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The article discusses the most-cited researches in history. Topics include topics of papers and citations that has allowed them to reach the top the most cited research like Bioinformatics, Phylogenetics and Statistics, a chart showing the top 10 most cited researches and information on the first systematic effort to track citations the Science Citation Index (SCI).

Biodiversity is essential to the viability of ecological systems. Species diversity in ecosystems is promoted by cyclic, non-hierarchical interactions among competing populations. Central features of such non-transitive relations are represented by the ‘rock–paper–scissors’ game, in which rock crushes scissors, scissors cut paper, and paper wraps rock. In combination with spatial dispersal of static populations, this type of competition results in the stable coexistence of all species and the long-term maintenance of biodiversity. However, population mobility is a central feature of real ecosystems: animals migrate, bacteria run and tumble. Here, we observe a critical influence of mobility on species diversity. When mobility exceeds a certain value, biodiversity is jeopardized and lost. In contrast, below this critical threshold all subpopulations coexist and an entanglement of travelling spiral waves forms in the course of time. We establish that this phenomenon is robust; it does not depend on the details of cyclic competition or spatial environment. These findings have important implications for maintenance and temporal development of ecological systems and are relevant for the formation and propagation of patterns in microbial populations or excitable media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free-standing paper-like or foil-like materials are an integral part of our technological society. Their uses include protective layers, chemical filters, components of electrical batteries or supercapacitors, adhesive layers, electronic or optoelectronic components, and molecular storage. Inorganic ‘paper-like’ materials based on nanoscale components such as exfoliated vermiculite or mica platelets have been intensively studied and commercialized as protective coatings, high-temperature binders, dielectric barriers and gas-impermeable membranes4,5. Carbon-based flexible graphite foils composed of stacked platelets of expanded graphite have long been used in packing and gasketing applications because of their chemical resistivity against most media, superior sealability over a wide temperature range, and impermeability to fluids. The discovery of carbon nanotubes brought about bucky paper, which displays excellent mechanical and electrical properties that make it potentially suitable for fuel cell and structural composite applications. Here we report the preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper, a free-standing carbon-based membrane material made by flow-directed assembly of individual graphene oxide sheets. This new material outperforms many other paper-like materials in stiffness and strength. Its combination of macroscopic flexibility and stiffness is a result of a unique interlocking-tile arrangement of the nanoscale graphene oxide sheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses the replacement of journal and articles by algorithms that rate, filter and disseminate scholarship. He explores the transition of the peer-review system from paper-native to Web-native system that uses Web technology to enhance dissemination, wherein, web-native articles have inconsistent quality and require filtering compared to journal articles. Topics discussed include dissemination, certification, and reward structure of scholarship.

Organisms use signals of quality to communicate information about aspects of their relative phenotypic and genetic constitution. Badges of status are a subset of signals of quality that reveal information about an individual's size and dominance. In general, signals of quality require high and differential costs to remain honest (that is, prevent low-quality cheaters from exploiting any fitness benefits associated with communicating high quality). The theoretically required costs for badges of status remain controversial because the development (or‘production’) of such signals often seems to be relatively cost-free. One important hypothesis is that such signals impose social (or‘maintenance’) costs incurred through repeated agonistic interactions with other individuals. However, convincing empirical evidence for social costs remains elusive. Here we report social costs in a previously undescribed badge of status: the highly variable black facial patterns of female paper wasps, Polistes dominulus. Facial patterns strongly predict body size and social dominance. Moreover, in staged contests between pairs of unfamiliar wasps, subordinate wasps with experimentally altered facial features (‘cheaters’) received considerably more aggression from the dominant than did sham controls, indicating that facial patterns are signals and that dishonest signalling imposes social costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a study which developed a non-transitive model community of the species of Escherichia coli to identify mechanisms in biodiversity. Competition among species and the ecological process of dispersal and interaction; Importance of localized processes to coexistence in natural communities.

Presents a report that applies an evolutionary stable-strategy model to a three-morph mating system in the side-blotched lizard. Oscillations of morph frequency; Fitnesses of each morph; Cycling driven by selective forces within the population rather than by interactions among species; Possibly the first biological example of a rock-paper-scissors game.

Colicins are narrow-spectrum antibiotics produced by and active against Escherichia coli and its close relatives. Colicin-producing strains cannot coexist with sensitive or resistant strains in a well-mixed culture, yet all three phenotypes are recovered in natural populations. Recent in vitro results conclude that strain diversity can be promoted by colicin production in a spatially structured, non-transitive interaction, as in the classic non-transitive model rock-paper-scissors (RPS). In the colicin version of the RPS model, strains that produce colicins (C) kill sensitive (S) strains, which outcompete resistant (R) strains, which outcompete C strains. Pairwise in vitro competitions between these three strains are resolved in a predictable order (C beats S, S beats R, and R beats C), but the complete system of three strains presents the opportunity for dynamic equilibrium. Here we provide conclusive evidence of an in vivo antagonistic role for colicins and show that colicins (and potentially other bacteriocins) may promote, rather than eliminate, microbial diversity in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a quantitative description of the shape, response and stability of conical dislocation in crumpling of paper. Results of deformation; Scaling laws for the size of the core; Characteristics of the geometry of the dislocation away from the core; Interaction between conical dislocations in a simple geometry.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to an article related to ranking of India's top institutions on the basis of number of research papers in the Scopus citation database over the past five years in a 2015 issue.

A letter to editor is presented related to the article which presents the screening of false papers with the help of automatic ArXiv screens by Paul Ginsparg in a previous issue of the journal.

Collective efforts are a trademark of both insect and human societies. They are achieved through relatedness in the former and unknown mechanisms in the latter. The problem of achieving cooperation among non-kin has been described as the ‘tragedy of the commons’, prophesying the inescapable collapse of many human enterprises. In public goods experiments, initial cooperation usually drops quickly to almost zero. It can be maintained by the opportunity to punish defectors or the need to maintain good reputation. Both schemes require that defectors are identified. Theorists propose that a simple but effective mechanism operates under full anonymity. With optional participation in the public goods game, ‘loners’ (players who do not join the group), defectors and cooperators will coexist through rock-paper-scissors dynamics. Here we show experimentally that volunteering generates these dynamics in public goods games and that manipulating initial conditions can produce each predicted direction. If, by manipulating displayed decisions, it is pretended that defectors have the highest frequency, loners soon become most frequent, as do cooperators after loners and defectors after cooperators. On average, cooperation is perpetuated at a substantial level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a research conducted by European Commission on online availability of research papers, which found that more than 50 percent research papers of 2011 are openly available online and 30 percent are available free. It reports that proportion of free online papers will increase in the next few years as from 2014 European Commission the results of all research funded by the Euro­pean Union must be open access.

The article reflects on the issue that has arise regarding a research paper published in the journal "Cell" that has mentioned three pairs of duplicated images related to creation of human embryonic stem-cell lines from cloned human skin cells. It mentions that leader of the study Shoukhrat Mitalipov has admitted the errors related to the three sets of duplicated images as published in the paper.

In recent years, a number of different technologies have been proposed for use in reflective displays. One of the most appealing applications of a reflective display is electronic paper, which combines the desirable viewing characteristics of conventional printed paper with the ability to manipulate the displayed information electronically. Electronic paper based on the electrophoretic motion of particles inside small capsules has been demonstrated and commercialized; but the response speed of such a system is rather slow, limited by the velocity of the particles. Recently, we have demonstrated that electrowetting is an attractive technology for the rapid manipulation of liquids on a micrometre scale. Here we show that electrowetting can also be used to form the basis of a reflective display that is significantly faster than electrophoretic displays, so that video content can be displayed. Our display principle utilizes the voltage-controlled movement of a coloured oil film adjacent to a white substrate. The reflectivity and contrast of our system approach those of paper. In addition, we demonstrate a colour concept, which is intrinsically four times brighter than reflective liquid-crystal displays and twice as bright as other emerging technologies. The principle of microfluidic motion at low voltages is applicable in a wide range of electro-optic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies the response of the Japanese honeybee, Apis cerana japonica, to the foraging-site marking pheronome of the Japanese giant hornet, Vespa mandarinia japonica. Phases of the foraging sequence; Mass defense of the Japanese honeybee against hornet attck; Thermographic visualization of the defensive ball formed by honeybees.

The article focuses on the failure to retract the research papers on dead children, which were found to be fundamentally flawed. It says that 10 studies based on dead children's body parts lacked permission from parents, as what was revealed in the January 2011 report. It states that despite of the findings, only one among the 10 papers was retracted. It adds that the lack of action reflects the hesitation of journals and institutions to retract studies when the authors fight for their results.

The article reports on the celebration made by the Linnean Society of London for the 150 years anniversary since the reading of the seminal evolution papers by British naturalists Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace at one of the meetings of the organization in England in 1858. According to the article, the reading of the papers marks the removal of humanity from the center of creation to promote the concept of evolution that theorizes that life came into being by a process of natural selection.

The article offers information on Chinese scientists who have faced problems regarding a research paper on H7N9 avian flu that they uploaded on the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) database. It reports that Switzerland-based pharmaceutical firm Novartis AG and the Maryland-based non-profit research organization J. Craig Venter Institute Inc. have made plans to use the uploaded sequences for the development of H7N9 vaccines without involving Chinese researchers.

The article announces the standards for all research papers on cloning by "Nature." The periodical is asking the authors to provide nuclear and mitochondrial DNA fingerprints for all cloning papers submitted for publication. Nuclear DNA fingerprints of the lines should be presented for comparison with existing lines, in the case of papers disclosing new embryonic stem cell lines.

The article discusses a research paper on mathematical models that help scientists with their decision on submitting their papers to ecology journals, which references a study published in a 2015 issue of "PLoS ONE," and cites ecology journals recommended by the researchers.

The article discusses about digitization of old research papers and journal archives by search engines have made scientists searching papers easier.

The article discusses a study by researcher Yoshihiro Kawaoka and colleagues from the University of Wisconsin-Madison concerning the transmission of avian H5N1 influenza viruses. Researchers have mutated haemagglutinin (HA) gene and combined it with other genes from seven other genes from H1N1 strain transmissible flu virus. Study shows that the hybrid virus can spread between ferrets after four mutations while three mutations allow HA protein to stick to mammalian cells's receptor molecules.

The article deals with the questions raised by a Drosophila genomics paper published in the journal "G3: Genes Genomics Genetics" which credited more than a thousand authors.

The article reports on the launch of "The Journal of Brief Ideas," which publishes scientific papers with 200 words or less, as of February 2015.

The article reviews the article on enzyme chip by A. Beloqui and colleagues, which appeared in the periodical "Science."

The article discusses the findings of a research team by bioengineer James J. Collins stating that printing of functional biological circuits on paper.

The article focuses on the impact a Russian amended law concerning state secrets is having on science publishing by Russian scientists. It states President Vladimir Putin used a decree in May 2015 expanding the scope of a law requiring scientists get permission from the Federal Security Service prior to publishing results which could have industrial or military applications. It reports Russian universities are requiring scientists seek approval to the publication of any findings without exception.

The article elaborates on the research conducted by Evan Eichler and colleagues at the University of Washington in Seattle regarding the genomic arrangements of chromosomes of human beings in Seattle, Washington. Researchers found that people with diverse symptoms including mental retardation, small head size, heart problems and cataracts have genomic rearragements on the same region of chromosome 1. They linked deletions and duplications in a region of chromosome 1 that is 1.35 million DNA bases long to the abnormalities and cases of autism and learning difficulties.

Focuses on the use of fetal-cell injections for patients with spinal cord injuries and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Beijing, China. Historical background of the unconventional treatment for neurological disease; Assessment of the effectiveness of the technique of injecting fetal cells into patients; Claims of Hongyun Huang who developed the treatment concerning the efficacy of the technique in improving the quality of life for people with spinal injuries.

This article focuses on careers in journalism. A staff position as a science journalist is as rare as it is coveted. In fact, many more opportunities exist for public information officers or freelance writers. Whatever the position, the ability to communicate is the common denominator. People who write about science for a living fall into two broad categories. There's science journalism and science writing, and those are two different things, says Deb Blum, president of the U.S. National Association of Science Writers (NASW), which promotes both roles. Blum says that journalism is undergoing a revival that reflects an upturn in U.S. advertising dollars.

Reports of the two American newspapers fighting a messy public battle over a series of article that criticize one of the most respected cancer centers in the world. Allegation that the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center failed to tell patients about the true risks of cancer trials; Conflict of financial interests; Uninformed consent.

Reports the detection of transgenic DNA from the local varieties of genetically modified (GM) maize in Mexico. Assessment on the validity of the study; Utilization of the viral DNA to improve genetic activity of GM maize; Impact of GM maize on the environment.

The author discuses a confidential agreement which has been signed between researchers and different journals where by not all papers fro dissertation or other scientific research can be reproduced by students. The author has to overcome this problem suggested some ways for scholars to check before they go ahead with their paper writing. Author suggests checking whether the experiments were perfumed blinded or not, the reagents used are validated and the statistical analysis is adequate.

Focuses on an approach to address the environmental issues in paper industry. Components of the raw wood pulp; Discussion about pulp bleaching; Utilization of polyoxometallate cluster ion in the delignification process.

The article focuses on computer-based research techniques developed by academic publishing company Elsevier BV for text-mining which makes it easy for scientists to extract data from its online research papers. Topics discussed include Elsevier's online interface (API) to batch download documents in computer-readable XML format, pharmaceutical companies asking for text and data-mining rights along with legal controls exerted by publishers over the way text-mining are done.

The article focuses on the failure of the Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics (SCOAP) initiative organized by the European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN, which was refused to be published by the periodical "Physical Review D." Topics discussed are the American Physical Society to publish papers on experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider, Salvatore Mele, a leader of SCOAP from CERN and issues on subscription fees.

A letter to the editor about a 4R approach to assessing reported research is presented.

The article reports on a Twitter conversation between geneticist Yoav Gilad and geneticist Michael Snyder, which casts doubt on the conclusion of a genomics study which concluded that human and mice genetics are similar.

The article focuses on an article published on the open access publishing platform F1000Research and comments a recent microblog Twitter conversation casting doubts on the conclusions of a genomics study revived debate concerning the best method of publicly discussing potential research errors.

A blog is presented about the need to improve the style of scientific writing.

The author reflects on bibliometrics, a way of quantitatively analyzing scientific literature to assess its quality, and criticizes the way scientists are guided mainly by citation statistics. Topics include the negative effects of bibliometrics in terms of hindering the creative development of a research agenda and the need for scientists to focus on scientific merit versus journal impact factor by resisting dependence on bibliometrics in their decision-making process.

The article discusses the anger of several scientists in the U.S. regarding the republication of retracted study by Gilles-Eric Séralini and colleagues that linked genetically modified maize (corn) to tumors in rats.

The article summarizes research published in a 2015 issue of "Advanced Materials" concerning the development of a flexible lithium-air battery using paper and lithium foil with a carbon-based ink which was capable of holding a charge even after being bent 1,000 times.

The article reports on the two papers which were linked to an extortion attempt and originated from the laboratory of Peter Schultz, a prominent chemist at the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, San Diego, California. The papers claimed to describe the successful incorporation of amino acids linked to sugars at specific positions in proteins made by the bacterium Escherichia coli. Related issues are further discussed.

The article reports on two papers published by protein engineer Homme Hellinga's laboratory at Duke University medical Center in Durham, North Carolina. The work is considered as vital for showing the possibility of using computer algorithms to design proteins that bind to small molecules. However, the papers have been challenged by physical chemist John Richard who found that enzymes from Hellinga's laboratory did not work as reported.

The article reports on a study suggesting that older scientists had published more research papers than their younger counterparts. It was found that those in their 50s and 60s had published twice as many papers per year as compared to those who are in their early 30s. Yves Gingras, a historian of science, became interested in the topic when he read that the average age for first grants from the U.S. National Institutes of Health in Maryland had increased from 34 in 1970 to almost 42 in 2004.

The article underscores the retraction of a review paper by Massoumeh Ebtekar, an immunologist at Tarbiat Modares University in Tehran, Iran, from an Iranian journal following allegement that it was plagiarized from other scientists's papers. Mohammad Eslami, editor-in-chief of "Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology" said that the article will be retractred and that the journal will publish an editorial focusing on the policy on the duplication of published materials.

The article reports on the retraction asked by the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Minnesota from the journal "Blood" about a high-profile paper on adult stem cells following a university investigation. The paper has accordingly, reported that mesenchymal stem cells isolated from adult bone marrow could generate a surprising number of tissues but other laboratories had trouble replicating that work.