencing in their identification.

Published
2013

6. Challenges and opportunities in controlling mosquito-borne infections

Author

Ferguson, Neil M.

Subjects
Innovations, Mosquito control -- Innovations, Infection control -- Innovations, Mortality, Epidemiology, Mosquitoes, Morbidity, Malaria
Abstract

Author(s): Neil M. Ferguson [sup.1] Author Affiliations:(1) MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UKMain Deaths from malaria have almost halved since [...], Mosquito-borne diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality across the tropical regions. Despite much progress in the control of malaria, malaria-associated morbidity remains high, whereas arboviruses--most notably dengue--are responsible for a rising burden of disease, even in middle-income countries that have almost completely eliminated malaria. Here I discuss how new interventions offer the promise of considerable future reductions in disease burden. However, I emphasize that intervention programmes need to be underpinned by rigorous trials and quantitative epidemiological analyses. Such analyses suggest that the long-term goal of elimination is more feasible for dengue than for malaria, even if malaria elimination would offer greater overall health benefit to the public.

Published
2018
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7. Inhibiting membrane rupture with NINJ1 antibodies limits tissue injury

Author

Kayagaki, Nobuhiko, primary, Stowe, Irma B., additional, Alegre, Kamela, additional, Deshpande, Ishan, additional, Wu, Shuang, additional, Lin, Zhonghua, additional, Kornfeld, Opher S., additional, Lee, Bettina L., additional, Zhang, Juan, additional, Liu, John, additional, Suto, Eric, additional, Lee, Wyne P., additional, Schneider, Kellen, additional, Lin, WeiYu, additional, Seshasayee, Dhaya, additional, Bhangale, Tushar, additional, Chalouni, Cecile, additional, Johnson, Matthew C., additional, Joshi, Prajakta, additional, Mossemann, Jan, additional, Zhao, Sarah, additional, Ali, Danish, additional, Goldenberg, Neil M., additional, Sayed, Blayne A., additional, Steinberg, Benjamin E., additional, Newton, Kim, additional, Webster, Joshua D., additional, Kelly, Ryan L., additional, and Dixit, Vishva M., additional

Published
2023
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9. The role of rapid diagnostics in managing Ebola epidemics

Author

Nouvellet, Pierre, Garske, Tini, Mills, Harriet L., Nedjati-Gilani, Gemma, Hinsley, Wes, Blake, Isobel M., Van Kerkhove, Maria D., Cori, Anne, Dorigatti, Ilaria, Jombart, Thibaut, Riley, Steven, Fraser, Christophe, Donnelly, Christl A., and Ferguson, Neil M.

Subjects
World Health Organization -- Management, Management, Diagnosis, Care and treatment, Research, Risk factors, Company business management, Ebola hemorrhagic fever -- Health aspects -- Risk factors -- Care and treatment -- Diagnosis, RNA -- Research, Ebola virus infections -- Health aspects -- Risk factors -- Care and treatment -- Diagnosis
Abstract

The unprecedented scale of the 2014-15 West African Ebola epidemic has posed major challenges for delivering rapid diagnosis--an essential component of controlling Ebola epidemics, given the non-specific nature of early [...], Ebola emerged in West Africa around December 2013 and swept through Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia, giving rise to 27,748 confirmed, probable and suspected cases reported by 29 July 2015. Case diagnoses during the epidemic have relied on polymerase chain reaction-based tests. Owing to limited laboratory capacity and local transport infrastructure, the delays from sample collection to test results being available have often been 2 days or more. Point-of-care rapid diagnostic tests offer the potential to substantially reduce these delays. We review Ebola rapid diagnostic tests approved by the World Health Organization and those currently in development. Such rapid diagnostic tests could allow early triaging of patients, thereby reducing the potential for nosocomial transmission. In addition, despite the lower test accuracy, rapid diagnostic test-based diagnosis may be beneficial in some contexts because of the reduced time spent by uninfected individuals in health-care settings where they may be at increased risk of infection; this also frees up hospital beds. We use mathematical modelling to explore the potential benefits of diagnostic testing strategies involving rapid diagnostic tests alone and in combination with polymerase chain reaction testing. Our analysis indicates that the use of rapid diagnostic tests with sensitivity and specificity comparable with those currently under development always enhances control, whether evaluated at a health-care-unit or population level. If such tests had been available throughout the recent epidemic, we estimate, for Sierra Leone, that their use in combination with confirmatory polymerase chain-reaction testing might have reduced the scale of the epidemic by over a third. Nature 528, S109-S116 (3 December 2015), DOI: 10.1038/nature16041 This article has not been written or reviewed by Nature editors. Nature accepts no responsibility for the accuracy of the information provided.

Published
2015
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10. Estimating the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Europe

Author

Flaxman, Seth, Mishra, Swapnil, Gandy, Axel, Unwin, H. Juliette T., Mellan, Thomas A., Coupland, Helen, Whittaker, Charles, Zhu, Harrison, Berah, Tresnia, Eaton, Jeffrey W., Monod, Mélodie, Perez-Guzman, Pablo N., Schmit, Nora, Cilloni, Lucia, Ainslie, Kylie E. C., Baguelin, Marc, Boonyasiri, Adhiratha, Boyd, Olivia, Cattarino, Lorenzo, Cooper, Laura V., Cucunubá, Zulma, Cuomo-Dannenburg, Gina, Dighe, Amy, Djaafara, Bimandra, Dorigatti, Ilaria, van Elsland, Sabine L., FitzJohn, Richard G., Gaythorpe, Katy A. M., Geidelberg, Lily, Grassly, Nicholas C., Green, William D., Hallett, Timothy, Hamlet, Arran, Hinsley, Wes, Jeffrey, Ben, Knock, Edward, Laydon, Daniel J., Nedjati-Gilani, Gemma, Nouvellet, Pierre, Parag, Kris V., Siveroni, Igor, Thompson, Hayley A., Verity, Robert, Volz, Erik, Walters, Caroline E., Wang, Haowei, Wang, Yuanrong, Watson, Oliver J., Winskill, Peter, Xi, Xiaoyue, Walker, Patrick G. T., Ghani, Azra C., Donnelly, Christl A., Riley, Steven, Vollmer, Michaela A. C., Ferguson, Neil M., Okell, Lucy C., Bhatt, Samir, Medical Research Council (MRC), and Wellcome Trust

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, General Science & Technology, Population, Pooling, Psychological intervention, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, law, Case fatality rate, Pandemic, Epidemiology, Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, education, education.field_of_study, Science & Technology, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, Multidisciplinary Sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Transmission (mechanics), Science & Technology - Other Topics, business, Basic reproduction number, Demography
Abstract

Following the detection of the new coronavirus1 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its spread outside of China, Europe has experienced large epidemics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In response, many European countries have implemented non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as the closure of schools and national lockdowns. Here we study the effect of major interventions across 11 European countries for the period from the start of the COVID-19 epidemics in February 2020 until 4 May 2020, when lockdowns started to be lifted. Our model calculates backwards from observed deaths to estimate transmission that occurred several weeks previously, allowing for the time lag between infection and death. We use partial pooling of information between countries, with both individual and shared effects on the time-varying reproduction number (Rt). Pooling allows for more information to be used, helps to overcome idiosyncrasies in the data and enables more-timely estimates. Our model relies on fixed estimates of some epidemiological parameters (such as the infection fatality rate), does not include importation or subnational variation and assumes that changes in Rt are an immediate response to interventions rather than gradual changes in behaviour. Amidst the ongoing pandemic, we rely on death data that are incomplete, show systematic biases in reporting and are subject to future consolidation. We estimate that-for all of the countries we consider here-current interventions have been sufficient to drive Rt below 1 (probability Rt

Published
2020
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11. Rapid growth of new atmospheric particles by nitric acid and ammonia condensation

Author

Armin Hansel, Dominik Stolzenburg, António Tomé, Jonathan Duplissy, Rainer Volkamer, Richard C. Flagan, Jasper Kirkby, Jordan E. Krechmer, Dongyu S. Wang, Jenni Kontkanen, Yusheng Wu, Stavros Amanatidis, Roberto Guida, Wiebke Scholz, Stefan K. Weber, Mikko Sipilä, Houssni Lamkaddam, Douglas R. Worsnop, Chuan Ping Lee, Steffen Bräkling, Andrea C. Wagner, Barbara Bertozzi, Arto Heitto, Taina Yli-Juuti, Lucía Caudillo Murillo, Mario Simon, Andrea Baccarini, Bernhard Mentler, Peter Josef Wlasits, Xueqin Zhou, Neil M. Donahue, Imad El-Haddad, Gerhard Steiner, Joschka Pfeifer, Joachim Curtius, Ilona Riipinen, Andreas Kürten, Paul M. Winkler, Markku Kulmala, Randall Chiu, T. Müller, Qing Ye, Mao Xiao, Jiali Shen, Guillaume Marie, Antti Onnela, Birte Rörup, Eva Partoll, António Amorim, Ruby Marten, Hanna E. Manninen, John H. Seinfeld, Ananth Ranjithkumar, Louis Philippe De Menezes, Serge Mathot, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Roy L. Mauldin, Weimeng Kong, Markus Lampimäki, Loic Gonzalez Carracedo, Urs Baltensperger, Biwu Chu, Mingyi Wang, Yonghong Wang, Josef Dommen, Dexian Chen, Matti P. Rissanen, Sophia Brilke, Victoria Hofbauer, Rima Baalbaki, Vladimir Makhmutov, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Henning Finkenzeller, Xu-Cheng He, Lubna Dada, Veronika Pospisilova, Yee Jun Tham, Manuel Granzin, Tuukka Petäjä, David M. Bell, M. V. Philippov, Tampere University, Physics, INAR Physics, Air quality research group, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Helsinki Institute of Physics, Polar and arctic atmospheric research (PANDA), Staff Services, and Department of Physics

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Nucleation, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, 114 Physical sciences, Article, chemistry.chemical_compound, Ammonia, Nitric acid, medicine, ddc:550, Atmospheric science, Climate change, Scavenging, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Range (particle radiation), Multidisciplinary, Condensation, Sulfuric acid, medicine.disease, Earth sciences, chemistry, Chemical engineering, 13. Climate action, Vapours
Abstract

A list of authors and their affiliations appears at the end of the paper New-particle formation is a major contributor to urban smog1,2, but how it occurs in cities is often puzzling3. If the growth rates of urban particles are similar to those found in cleaner environments (1–10 nanometres per hour), then existing understanding suggests that new urban particles should be rapidly scavenged by the high concentration of pre-existing particles. Here we show, through experiments performed under atmospheric conditions in the CLOUD chamber at CERN, that below about +5 degrees Celsius, nitric acid and ammonia vapours can condense onto freshly nucleated particles as small as a few nanometres in diameter. Moreover, when it is cold enough (below −15 degrees Celsius), nitric acid and ammonia can nucleate directly through an acid–base stabilization mechanism to form ammonium nitrate particles. Given that these vapours are often one thousand times more abundant than sulfuric acid, the resulting particle growth rates can be extremely high, reaching well above 100 nanometres per hour. However, these high growth rates require the gas-particle ammonium nitrate system to be out of equilibrium in order to sustain gas-phase supersaturations. In view of the strong temperature dependence that we measure for the gas-phase supersaturations, we expect such transient conditions to occur in inhomogeneous urban settings, especially in wintertime, driven by vertical mixing and by strong local sources such as traffic. Even though rapid growth from nitric acid and ammonia condensation may last for only a few minutes, it is nonetheless fast enough to shepherd freshly nucleated particles through the smallest size range where they are most vulnerable to scavenging loss, thus greatly increasing their survival probability. We also expect nitric acid and ammonia nucleation and rapid growth to be important in the relatively clean and cold upper free troposphere, where ammonia can be convected from the continental boundary layer and nitric acid is abundant from electrical storms4,5., Measurements in the CLOUD chamber at CERN show that the rapid condensation of ammonia and nitric acid vapours could be important for the formation and survival of new particles in wintertime urban conditions, contributing to urban smog.

Published
2020

12. Synergistic HNO3–H2SO4–NH3 upper tropospheric particle formation

Author

Wang, Mingyi, primary, Xiao, Mao, additional, Bertozzi, Barbara, additional, Marie, Guillaume, additional, Rörup, Birte, additional, Schulze, Benjamin, additional, Bardakov, Roman, additional, He, Xu-Cheng, additional, Shen, Jiali, additional, Scholz, Wiebke, additional, Marten, Ruby, additional, Dada, Lubna, additional, Baalbaki, Rima, additional, Lopez, Brandon, additional, Lamkaddam, Houssni, additional, Manninen, Hanna E., additional, Amorim, António, additional, Ataei, Farnoush, additional, Bogert, Pia, additional, Brasseur, Zoé, additional, Caudillo, Lucía, additional, De Menezes, Louis-Philippe, additional, Duplissy, Jonathan, additional, Ekman, Annica M. L., additional, Finkenzeller, Henning, additional, Carracedo, Loïc Gonzalez, additional, Granzin, Manuel, additional, Guida, Roberto, additional, Heinritzi, Martin, additional, Hofbauer, Victoria, additional, Höhler, Kristina, additional, Korhonen, Kimmo, additional, Krechmer, Jordan E., additional, Kürten, Andreas, additional, Lehtipalo, Katrianne, additional, Mahfouz, Naser G. A., additional, Makhmutov, Vladimir, additional, Massabò, Dario, additional, Mathot, Serge, additional, Mauldin, Roy L., additional, Mentler, Bernhard, additional, Müller, Tatjana, additional, Onnela, Antti, additional, Petäjä, Tuukka, additional, Philippov, Maxim, additional, Piedehierro, Ana A., additional, Pozzer, Andrea, additional, Ranjithkumar, Ananth, additional, Schervish, Meredith, additional, Schobesberger, Siegfried, additional, Simon, Mario, additional, Stozhkov, Yuri, additional, Tomé, António, additional, Umo, Nsikanabasi Silas, additional, Vogel, Franziska, additional, Wagner, Robert, additional, Wang, Dongyu S., additional, Weber, Stefan K., additional, Welti, André, additional, Wu, Yusheng, additional, Zauner-Wieczorek, Marcel, additional, Sipilä, Mikko, additional, Winkler, Paul M., additional, Hansel, Armin, additional, Baltensperger, Urs, additional, Kulmala, Markku, additional, Flagan, Richard C., additional, Curtius, Joachim, additional, Riipinen, Ilona, additional, Gordon, Hamish, additional, Lelieveld, Jos, additional, El-Haddad, Imad, additional, Volkamer, Rainer, additional, Worsnop, Douglas R., additional, Christoudias, Theodoros, additional, Kirkby, Jasper, additional, Möhler, Ottmar, additional, and Donahue, Neil M., additional

Published
2022
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14. Ion-induced nucleation of pure biogenic particles

Author

Kirkby, Jasper, Duplissy, Jonathan, Sengupta, Kamalika, Frege, Carla, Gordon, Hamish, Williamson, Christina, Heinritzi, Martin, Simon, Mario, Yan, Chao, Almeida, João, Tröstl, Jasmin, Nieminen, Tuomo, Ortega, Ismael K., Wagner, Robert, Adamov, Alexey, Amorim, Antonio, Bernhammer, Anne-Kathrin, Bianchi, Federico, Breitenlechner, Martin, Brilke, Sophia, Chen, Xuemeng, Craven, Jill, Dias, Antonio, Ehrhart, Sebastian, Flagan, Richard C., Franchin, Alessandro, Fuchs, Claudia, Guida, Roberto, Hakala, Jani, Hoyle, Christopher R., Jokinen, Tuija, Junninen, Heikki, Kangasluoma, Juha, Kim, Jaeseok, Krapf, Manuel, Kürten, Andreas, Laaksonen, Ari, Lehtipalo, Katrianne, Makhmutov, Vladimir, Mathot, Serge, Molteni, Ugo, Onnela, Antti, Perükylü, Otso, Piel, Felix, Petüjü, Tuukka, Praplan, Arnaud P., Pringle, Kirsty, Rap, Alexandru, Richards, Nigel A. D., Riipinen, Ilona, Rissanen, Matti P., Rondo, Linda, Sarnela, Nina, Schobesberger, Siegfried, Scott, Catherine E., Seinfeld, John H., Sipilü, Mikko, Steiner, Gerhard, Stozhkov, Yuri, Stratmann, Frank, Tomé, Antonio, Virtanen, Annele, Vogel, Alexander L., Wagner, Andrea C., Wagner, Paul E., Weingartner, Ernest, Wimmer, Daniela, Winkler, Paul M., Ye, Penglin, Zhang, Xuan, Hansel, Armin, Dommen, Josef, Donahue, Neil M., Worsnop, Douglas R., Baltensperger, Urs, Kulmala, Markku, Carslaw, Kenneth S., and Curtius, Joachim

Published
2016
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15. Synergistic HNO

Author

Mingyi, Wang, Mao, Xiao, Barbara, Bertozzi, Guillaume, Marie, Birte, Rörup, Benjamin, Schulze, Roman, Bardakov, Xu-Cheng, He, Jiali, Shen, Wiebke, Scholz, Ruby, Marten, Lubna, Dada, Rima, Baalbaki, Brandon, Lopez, Houssni, Lamkaddam, Hanna E, Manninen, António, Amorim, Farnoush, Ataei, Pia, Bogert, Zoé, Brasseur, Lucía, Caudillo, Louis-Philippe, De Menezes, Jonathan, Duplissy, Annica M L, Ekman, Henning, Finkenzeller, Loïc Gonzalez, Carracedo, Manuel, Granzin, Roberto, Guida, Martin, Heinritzi, Victoria, Hofbauer, Kristina, Höhler, Kimmo, Korhonen, Jordan E, Krechmer, Andreas, Kürten, Katrianne, Lehtipalo, Naser G A, Mahfouz, Vladimir, Makhmutov, Dario, Massabò, Serge, Mathot, Roy L, Mauldin, Bernhard, Mentler, Tatjana, Müller, Antti, Onnela, Tuukka, Petäjä, Maxim, Philippov, Ana A, Piedehierro, Andrea, Pozzer, Ananth, Ranjithkumar, Meredith, Schervish, Siegfried, Schobesberger, Mario, Simon, Yuri, Stozhkov, António, Tomé, Nsikanabasi Silas, Umo, Franziska, Vogel, Robert, Wagner, Dongyu S, Wang, Stefan K, Weber, André, Welti, Yusheng, Wu, Marcel, Zauner-Wieczorek, Mikko, Sipilä, Paul M, Winkler, Armin, Hansel, Urs, Baltensperger, Markku, Kulmala, Richard C, Flagan, Joachim, Curtius, Ilona, Riipinen, Hamish, Gordon, Jos, Lelieveld, Imad, El-Haddad, Rainer, Volkamer, Douglas R, Worsnop, Theodoros, Christoudias, Jasper, Kirkby, Ottmar, Möhler, and Neil M, Donahue

Abstract

New particle formation in the upper free troposphere is a major global source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)

Published
2021

16. Preventing spillover as a key strategy against pandemics

Author

Vora, Neil M., Sizer, Nigel, and Bernstein, Aaron

Abstract

Author(s): Neil M. Vora, Nigel Sizer, Aaron Bernstein Author Affiliations: Preventing spillover as a key strategy against pandemics Most new infectious diseases result from the spillover of pathogens from animals, [...], Letter to the Editor

Published
2021
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17. Room-temperature solid-state maser

Author

Oxborrow, Mark, Breeze, Jonathan D., and Alford, Neil M.

Subjects
Usage, Research, Masers -- Usage, Twinning (Crystallography) -- Research, Radiation (Physics) -- Research, Radiation -- Research
Abstract

The invention of the laser has resulted in many innovations, and the device has become ubiquitous. However, the maser, which amplifies microwave radiation rather than visible light, has not had [...]

Published
2012
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18. Estimating the impact of school closure on influenza transmission from Sentinel data

Author

Cauchemez, Simon, Valleron, Alain-Jacques, Boelle, Pierre-Yves, Flahault, Antoine, and Ferguson, Neil M.

Abstract

The threat posed by the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus requires public health authorities to prepare for a human pandemic. Although pre-pandemic vaccines and antiviral drugs might significantly reduce illness [...]

Published
2008

19. Suppression of a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in the Italian municipality of Vo’

Author

Lavezzo, Enrico, Franchin, Elisa, Ciavarella, Constanze, Cuomo-Dannenburg, Gina, Barzon, Luisa, Del Vecchio, Claudia, Rossi, Lucia, Manganelli, Riccardo, Loregian, Arianna, Navarin, Nicolò, Abate, Davide, Sciro, Manuela, Merigliano, Stefano, De Canale, Ettore, Vanuzzo, Maria Cristina, Besutti, Valeria, Saluzzo, Francesca, Onelia, Francesco, Pacenti, Monia, Parisi, Saverio G., Carretta, Giovanni, Donato, Daniele, Flor, Luciano, Cocchio, Silvia, Masi, Giulia, Sperduti, Alessandro, Cattarino, Lorenzo, Salvador, Renato, Nicoletti, Michele, Caldart, Federico, Castelli, Gioele, Nieddu, Eleonora, Labella, Beatrice, Fava, Ludovico, Drigo, Matteo, Gaythorpe, Katy A. M., Brazzale, Alessandra R., Toppo, Stefano, Trevisan, Marta, Baldo, Vincenzo, Donnelly, Christl A., Ferguson, Neil M., Dorigatti, Ilaria, Crisanti, Andrea, Ainslie, Kylie E. C., Baguelin, Marc, Bhatt, Samir, Boonyasiri, Adhiratha, Boyd, Olivia, Coupland, Helen L., Cucunubá, Zulma, Djafaara, Bimandra A., van Elsland, Sabine L., FitzJohn, Rich, Flaxman, Seth, Green, Will D., Hallett, Timothy, Hamlet, Arran, Haw, David, Imai, Natsuko, Jeffrey, Benjamin, Knock, Edward, Laydon, Daniel J., Mellan, Thomas, Mishra, Swapnil, Nedjati-Gilani, Gemma, Nouvellet, Pierre, Okell, Lucy C., Parag, Kris V., Riley, Steven, Thompson, Hayley A., Unwin, H. Juliette T., Verity, Robert, Vollmer, Michaela A. C., Walker, Patrick G. T., Walters, Caroline E., Wang, Haowei, Wang, Yuanrong, Watson, Oliver J., Whittaker, Charles, Whittles, Lilith K., Xi, Xiaoyue, Medical Research Council (MRC), Medical Research Council, The Royal Society, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust- BRC Funding, The Academy of Medical Sciences, National Institute for Health Research, UK Research and Innovation, and Wellcome Trust

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Male, CORONAVIRUS, Viral Nonstructural Proteins, medicine.disease_cause, Disease Outbreaks, 0302 clinical medicine, Viral Envelope Proteins, Prevalence, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Asymptomatic Infections, Coronavirus, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Coronavirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase, Multidisciplinary, Middle Aged, Viral Load, 3. Good health, Multidisciplinary Sciences, Policy, Italy, Child, Preschool, Science & Technology - Other Topics, Female, medicine.symptom, Coronavirus Infections, Viral load, Serial interval, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, General Science & Technology, Population, Pneumonia, Viral, Policy and public health in microbiology, Asymptomatic, 03 medical and health sciences, Betacoronavirus, Coronavirus Envelope Proteins, Young Adult, Internal medicine, medicine, Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team, Humans, Author Correction, education, Pandemics, Aged, Science & Technology, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, Infant, Newborn, Outbreak, COVID-19, Infant, medicine.disease, RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase, Confidence interval, Pneumonia, 030104 developmental biology, business
Abstract

On 21 February 2020, a resident of the municipality of Vo', a small town near Padua (Italy), died of pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection1. This was the first coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19)-related death detected in Italy since the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in the Chinese city of Wuhan, Hubei province2. In response, the regional authorities imposed the lockdown of the whole municipality for 14 days3. Here we collected information on the demography, clinical presentation, hospitalization, contact network and the presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in nasopharyngeal swabs for 85.9% and 71.5% of the population of Vo' at two consecutive time points. From the first survey, which was conducted around the time the town lockdown started, we found a prevalence of infection of 2.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.1-3.3%). From the second survey, which was conducted at the end of the lockdown, we found a prevalence of 1.2% (95% CI: 0.8-1.8%). Notably, 42.5% (95% CI: 31.5-54.6%) of the confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections detected across the two surveys were asymptomatic (that is, did not have symptoms at the time of swab testing and did not develop symptoms afterwards). The mean serial interval was 7.2 days (95% CI: 5.9-9.6). We found no statistically significant difference in the viral load of symptomatic versus asymptomatic infections (P = 0.62 and 0.74 for E and RdRp genes, respectively, exact Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test). This study sheds light on the frequency of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, their infectivity (as measured by the viral load) and provides insights into its transmission dynamics and the efficacy of the implemented control measures.

Published
2020
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20. Localization of type 1 diabetes susceptibility to the MHC class I genes HLA-B and HLA-A

Author

Nejentsev, Sergey, Howson, Joanna M.M., Walker, Neil M., Szeszko, Jeffrey, Fields, Sarah F., Stevens, Helen E., Reynolds, Pamela, Hardy, Matthew, King, Erna, Masters, Jennifer, Hulme, John, Maier, Lisa M., Smyth, Deborah, Bailey, Rebecca, Cooper, Jason D., Ribas, Gloria, Campbell, R. Duncan, Clayton, David G., and Todd, John A.

Abstract

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6 is associated with susceptibility to more common diseases than any other region of the human genome, including almost all disorders classified as [...]

Published
2007

21. Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls

Author

Burton, Paul R., Clayton, David G., Cardon, Lon R., Craddock, Nick, Deloukas, Panos, Duncanson, Audrey, Kwiatkowski, Dominic P., McCarthy, Mark I., Ouwehand, Willem H., Samani, Nilesh J., Todd, John A., Donnelly, Peter, Barrett, Jeffrey C., Davison, Dan, Easton, Doug, Evans, David, Leung, Hin-Tak, Marchini, Jonathan L., Morris, Andrew P., Spencer, Chris C. A., Tobin, Martin D., Attwood, Antony P., Boorman, James P., Cant, Barbara, Everson, Ursula, Hussey, Judith M., Jolley, Jennifer D., Knight, Alexandra S., Koch, Kerstin, Meech, Elizabeth, Nutland, Sarah, Prowse, Christopher V., Stevens, Helen E., Taylor, Niall C., Walters, Graham R., Walker, Neil M., Watkins, Nicholas A., Winzer, Thilo, Jones, Richard W., McArdle, Wendy L., Ring, Susan M., Strachan, David P., Pembrey, Marcus, Breen, Gerome, St Clair, David, Caesar, Sian, Gordon-Smith, Katherine, Jones, Lisa, Fraser, Christine, Green, Elaine K., Grozeva, Detelina, Hamshere, Marian L., Holmans, Peter A., Jones, Ian R., Kirov, George, Moskvina, Valentina, Nikolov, Ivan, O'Donovan, Michael C., Owen, Michael J., Collier, David A., Elkin, Amanda, Farmer, Anne, Williamson, Richard, McGuffin, Peter, Young, Allan H., Ferrier, I. Nicol, Ball, Stephen G., Balmforth, Anthony J., Barrett, Jennifer H., Bishop, D. Timothy, Iles, Mark M., Maqbool, Azhar, Yuldasheva, Nadira, Hall, Alistair S., Braund, Peter S., Dixon, Richard J., Mangino, Massimo, Stevens, Suzanne, Thompson, John R., Bredin, Francesca, Tremelling, Mark, Parkes, Miles, Drummond, Hazel, Lees, Charles W., Nimmo, Elaine R., Satsangi, Jack, Fisher, Sheila A., Forbes, Alastair, Lewis, Cathryn M., Onnie, Clive M., Prescott, Natalie J., Sanderson, Jeremy, Mathew, Christopher G., Barbour, Jamie, Mohiuddin, M. Khalid, Todhunter, Catherine E., Mansfield, John C., Ahmad, Tariq, Cummings, Fraser R., Jewell, Derek P., Webster, John, Brown, Morris J., Lathrop, G. Mark, Connell, John, Dominiczak, Anna, Marcano, Carolina A. Braga, Burke, Beverley, Dobson, Richard, Gungadoo, Johannie, Lee, Kate L., Munroe, Patricia B., Newhouse, Stephen J., Onipinla, Abiodun, Wallace, Chris, Xue, Mingzhan, Caulfield, Mark, Farrall, Martin, Barton, Anne, Bruce, Ian N., Donovan, Hannah, Eyre, Steve, Gilbert, Paul D., Hider, Samantha L., Hinks, Anne M., John, Sally L., Potter, Catherine, Silman, Alan J., Symmons, Deborah P. M., Thomson, Wendy, Worthington, Jane, Dunger, David B., Widmer, Barry, Frayling, Timothy M., Freathy, Rachel M., Lango, Hana, Perry, John R. B., Shields, Beverley M., Weedon, Michael N., Hattersley, Andrew T., Hitman, Graham A., Walker, Mark, Elliott, Kate S., Groves, Christopher J., Lindgren, Cecilia M., Rayner, Nigel W., Timpson, Nicholas J., Zeggini, Eleftheria, Newport, Melanie, Sirugo, Giorgio, Lyons, Emily, Vannberg, Fredrik, Hill, Adrian V. S., Bradbury, Linda A., Farrar, Claire, Pointon, Jennifer J., Wordsworth, Paul, Brown, Matthew A., Franklyn, Jayne A., Heward, Joanne M., Simmonds, Matthew J., Gough, Stephen C. L., Seal, Sheila, Stratton, Michael R., Rahman, Nazneen, Ban, Maria, Goris, An, Sawcer, Stephen J., Compston, Alastair, Conway, David, Jallow, Muminatou, Rockett, Kirk A., Bumpstead, Suzannah J., Chaney, Amy, Downes, Kate, Ghori, Mohammed J. R., Gwilliam, Rhian, Hunt, Sarah E., Inouye, Michael, Keniry, Andrew, King, Emma, McGinnis, Ralph, Potter, Simon, Ravindrarajah, Rathi, Whittaker, Pamela, Widden, Claire, Withers, David, Cardin, Niall J., Ferreira, Teresa, Pereira-Gale, Joanne, Hallgrimsdottir, Ingileif B., Howie, Bryan N., Su, Zhan, Teo, Yik Ying, Vukcevic, Damjan, Bentley, David, and Compston, Alistair

Abstract

Author(s): The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium; Management Committee; Paul R. Burton [1]; David G. Clayton [2]; Lon R. Cardon [3]; Nick Craddock [4]; Panos Deloukas [5]; Audrey Duncanson [6]; [...]

Published
2007
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23. Strategies for containing an emerging influenza pandemic in Southeast Asia

Author

Ferguson, Neil M., Cummings, Derek A.T., Cauchemez, Simon, Fraser, Christophe, Riley, Steven, Meeyai, Aronrag, and Iamsirithaworn, Sopon

Subjects
Control, Methods, Epidemics -- Control -- Southeast Asia, Influenza -- Control -- Methods, Infection control -- Methods
Abstract

Author(s): Neil M. Ferguson [sup.1] [sup.2] , Derek A.T. Cummings [sup.3] , Simon Cauchemez [sup.4] , Christophe Fraser [sup.1] , Steven Riley [sup.5] , Aronrag Meeyai [sup.1] , Sopon Iamsirithaworn [...], Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A viruses are now endemic in avian populations in Southeast Asia, and human cases continue to accumulate. Although currently incapable of sustained human-to-human transmission, H5N1 represents a serious pandemic threat owing to the risk of a mutation or reassortment generating a virus with increased transmissibility. Identifying public health interventions that might be able to halt a pandemic in its earliest stages is therefore a priority. Here we use a simulation model of influenza transmission in Southeast Asia to evaluate the potential effectiveness of targeted mass prophylactic use of antiviral drugs as a containment strategy. Other interventions aimed at reducing population contact rates are also examined as reinforcements to an antiviral-based containment policy. We show that elimination of a nascent pandemic may be feasible using a combination of geographically targeted prophylaxis and social distancing measures, if the basic reproduction number of the new virus is below 1.8. We predict that a stockpile of 3 million courses of antiviral drugs should be sufficient for elimination. Policy effectiveness depends critically on how quickly clinical cases are diagnosed and the speed with which antiviral drugs can be distributed. Avian flu Published on-line on 3 August, a notable contribution to epidemiological modelling of avian flu appears in print this week. It shows that three million courses of anti-flu drugs and a policy of isolating at-risk groups could control a human outbreak of avian flu in Southeast Asia. By beginning containment when there are 40 or fewer human cases, and treating the population around each new case within two days, it should be possible to restrict an outbreak to about 150 cases, and prevent millions of deaths.

Published
2005
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24. Molecular understanding of sulphuric acid–amine particle nucleation in the atmosphere

Author

Almeida, João, Schobesberger, Siegfried, Kürten, Andreas, Ortega, Ismael K., Kupiainen-Määttä, Oona, Praplan, Arnaud P., Adamov, Alexey, Amorim, Antonio, Bianchi, Federico, Breitenlechner, Martin, David, André, Dommen, Josef, Donahue, Neil M., Downard, Andrew, Dunne, Eimear, Duplissy, Jonathan, Ehrhart, Sebastian, Flagan, Richard C., Franchin, Alessandro, Guida, Roberto, Hakala, Jani, Hansel, Armin, Heinritzi, Martin, Henschel, Henning, Jokinen, Tuija, Junninen, Heikki, Kajos, Maija, Kangasluoma, Juha, Keskinen, Helmi, Kupc, Agnieszka, Kurtén, Theo, Kvashin, Alexander N., Laaksonen, Ari, Lehtipalo, Katrianne, Leiminger, Markus, Leppä, Johannes, Loukonen, Ville, Makhmutov, Vladimir, Mathot, Serge, McGrath, Matthew J., Nieminen, Tuomo, Olenius, Tinja, Onnela, Antti, Petäjä, Tuukka, Riccobono, Francesco, Riipinen, Ilona, Rissanen, Matti, Rondo, Linda, Ruuskanen, Taina, Santos, Filipe D., Sarnela, Nina, Schallhart, Simon, Schnitzhofer, Ralf, Seinfeld, John H., Simon, Mario, Sipilä, Mikko, Stozhkov, Yuri, Stratmann, Frank, Tomé, Antonio, Tröstl, Jasmin, Tsagkogeorgas, Georgios, Vaattovaara, Petri, Viisanen, Yrjo, Virtanen, Annele, Vrtala, Aron, Wagner, Paul E., Weingartner, Ernest, Wex, Heike, Williamson, Christina, Wimmer, Daniela, Ye, Penglin, Yli-Juuti, Taina, Carslaw, Kenneth S., Kulmala, Markku, Curtius, Joachim, Baltensperger, Urs, Worsnop, Douglas R., Vehkamäki, Hanna, and Kirkby, Jasper

Published
2013
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25. Negligible impact of rare autoimmune-locus coding-region variants on missing heritability

Author

Hunt, Karen A., Mistry, Vanisha, Bockett, Nicholas A., Ahmad, Tariq, Ban, Maria, Barker, Jonathan N., Barrett, Jeffrey C., Blackburn, Hannah, Brand, Oliver, Burren, Oliver, Capon, Francesca, Compston, Alastair, Gough, Stephen C. L., Jostins, Luke, Kong, Yong, Lee, James C., Lek, Monkol, MacArthur, Daniel G., Mansfield, John C., Mathew, Christopher G., Mein, Charles A., Mirza, Muddassar, Nutland, Sarah, Onengut-Gumuscu, Suna, Papouli, Efterpi, Parkes, Miles, Rich, Stephen S., Sawcer, Steven, Satsangi, Jack, Simmonds, Matthew J., Trembath, Richard C., Walker, Neil M., Wozniak, Eva, Todd, John A., Simpson, Michael A., Plagnol, Vincent, and van Heel, David A.

Published
2013
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26. Planning for smallpox outbreaks

Author

Ferguson, Neil M., Keeling, Matt J., John Edmunds, W., Gani, Raymond, Grenfell, Bryan T., Anderson, Roy M., and Leach, Steve

Abstract

Author(s): Neil M. Ferguson (corresponding author) [1]; Matt J. Keeling [2]; W. John Edmunds [3]; Raymond Gani [4]; Bryan T. Grenfell [5]; Roy M. Anderson [1]; Steve Leach [4] Events [...]

Published
2003
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27. Association of the T-cell regulatory gene CTLA4 with susceptibility to autoimmune disease

Author

Ueda, Hironori, Howson, Joanna M. M., Esposito, Laura, Heward, Joanne, Chamberlain, Giselle, Rainbow, Daniel B., Hunter, Kara M. D., Smith, Annabel N., Di Genova, Gianfranco, Herr, Mathias H., Dahlman, Ingrid, Payne, Felicity, Smyth, Deborah, Lowe, Christopher, Twells, Rebecca C. J., Howlett, Sarah, Healy, Barry, Nutland, Sarah, Rance, Helen E., Everett, Vin, Smink, Luc J., Lam, Alex C., Cordell, Heather J., Walker, Neil M., Bordin, Cristina, Hulme, John, Motzo, Costantino, Cucca, Francesco, Hess, J. Fred, Metzker, Michael L., Rogers, Jane, Gregory, Simon, Allahabadia, Amit, Nithiyananthan, Ratnasingam, Tuomilehto-Wolf, Eva, Tuomilehto, Jaakko, Bingley, Polly, Gillespie, Kathleen M., Undlien, Dag E., Ronningen, Kjersti S., Guja, Cristian, Ionescu-Tirgovişte, Constantin, Savage, David A., Maxwell, A. Peter, Carson, Dennis J., Patterson, Chris C., Franklyn, Jayne A., Clayton, David G., Peterson, Laurence B., Wicker, Linda S., Todd, John A., and Gough, Stephen C. L.

Abstract

Author(s): Hironori Ueda [1]; Joanna M. M. Howson [1, 19]; Laura Esposito [1, 19]; Joanne Heward [2, 19]; Snook [1]; Giselle Chamberlain [1]; Daniel B. Rainbow [1]; Kara M. D. [...]

Published
2003

28. Ecological and immunological determinants of influenza evolution

Author

Ferguson, Neil M., Galvani, Alison P., and Bush, Robin M.

Abstract

Author(s): Neil M. Ferguson (corresponding author) [1]; Alison P. Galvani [2]; Robin M. Bush [3] In pandemic and epidemic forms, influenza causes substantial, sometimes catastrophic, morbidity and mortality. Intense selection [...]

Published
2003
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31. Rapid growth of new atmospheric particles by nitric acid and ammonia condensation

Author

Wang, Mingyi, primary, Kong, Weimeng, additional, Marten, Ruby, additional, He, Xu-Cheng, additional, Chen, Dexian, additional, Pfeifer, Joschka, additional, Heitto, Arto, additional, Kontkanen, Jenni, additional, Dada, Lubna, additional, Kürten, Andreas, additional, Yli-Juuti, Taina, additional, Manninen, Hanna E., additional, Amanatidis, Stavros, additional, Amorim, António, additional, Baalbaki, Rima, additional, Baccarini, Andrea, additional, Bell, David M., additional, Bertozzi, Barbara, additional, Bräkling, Steffen, additional, Brilke, Sophia, additional, Murillo, Lucía Caudillo, additional, Chiu, Randall, additional, Chu, Biwu, additional, De Menezes, Louis-Philippe, additional, Duplissy, Jonathan, additional, Finkenzeller, Henning, additional, Carracedo, Loic Gonzalez, additional, Granzin, Manuel, additional, Guida, Roberto, additional, Hansel, Armin, additional, Hofbauer, Victoria, additional, Krechmer, Jordan, additional, Lehtipalo, Katrianne, additional, Lamkaddam, Houssni, additional, Lampimäki, Markus, additional, Lee, Chuan Ping, additional, Makhmutov, Vladimir, additional, Marie, Guillaume, additional, Mathot, Serge, additional, Mauldin, Roy L., additional, Mentler, Bernhard, additional, Müller, Tatjana, additional, Onnela, Antti, additional, Partoll, Eva, additional, Petäjä, Tuukka, additional, Philippov, Maxim, additional, Pospisilova, Veronika, additional, Ranjithkumar, Ananth, additional, Rissanen, Matti, additional, Rörup, Birte, additional, Scholz, Wiebke, additional, Shen, Jiali, additional, Simon, Mario, additional, Sipilä, Mikko, additional, Steiner, Gerhard, additional, Stolzenburg, Dominik, additional, Tham, Yee Jun, additional, Tomé, António, additional, Wagner, Andrea C., additional, Wang, Dongyu S., additional, Wang, Yonghong, additional, Weber, Stefan K., additional, Winkler, Paul M., additional, Wlasits, Peter J., additional, Wu, Yusheng, additional, Xiao, Mao, additional, Ye, Qing, additional, Zauner-Wieczorek, Marcel, additional, Zhou, Xueqin, additional, Volkamer, Rainer, additional, Riipinen, Ilona, additional, Dommen, Josef, additional, Curtius, Joachim, additional, Baltensperger, Urs, additional, Kulmala, Markku, additional, Worsnop, Douglas R., additional, Kirkby, Jasper, additional, Seinfeld, John H., additional, El-Haddad, Imad, additional, Flagan, Richard C., additional, and Donahue, Neil M., additional

Published
2020
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32. Genome-wide association study of CNVs in 16,000 cases of eight common diseases and 3,000 shared controls

Author

Craddock, Nick, Hurles, Matthew E., Cardin, Niall, Pearson, Richard D., Plagnol, Vincent, Robson, Samuel, Vukcevic, Damjan, Barnes, Chris, Conrad, Donald F., Giannoulatou, Eleni, Holmes, Chris, Marchini, Jonathan L., Stirrups, Kathy, Tobin, Martin D., Wain, Louise V., Yau, Chris, Aerts, Jan, Ahmad, Tariq, Daniel Andrews, T., Arbury, Hazel, Attwood, Anthony, Auton, Adam, Ball, Stephen G., Balmforth, Anthony J., Barrett, Jeffrey C., Barroso, Inês, Barton, Anne, Bennett, Amanda J., Bhaskar, Sanjeev, Blaszczyk, Katarzyna, Bowes, John, Brand, Oliver J., Braund, Peter S., Bredin, Francesca, Breen, Gerome, Brown, Morris J., Bruce, Ian N., Bull, Jaswinder, Burren, Oliver S., Burton, John, Byrnes, Jake, Caesar, Sian, Clee, Chris M., Coffey, Alison J., Connell, John M. C., Cooper, Jason D., Dominiczak, Anna F., Downes, Kate, Drummond, Hazel E., Dudakia, Darshna, Dunham, Andrew, Ebbs, Bernadette, Eccles, Diana, Edkins, Sarah, Edwards, Cathryn, Elliot, Anna, Emery, Paul, Evans, David M., Evans, Gareth, Eyre, Steve, Farmer, Anne, Nicol Ferrier, I., Feuk, Lars, Fitzgerald, Tomas, Flynn, Edward, Forbes, Alistair, Forty, Liz, Franklyn, Jayne A., Freathy, Rachel M., Gibbs, Polly, Gilbert, Paul, Gokumen, Omer, Gordon-Smith, Katherine, Gray, Emma, Green, Elaine, Groves, Chris J., Grozeva, Detelina, Gwilliam, Rhian, Hall, Anita, Hammond, Naomi, Hardy, Matt, Harrison, Pile, Hassanali, Neelam, Hebaishi, Husam, Hines, Sarah, Hinks, Anne, Hitman, Graham A, Hocking, Lynne, Howard, Eleanor, Howard, Philip, Howson, Joanna M. M., Hughes, Debbie, Hunt, Sarah, Isaacs, John D., Jain, Mahim, Jewell, Derek P., Johnson, Toby, Jolley, Jennifer D., Jones, Ian R., Jones, Lisa A., Kirov, George, Langford, Cordelia F., Lango-Allen, Hana, Mark Lathrop, G., Lee, James, Lee, Kate L., Lees, Charlie, Lewis, Kevin, Lindgren, Cecilia M., Maisuria-Armer, Meeta, Maller, Julian, Mansfield, John, Martin, Paul, Massey, Dunecan C. O., McArdle, Wendy L., McGuffin, Peter, McLay, Kirsten E., Mentzer, Alex, Mimmack, Michael L., Morgan, Ann E., Morris, Andrew P., Mowat, Craig, Myers, Simon, Newman, William, Nimmo, Elaine R., O’Donovan, Michael C., Onipinla, Abiodun, Onyiah, Ifejinelo, Ovington, Nigel R., Owen, Michael J., Palin, Kimmo, Parnell, Kirstie, Pernet, David, Perry, John R. B., Phillips, Anne, Pinto, Dalila, Prescott, Natalie J., Prokopenko, Inga, Quail, Michael A., Rafelt, Suzanne, Rayner, Nigel W., Redon, Richard, Reid, David M., Renwick, Anthony, Ring, Susan M., Robertson, Neil, Russell, Ellie, St Clair, David, Sambrook, Jennifer G., Sanderson, Jeremy D., Schuilenburg, Helen, Scott, Carol E., Scott, Richard, Seal, Sheila, Shaw-Hawkins, Sue, Shields, Beverley M., Simmonds, Matthew J., Smyth, Debbie J., Somaskantharajah, Elilan, Spanova, Katarina, Steer, Sophia, Stephens, Jonathan, Stevens, Helen E., Stone, Millicent A., Su, Zhan, Symmons, Deborah P. M., Thompson, John R., Thomson, Wendy, Travers, Mary E., Turnbull, Clare, Valsesia, Armand, Walker, Mark, Walker, Neil M., Wallace, Chris, Warren-Perry, Margaret, Watkins, Nicholas A., Webster, John, Weedon, Michael N., Wilson, Anthony G., Woodburn, Matthew, Wordsworth, Paul B., Young, Allan H., Zeggini, Eleftheria, Carter, Nigel P., Frayling, Timothy M., Lee, Charles, McVean, Gil, Munroe, Patricia B., Palotie, Aarno, Sawcer, Stephen J., Scherer, Stephen W., Strachan, David P., Tyler-Smith, Chris, Brown, Matthew A., Burton, Paul R., Caulfield, Mark J., Compston, Alastair, Farrall, Martin, Gough, Stephen C. L., Hall, Alistair S., Hattersley, Andrew T., Hill, Adrian V. S., Mathew, Christopher G., Pembrey, Marcus, Satsangi, Jack, Stratton, Michael R., Worthington, Jane, Deloukas, Panos, Duncanson, Audrey, Kwiatkowski, Dominic P., McCarthy, Mark I., Ouwehand, Willem H., Parkes, Miles, Rahman, Nazneen, Todd, John A., Samani, Nilesh J., and Donnelly, Peter

Published
2010
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33. Estimating the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Europe

Author

Seth, Flaxman, Swapnil, Mishra, Axel, Gandy, H Juliette T, Unwin, Thomas A, Mellan, Helen, Coupland, Charles, Whittaker, Harrison, Zhu, Tresnia, Berah, Jeffrey W, Eaton, Mélodie, Monod, Azra C, Ghani, Christl A, Donnelly, Steven, Riley, Michaela A C, Vollmer, Neil M, Ferguson, Lucy C, Okell, and Patrick G T, Walker

Subjects
Europe, Pneumonia, Viral, Basic Reproduction Number, COVID-19, Humans, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
Abstract

Following the detection of the new coronavirus

Published
2020

34. Crystal structure of the first three domains of the type-1 insulin-like growth factor receptor

Author

Garrett, Thomas P.J., McKern, Neil M., Lou, Meizhen, Frenkel, Maurice J., Bentley, John D., Lovrecz, George, O., Elleman, Thomas C., Cosgrove, Leah J., and Ward, Colin W.

Subjects
Insulin-like growth factor 1 -- Observations, Insulin-like growth factors -- Observations, Epidermal growth factor -- Observations, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

IGF-I and IGF-II ligands share a common architecture with insulin, cross-reacting with IGF-1R and IR. IR is required for glucose homeostasis, and IGF-1R participates in normal growth and development, as well as malignant transformation. The epidermal growth-factor receptor (EGFR) group is closely linked to the IR group. The structure of the first three domains of IGF-1R is presented, determined to 2.6A resolution, showing how the IR sub group might interact with their ligands.

Published
1998

35. Structure of the insulin receptor ectodomain reveals a folded-over conformation

Author

McKern, Neil M., Lawrence, Michael C., Streltsov, Victor A., Lou, Mei-Zhen, Adams, Timothy E., Lovrecz, George O., Elleman, Thomas C., Richards, Kim M., Bentley, John D., Pilling, Patricia A., Hoyne, Peter A., Cartledge, Kellie A., Pham, Tam M., Lewis, Jennifer L., Sankovich, Sonia E., Stoichevska, Violet, Da Silva, Elizabeth, Robinson, Christine P., Frenkel, Maurice J., Sparrow, Lindsay G., Fernley, Ross T., Epa, V. Chandana, and Ward, Colin W.

Published
2006

39. Overexpression of dystrophin in transgenic mdx mice eliminates dystrophic symptoms without toxicity

Author

Cox, Gregory A., Cole, Neil M., Matsumura, Kiichiro, Phelps, Stephanie F., Hauschka, Stephen D., Campbell, Kevin P., Faulkner, John A., and Chamberlan, Jeffrey S.

Subjects
Muscular dystrophy -- Care and treatment, Gene therapy -- Usage, Gene expression -- Genetic aspects, Genetically modified mice -- Research, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Imperfect use of dystrophin causes Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, which are X-linked diseases, and gene therapy may be adopted by using a full-length dystrophin transgene to correct dystrophic symptoms in mdx mice. Dystrophic symptoms from mdx muscles could be removed by the high levels of dystrophin which transgenic mice create. In the case of transgenic mice, muscular dystrophy could be corrected by using tissue specific full-length dystrophics cDNA clone. The problems in the mice were almost corrected but the total cure was not possible either due to low protein use or defects in the truncated dystrophin clone.

Published
1993

42. Synergistic HNO3–H2SO4–NH3upper tropospheric particle formation

Author

Wang, Mingyi, Xiao, Mao, Bertozzi, Barbara, Marie, Guillaume, Rörup, Birte, Schulze, Benjamin, Bardakov, Roman, He, Xu-Cheng, Shen, Jiali, Scholz, Wiebke, Marten, Ruby, Dada, Lubna, Baalbaki, Rima, Lopez, Brandon, Lamkaddam, Houssni, Manninen, Hanna E., Amorim, António, Ataei, Farnoush, Bogert, Pia, Brasseur, Zoé, Caudillo, Lucía, De Menezes, Louis-Philippe, Duplissy, Jonathan, Ekman, Annica M. L., Finkenzeller, Henning, Carracedo, Loïc Gonzalez, Granzin, Manuel, Guida, Roberto, Heinritzi, Martin, Hofbauer, Victoria, Höhler, Kristina, Korhonen, Kimmo, Krechmer, Jordan E., Kürten, Andreas, Lehtipalo, Katrianne, Mahfouz, Naser G. A., Makhmutov, Vladimir, Massabò, Dario, Mathot, Serge, Mauldin, Roy L., Mentler, Bernhard, Müller, Tatjana, Onnela, Antti, Petäjä, Tuukka, Philippov, Maxim, Piedehierro, Ana A., Pozzer, Andrea, Ranjithkumar, Ananth, Schervish, Meredith, Schobesberger, Siegfried, Simon, Mario, Stozhkov, Yuri, Tomé, António, Umo, Nsikanabasi Silas, Vogel, Franziska, Wagner, Robert, Wang, Dongyu S., Weber, Stefan K., Welti, André, Wu, Yusheng, Zauner-Wieczorek, Marcel, Sipilä, Mikko, Winkler, Paul M., Hansel, Armin, Baltensperger, Urs, Kulmala, Markku, Flagan, Richard C., Curtius, Joachim, Riipinen, Ilona, Gordon, Hamish, Lelieveld, Jos, El-Haddad, Imad, Volkamer, Rainer, Worsnop, Douglas R., Christoudias, Theodoros, Kirkby, Jasper, Möhler, Ottmar, and Donahue, Neil M.

Abstract

New particle formation in the upper free troposphere is a major global source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)1–4. However, the precursor vapours that drive the process are not well understood. With experiments performed under upper tropospheric conditions in the CERN CLOUD chamber, we show that nitric acid, sulfuric acid and ammonia form particles synergistically, at rates that are orders of magnitude faster than those from any two of the three components. The importance of this mechanism depends on the availability of ammonia, which was previously thought to be efficiently scavenged by cloud droplets during convection. However, surprisingly high concentrations of ammonia and ammonium nitrate have recently been observed in the upper troposphere over the Asian monsoon region5,6. Once particles have formed, co-condensation of ammonia and abundant nitric acid alone is sufficient to drive rapid growth to CCN sizes with only trace sulfate. Moreover, our measurements show that these CCN are also highly efficient ice nucleating particles—comparable to desert dust. Our model simulations confirm that ammonia is efficiently convected aloft during the Asian monsoon, driving rapid, multi-acid HNO3–H2SO4–NH3nucleation in the upper troposphere and producing ice nucleating particles that spread across the mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere.

Published
2022
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45. Challenges and opportunities in controlling mosquito-borne infections

Author

Neil M, Ferguson

Subjects
Dengue, Vaccines, Mosquito Control, Incidence, Gene Drive Technology, Animals, Humans, Mosquito Vectors, Pest Control, Biological, Goals, Wolbachia, Malaria
Abstract

Mosquito-borne diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality across the tropical regions. Despite much progress in the control of malaria, malaria-associated morbidity remains high, whereas arboviruses-most notably dengue-are responsible for a rising burden of disease, even in middle-income countries that have almost completely eliminated malaria. Here I discuss how new interventions offer the promise of considerable future reductions in disease burden. However, I emphasize that intervention programmes need to be underpinned by rigorous trials and quantitative epidemiological analyses. Such analyses suggest that the long-term goal of elimination is more feasible for dengue than for malaria, even if malaria elimination would offer greater overall health benefit to the public.

Published
2018

46. DNA repair: Clamping down on copy errors

Author

Kad, Neil M. and Van Houten, Bennett

Subjects
Health aspects, DNA repair -- Health aspects
Abstract

Author(s): Neil M. Kad [1]; Bennett Van Houten [2] As we write up results for publication, any spelling errors are quickly identified by our computer's built-in spellchecker. However, this is [...]

Published
2016
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47. Assessing transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England

Author

Volz, Erik, Mishra, Swapnil, Chand, Meera, Barrett, Jeffrey C., Johnson, Robert, Geidelberg, Lily, Hinsley, Wes R., Laydon, Daniel J., Dabrera, Gavin, O’Toole, Áine, Amato, Robert, Ragonnet-Cronin, Manon, Harrison, Ian, Jackson, Ben, Ariani, Cristina V., Boyd, Olivia, Loman, Nicholas J., McCrone, John T., Gonçalves, Sónia, Jorgensen, David, Myers, Richard, Hill, Verity, Jackson, David K., Gaythorpe, Katy, Groves, Natalie, Sillitoe, John, Kwiatkowski, Dominic P., Flaxman, Seth, Ratmann, Oliver, Bhatt, Samir, Hopkins, Susan, Gandy, Axel, Rambaut, Andrew, and Ferguson, Neil M.

Abstract

The SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7, designated variant of concern (VOC) 202012/01 by Public Health England1, was first identified in the UK in late summer to early autumn 20202. Whole-genome SARS-CoV-2 sequence data collected from community-based diagnostic testing for COVID-19 show an extremely rapid expansion of the B.1.1.7 lineage during autumn 2020, suggesting that it has a selective advantage. Here we show that changes in VOC frequency inferred from genetic data correspond closely to changes inferred by Sgene target failures (SGTF) in community-based diagnostic PCR testing. Analysis of trends in SGTF and non-SGTF case numbers in local areas across England shows that B.1.1.7 has higher transmissibility than non-VOC lineages, even if it has a different latent period or generation time. The SGTF data indicate a transient shift in the age composition of reported cases, with cases of B.1.1.7 including a larger share of under 20-year-olds than non-VOC cases. We estimated time-varying reproduction numbers for B.1.1.7 and co-circulating lineages using SGTF and genomic data. The best-supported models did not indicate a substantial difference in VOC transmissibility among different age groups, but all analyses agreed that B.1.1.7 has a substantial transmission advantage over other lineages, with a 50% to 100% higher reproduction number.

Published
2021
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48. Ion-induced nucleation of pure biogenic particles

Author

Ugo Molteni, Juha Kangasluoma, Tuukka Petäjä, Matti P. Rissanen, Jasmin Tröstl, Andrea Christine Wagner, Ilona Riipinen, Antonio Dias, Martin Heinritzi, Jaeseok Kim, Catherine E. Scott, Christopher R. Hoyle, Jani Hakala, Alexandru Rap, Kamalika Sengupta, Chao Yan, Martin Breitenlechner, J. S. Craven, Urs Baltensperger, Serge Mathot, Manuel Krapf, F. Bianchi, Richard C. Flagan, Daniela Wimmer, Frank Stratmann, Vladimir Makhmutov, Joachim Curtius, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Tuija Jokinen, Arnaud P. Praplan, Armin Hansel, Hamish Gordon, Carla Frege, Otso Peräkylä, Christina Williamson, Jonathan Duplissy, Penglin Ye, Felix Piel, António Tomé, Siegfried Schobesberger, Sophia Brilke, Roberto Guida, Neil M. Donahue, Xuemeng Chen, Tuomo Nieminen, Gerhard Steiner, Ari Laaksonen, Kirsty J. Pringle, Ismael K. Ortega, Alexander L. Vogel, Jasper Kirkby, Yuri Stozhkov, Anne-Kathrin Bernhammer, Douglas R. Worsnop, N. A. D. Richards, António Amorim, Robert Wagner, Claudia Fuchs, Linda Rondo, Mikko Sipilä, John H. Seinfeld, Annele Virtanen, Markku Kulmala, Heikki Junninen, Sebastian Ehrhart, Alexey Adamov, Alessandro Franchin, Ernest Weingartner, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Nina Sarnela, Josef Dommen, Antti Onnela, Mario Simon, Paul E. Wagner, Paul M. Winkler, Joao Almeida, Xuan Zhang, and Andreas Kürten

Subjects
Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate Change, Nucleation, Mineralogy, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Air Pollution, ddc:550, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Cloud condensation nuclei, Human Activities, Particle Size, Chemical Physics and Chemistry, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Bicyclic Monoterpenes, Aerosols, Ions, Multidisciplinary, Atmosphere, Sulfuric acid, Sulfuric Acids, Aerosol, Oxygen, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Chemical physics, Atmospheric chemistry, Monoterpenes, Particle, Quantum Theory, Particulate Matter, Particle size, Volatilization, Oxidation-Reduction, Cosmic Radiation
Abstract

Atmospheric aerosols and their effect on clouds are thought to be important for anthropogenic radiative forcing of the climate, yet remain poorly understood1. Globally, around half of cloud condensation nuclei originate from nucleation of atmospheric vapours2. It is thought that sulfuric acid is essential to initiate most particle formation in the atmosphere3,4, and that ions have a relatively minor role5. Some laboratory studies, however, have reported organic particle formation without the intentional addition of sulfuric acid, although contamination could not be excluded6,7. Here we present evidence for the formation of aerosol particles from highly oxidized biogenic vapours in the absence of sulfuric acid in a large chamber under atmospheric conditions. The highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) are produced by ozonolysis of α-pinene. We find that ions from Galactic cosmic rays increase the nucleation rate by one to two orders of magnitude compared with neutral nucleation. Our experimental findings are supported by quantum chemical calculations of the cluster binding energies of representative HOMs. Ion-induced nucleation of pure organic particles constitutes a potentially widespread source of aerosol particles in terrestrial environments with low sulfuric acid pollution.

Published
2016
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50. Iron acquisition by photosynthetic marine phytoplankton from ingested bacteria

Author

Roxane Maranger, David F. Bird, and Neil M. Price

Subjects
Bacterivore, Multidisciplinary, biology, Chemistry, fungi, Plankton, biology.organism_classification, Photosynthesis, Ochromonas, Algae, Environmental chemistry, Phytoplankton, Botany, Autotroph, Mixotroph
Abstract

Iron is unique among biologically essential trace metals in having a higher particulate than dissolved concentration in ocean surface waters1. Uptake of dissolved iron is generally considered to be the norm for phytoplankton, as even the smallest iron-bearing particles are unavailable for transport into cells2,3. But the oceanic dissolved fraction is so small, and the particulate fraction so inert2, that phytoplankton production is limited by a dearth of available iron in some regions4. Here we use incubation experiments to show that Ochromonas sp., a common photosynthetic flagellate from the Pacific Ocean, can obtain iron directly in particulate form, by ingesting bacteria. Iron acquisition is highly efficient; Ochromonas assimilates 30% of the ingested ration, acquiring a high intracellular iron concentration and maintaining a significantly faster growth rate than when iron is provided in the dissolved phase. Phytoplankton capable of such phagotrophy (so-called mixotrophic species) may thus be able to assimilate iron in both particulate and dissolved forms in the ocean. Moreover, when iron availability is limited, the iron ‘cost’ of growth is diminished because Ochromonas derives a greater fraction of its energy from the bacteria. Analysis of standing stocks and clearance rates of plankton in the equatorial Pacific shows that the iron flux through mixotrophic flagellates can amount to 35–58% of the total Fe uptake by the entire autotrophic community. Our results suggest that the phagotrophic ingestion of bacteria may be an effective adaptive strategy for photosynthetic organisms to obtain iron for growth in iron-limited regions of the sea.

Published
1998
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