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1. Widespread but heterogeneous responses of Andean forests to climate change

Author

Fadrique, Belén, Báez, Selene, Duque, Álvaro, Malizia, Agustina, Blundo, Cecilia, Carilla, Julieta, and Osinaga-Acosta, Oriana

Subjects
Andean region -- Natural history -- Environmental aspects, Climate change -- Environmental aspects, Plant communities -- Environmental aspects, Plant succession -- Observations, Rain forests -- Environmental aspects -- South America, Trees (Plants) -- Environmental aspects, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Global warming is forcing many species to shift their distributions upward, causing consequent changes in the compositions of species that occur at specific locations. This prediction remains largely untested for tropical trees. Here we show, using a database of nearly 200 Andean forest plot inventories spread across more than 33.5° latitude (from 26.8° S to 7.1° N) and 3,000-m elevation (from 360 to 3,360 m above sea level), that tropical and subtropical tree communities are experiencing directional shifts in composition towards having greater relative abundances of species from lower, warmer elevations. Although this phenomenon of 'thermophilization' is widespread throughout the Andes, the rates of compositional change are not uniform across elevations. The observed heterogeneity in thermophilization rates is probably because of different warming rates and/or the presence of specialized tree communities at ecotones (that is, at the transitions between distinct habitats, such as at the timberline or at the base of the cloud forest). Understanding the factors that determine the directions and rates of compositional changes will enable us to better predict, and potentially mitigate, the effects of climate change on tropical forests.With global warming, Andean forests are changing to include more trees of low-elevation, heat-loving species but rates of compositional change are not uniform across elevations and are insufficient to keep species in equilibrium with climate., Author(s): Belén Fadrique [sup.1] , Selene Báez [sup.2] [sup.3] , Álvaro Duque [sup.4] , Agustina Malizia [sup.5] , Cecilia Blundo [sup.5] , Julieta Carilla [sup.5] , Oriana Osinaga-Acosta [sup.5] , [...]

Published
2018
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2. Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size

Author

Stephenson, N.L., Das, A.J., Condit, R., Russo, S.E., Baker, P.J., Beckman, N.G., Coomes, D.A., Lines, E.R., Morris, W.K., Ruger, N., Alvarez, E., Blundo, C., Bunyavejchewin, S., Chuyong, G., Davies, S.J., Duque, A., Ewango, C.N., Flores, O., Franklin, J.F., Grau, H.R., Hao, Z., Harmon, M.E., Hubbell, S.P., Kenfack, D., Lin, Y., Makana, J.-R., Malizia, A., Malizia, L.R., Pabst, R.J., Pongpattananurak, N., Su, S.-H., Sun, I-F., Tan, S., Thomas, D., van Mantgem, P.J., Wang, X., Wiser, S.K., and Zavala, M.A.

Subjects
Carbon cycle (Biogeochemistry) -- Analysis -- Research, Climatic changes -- Research, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Forests are major components of the global carbon cycle, providing substantial feedback to atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations (1). Our ability to understand and predict changes in the forest carbon cycle--particularly net primary productivity and carbon storage--increasingly relies on models that represent biological processes across several scales of biological organization, from tree leaves to forest stands (2,3). Yet, despite advances in our understanding of productivity at the scales of leaves and stands, no consensus exists about the nature of productivity at the scale of the individual tree (4-7), in part because we lack a broad empirical assessment of whether rates of absolute tree mass growth (and thus carbon accumulation) decrease, remain constant, or increase as trees increase in size and age. Here we present a global analysis of 403 tropical and temperate tree species, showing that for most species mass growth rate increases continuously with tree size. Thus, large, old trees do not act simply as senescent carbon reservoirs but actively fix large amounts of carbon compared to smaller trees; at the extreme, a single big tree can add the same amount of carbon to the forest within a year as is contained in an entire mid-sized tree. The apparent paradoxes of individual tree growth increasing with tree size despite declining leaf-level (8-10) and stand-level (10) productivity can be explained, respectively, by increases in a tree's total leaf area that outpace declines in productivity per unit of leaf area and, among other factors, age-related reductions in population density. Our results resolve conflicting assumptions about the nature of tree growth, inform efforts to undertand and model forest carbon dynamics, and have additional implications for theories of resource allocation (11) and plant senescence (12)., A widely held assumption is that after an initial period of increasing growth, the mass growth rate of individual trees declines with increasing tree size (4,5,13-16). Although the results of [...]

Published
2014

3. Widespread but heterogeneous responses of Andean forests to climate change

Author

Zhofre Aguirre, Cecilia Blundo, Esteban Pinto, Miles R. Silman, Julieta Carilla, Oriana Osinaga-Acosta, Nikolay Aguirre, Lucio R. Malizia, Oswaldo Jadán, Manuel Peralvo, Alvaro Duque, Yadvinder Malhi, Kenneth R. Young, Agustina Malizia, Kenneth J. Feeley, William Farfan-Rios, Francisco Cuesta C., Belén Fadrique, Jürgen Homeier, and Selene Báez

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, SPECIES MIGRATION, Ecología, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ciencias Biológicas, Geography, ANDEAN FORESTS, BIODIVERSITY, TEMPERATURE, Humanities, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Global warming is forcing many species to shift their distributions upward, causing consequent changes in the compositions of species that occur at specific locations. This prediction remains largely untested for tropical trees. Here we show, using a database of nearly 200 Andean forest plot inventories spread across more than 33.5° latitude (from 26.8° S to 7.1° N) and 3,000-m elevation (from 360 to 3,360 m above sea level), that tropical and subtropical tree communities are experiencing directional shifts in composition towards having greater relative abundances of species from lower, warmer elevations. Although this phenomenon of ‘thermophilization’ is widespread throughout the Andes, the rates of compositional change are not uniform across elevations. The observed heterogeneity in thermophilization rates is probably because of different warming rates and/or the presence of specialized tree communities at ecotones (that is, at the transitions between distinct habitats, such as at the timberline or at the base of the cloud forest). Understanding the factors that determine the directions and rates of compositional changes will enable us to better predict, and potentially mitigate, the effects of climate change on tropical forests. Fil: Fadrique, Belén. University of Miami; Estados Unidos Fil: Báez, Selene. Escuela Politécnica Nacional; Ecuador Fil: Duque, Álvaro. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Colombia Fil: Malizia, Agustina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentina Fil: Blundo, Cecilia Mabel. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentina Fil: Carilla, Julieta. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentina Fil: Osinaga Acosta, Oriana. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentina Fil: Malizia, Lucio Ricardo. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina Fil: Silman, Miles. University Wake Forest; Estados Unidos Fil: Farfán Ríos, William. Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco; Perú. University Wake Forest; Estados Unidos Fil: Malhi, Yadvinder. University of Oxford; Reino Unido Fil: Young, Kenneth R.. University of Texas at Austin; Estados Unidos Fil: Cuesta C., Francisco. University of Amsterdam; Países Bajos Fil: Homeier, Jurgen. Universität Göttingen; Alemania Fil: Peralvo, Manuel. Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecorregión Andina; Ecuador Fil: Pinto, Esteban. Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecorregión Andina; Ecuador Fil: Jadan, Oswaldo. Universidad de Cuenca. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Ecuador Fil: Aguirre, Nikolay. Universidad Nacional de Loja. Programa de Investigación Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos; Ecuador Fil: Aguirre, Zhofre. Universidad Nacional de Loja. Programa de Investigación Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos; Ecuador Fil: Feeley, Kenneth J.. University of Miami; Estados Unidos. Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden; Estados Unidos

Published
2018
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4. Author Correction: Widespread but heterogeneous responses of Andean forests to climate change

Author

Fadrique, Belén, Báez, Selene, Duque, Álvaro, Malizia, Agustina, Blundo, Cecilia, Carilla, Julieta, and Osinaga-Acosta, Oriana

Subjects
Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

In Fig. 2 of this Article, the positive part of the y axis scale should read 0, 0.02, 0.04 instead of 0, 0.04, 0.02. This has been corrected online., Author(s): Belén Fadrique [sup.1] , Selene Báez [sup.2] [sup.3] , Álvaro Duque [sup.4] , Agustina Malizia [sup.5] , Cecilia Blundo [sup.5] , Julieta Carilla [sup.5] , Oriana Osinaga-Acosta [sup.5] , [...]

Published
2019
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5. Widespread but heterogeneous responses of Andean forests to climate change

Author

Belén, Fadrique, Selene, Báez, Álvaro, Duque, Agustina, Malizia, Cecilia, Blundo, Julieta, Carilla, Oriana, Osinaga-Acosta, Lucio, Malizia, Miles, Silman, William, Farfán-Ríos, Yadvinder, Malhi, Kenneth R, Young, Francisco, Cuesta C, Jurgen, Homeier, Manuel, Peralvo, Esteban, Pinto, Oswaldo, Jadan, Nikolay, Aguirre, Zhofre, Aguirre, and Kenneth J, Feeley

Subjects
Disasters, Tropical Climate, Databases, Factual, Species Specificity, Acclimatization, Altitude, Temperature, Disaster Planning, Biodiversity, Forests, Global Warming, Forecasting, Trees
Abstract

Global warming is forcing many species to shift their distributions upward, causing consequent changes in the compositions of species that occur at specific locations. This prediction remains largely untested for tropical trees. Here we show, using a database of nearly 200 Andean forest plot inventories spread across more than 33.5° latitude (from 26.8° S to 7.1° N) and 3,000-m elevation (from 360 to 3,360 m above sea level), that tropical and subtropical tree communities are experiencing directional shifts in composition towards having greater relative abundances of species from lower, warmer elevations. Although this phenomenon of 'thermophilization' is widespread throughout the Andes, the rates of compositional change are not uniform across elevations. The observed heterogeneity in thermophilization rates is probably because of different warming rates and/or the presence of specialized tree communities at ecotones (that is, at the transitions between distinct habitats, such as at the timberline or at the base of the cloud forest). Understanding the factors that determine the directions and rates of compositional changes will enable us to better predict, and potentially mitigate, the effects of climate change on tropical forests.

Published
2017

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