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The impressive capabilities of the mammalian brain--ranging from perception, pattern recognition and memory formation to decision making and motor activity control--have inspired their re-creation in a wide range of artificial intelligence systems for applications such as face recognition, anomaly detection, medical diagnosis and robotic vehicle control (1). Yet before neuron-based brains evolved, complex biomolecular circuits provided individual cells with the 'intelligent' behaviour required for survival (2). However, the study of how molecules can 'think' has not produced an equal variety of computational models and applications of artificial chemical systems. Although biomolecular systems have been hypothesized to carry out neural-network-like computations in vivo (3,2,4) and the synthesis of artificial chemical analogues has been proposed theoretically (5-9), experimental work (10-13) has so far fallen short of fully implementing even a single neuron. Here, building on the richness of DNA computing (14) and strand displacement circuitry (15), we show how molecular systems can exhibit autonomous brain-like behaviours. Using a simple DNA gate architecture (16) that allows experimental scale-up of multilayer digital circuits (17), we systematically transform arbitrary linear threshold circuits (18) (an artificial neural network model) into DNA strand displacement cascades that function as small neural networks. Our approach even allows us to implement a Hopfield associative memory (19) with four fully connected artificial neurons that, after training insilico, remembers four single-stranded DNA patterns and recalls the most similar one when presented with an incomplete pattern. Our results suggest that DNA strand displacement cascades could be used to endow autonomous chemical systems with the capability of recognizing patterns of molecular events, making decisions and responding to the environment., The human brain is composed of ~[10.sup.11] neurons, and each has a few thousand synapses. Each synapse can receive signals from other neurons, raising or lowering the electrical potential inside [...]

Author(s): Roger Brent [1]; Jehoshua Bruck [2] [illus. 1] It doesn't require vast prophetic vision to identify developments in computers and information technology that will greatly affect the practice of [...]