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There is a well-documented gap between the observed number of works produced by women and by men in science, with clear consequences for the retention and promotion of women 1 . The gap might be a result of productivity differences 2-5 , or it might be owing to women's contributions not being acknowledged 6,7 . Here we find that at least part of this gap is the result of unacknowledged contributions: women in research teams are significantly less likely than men to be credited with authorship. The findings are consistent across three very different sources of data. Analysis of the first source-large-scale administrative data on research teams, team scientific output and attribution of credit-show that women are significantly less likely to be named on a given article or patent produced by their team relative to their male peers. The gender gap in attribution is present across most scientific fields and almost all career stages. The second source-an extensive survey of authors-similarly shows that women's scientific contributions are systematically less likely to be recognized. The third source-qualitative responses-suggests that the reason that women are less likely to be credited is because their work is often not known, is not appreciated or is ignored. At least some of the observed gender gap in scientific output may be owing not to differences in scientific contribution, but rather to differences in attribution., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The goal of sex and gender analysis is to promote rigorous, reproducible and responsible science. Incorporating sex and gender analysis into experimental design has enabled advancements across many disciplines, such as improved treatment of heart disease and insights into the societal impact of algorithmic bias. Here we discuss the potential for sex and gender analysis to foster scientific discovery, improve experimental efficiency and enable social equality. We provide a roadmap for sex and gender analysis across scientific disciplines and call on researchers, funding agencies, peer-reviewed journals and universities to coordinate efforts to implement robust methods of sex and gender analysis.

Human achievements are often preceded by repeated attempts that fail, but little is known about the mechanisms that govern the dynamics of failure. Here, building on previous research relating to innovation 1-7 , human dynamics 8-11 and learning 12-17 , we develop a simple one-parameter model that mimics how successful future attempts build on past efforts. Solving this model analytically suggests that a phase transition separates the dynamics of failure into regions of progression or stagnation and predicts that, near the critical threshold, agents who share similar characteristics and learning strategies may experience fundamentally different outcomes following failures. Above the critical point, agents exploit incremental refinements to systematically advance towards success, whereas below it, they explore disjoint opportunities without a pattern of improvement. The model makes several empirically testable predictions, demonstrating that those who eventually succeed and those who do not may initially appear similar, but can be characterized by fundamentally distinct failure dynamics in terms of the efficiency and quality associated with each subsequent attempt. We collected large-scale data from three disparate domains and traced repeated attempts by investigators to obtain National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants to fund their research, innovators to successfully exit their startup ventures, and terrorist organizations to claim casualties in violent attacks. We find broadly consistent empirical support across all three domains, which systematically verifies each prediction of our model. Together, our findings unveil detectable yet previously unknown early signals that enable us to identify failure dynamics that will lead to ultimate success or failure. Given the ubiquitous nature of failure and the paucity of quantitative approaches to understand it, these results represent an initial step towards the deeper understanding of the complex dynamics underlying failure.

Reports on the controversy created by a stem cell paper by a team of German biologists published in the 2004 issue of "Applied Physics". Public announcement of the research as a breakthrough in adult stem-cell technology; Protests against research using embryonic lines; Criticisms of the research.

Examines the politics of scientific publication. Role of authors, reviewers and editors in protecting the quality of research; Trends in making decisions about the publication of a scientific paper; Implications for research and publication in biomedical science.

The article looks at research that uses online databases and network analysis to come up with some rules of thumb for productive collaborations. It discusses science's increasingly collaborative nature, and the factors that determine a team's success. The article highlights the results of a study by sociologist Brian Uzzi of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois and colleagues, which analyzed more than two million patents along with nearly 20 million papers published since 1955. It examines key issues relating to productive collaborations.

The article reports on the efforts of U.S. government to make scientific research available for all. It reports that the accessibility offered by the Internet has transformed science publishing over the past decade. The government of the U.S. is making efforts to make all federally funded research available for free. The new system will make huge numbers of scientific articles publicly available for all. It reports that such archives will basically contain the final versions of the manuscripts written by the authors. There was an increase in public access in late 2007 when the U.S. Congress passed a bill and made it compulsory for scientists funded by the National Institute of Health (NIH) to deposit their papers within 12 months of publication.

Provides facts on various issues related to science in Great Britain. Enlargement of a British-owned island in the South Atlantic due to volcanic eruption; Creation of a paper plane that could travel farther than 30 meters by students at the University of Leeds; Citation of a study indicating the potential for spending time with dolphins to help dispel depression.

The article discusses a research misconduct case that damaged the reputation of the RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) in Kobe, Japan. Topics include papers on pluripotent stem cells in the journal "Nature" that discussed the use of the stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency (STAP) technique by biochemist Haruko Obokata, a committee report led by materials scientist Teruo Kishi, and the impact of media scrutiny on the scandal.

One of the most universal trends in science and technology today is the growth of large teams in all areas, as solitary researchers and small teams diminish in prevalence 1-3 . Increases in team size have been attributed to the specialization of scientific activities 3 , improvements in communication technology 4,5 , or the complexity of modern problems that require interdisciplinary solutions 6-8 . This shift in team size raises the question of whether and how the character of the science and technology produced by large teams differs from that of small teams. Here we analyse more than 65 million papers, patents and software products that span the period 1954-2014, and demonstrate that across this period smaller teams have tended to disrupt science and technology with new ideas and opportunities, whereas larger teams have tended to develop existing ones. Work from larger teams builds on more-recent and popular developments, and attention to their work comes immediately. By contrast, contributions by smaller teams search more deeply into the past, are viewed as disruptive to science and technology and succeed further into the future-if at all. Observed differences between small and large teams are magnified for higher-impact work, with small teams known for disruptive work and large teams for developing work. Differences in topic and research design account for a small part of the relationship between team size and disruption; most of the effect occurs at the level of the individual, as people move between smaller and larger teams. These results demonstrate that both small and large teams are essential to a flourishing ecology of science and technology, and suggest that, to achieve this, science policies should aim to support a diversity of team sizes.

Focuses on scientific fraud and misconduct. Debate about how many cases of fraud occur in scientific research; Agreement that scientific fraud must be dealt with and eliminated; Explanation of the process of fraud investigation in the United States and in Europe; National committees versus local committees in investigating misconduct; Germany as a leader in instituting procedures for handling and preventing scientific misconduct. INSETS: Japanese scandals raise public distrust;Editors debate whether to blow the whistle on suspect papers;US stalls on new definitions of misconduct.

Reports on the impact that the Internet is having on the publishing of scholarly journals, the influence of scientists, and the authority of learned societies. Decision of Denmark's Technical Knowledge Center and Library in Lyngby to provide scientific journals only through the World Wide Web; Other countries that are moving in the same direction, including the United States; Cost of the printed page compared to the electronic page; Difficulty presented to libraries; Recourse taken by libraries. INSETS: User consortia emerge as `brokers.';Preserving papers for posterity;Roll over Gutenberg.

Reports on developments related to science published in "Nature" periodical. Availability of the book "The Spirit of Liberty: Papers and Addresses of Learned Hand"; Abatement of the dust nuisance.

The article focuses on the issue regarding assessment and funding of science-based disciplines in England. Accordingly, the Higher Education Founding Council for England has announced that the assessment and funding of science-based disciplines will in future be based on citation rates per paper, aggregated for each subject group at each institution. It is then pointed out that the changes in performance indicators always strongly influence individual and institutional behavior will no doubt become a staple of conversation. Discussions on citation practices are also discussed.

A letter to the editor is presented about the common words found in the result or conclusion of abstracts of scientific research papers.

The article presents numerical facts on various issues published during the year 2005 in the science journal "Nature." A total of 900 papers were published during the year describing original research. Nuclear fusion was identified as the most accessed paper during the period. There were 2,469 authors who contributed to research in the physical sciences during 2005.

The article discusses the changes in science in the digital age. The digital revolution transforms the creation, storage and transfer of knowledge which changes the paths scientists traverse to reach the goals of science. Scientists are able to access almost all important resources of literature with an Internet terminal. It is considered that the existence of high-tech lab equipment makes it easier to get more information, but, it does not necessarily improve science.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article about the uncertainty of science in shaping policy and its sustainable development goals in the 2012 issue.

The article focuses on the career of biologist Alina Vrabioiu. After finishing high school in Romania, she went to the U.S. and studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. After receiving PhD in biology from Harvard University, she co-authored a paper with her adviser, professor Tim Mitchison.

The article reports on the demise of the Brief Communications section of the "Nature" periodical at the end of 2006. Articles and full-scale research papers are reviewed in the section. Some of the articles dealt with rat robots, Neolithic noodles and a cloned cat. Some of the reasons for the closure of the section are discussed including the demand for greater detail in presentation.

Presents various research on biological sciences published between July and September 2005 issue of the journal "Nature."

A letter to the editor is presented about the criticism of criteria for the Nature Index.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Cinderella science," by Euan Nisbet in the December 2007 issue.

The article focuses on the review articles published in the "Nature" journal. Recent developments in a topical area of scientific research are included in review and progress articles. Themed collections of reviews and related material are published as insights. Papers of outstanding interest that are setting new standards are progress articles.

Focuses on the difficulties in pursuing science in regional universities in Chile. Size and influence of competing universities for government funding; Research being conducted by Marco Cisternas.

Presents books related to science. "Religion and Science: Some Suggestions for the Study of the Relations Between Them," by P. N. Waggett; "Buy English Acres," by C. F. Dowsett; "The Collected Papers of Peter J. W. Debye.'

Presents several views on a commentary about the mislocations of credits in science by Peter Lawrence. Functions of the principal investigator; Variation on sociology of authorship; Reason for giving credits to the achievements of principal investigator.

Shares the author's observation on the working relationship between artists and particle physicists. Reference to an exhibition of work of art exhibited internationally; Reaction of artists to the insights offered by particle physicists; Impression on the physics involved in crumpling a piece of paper.

The article discusses problems with bias in relation to the reproducibility of research results. Topics include psychological aspects of scientific research in relation to asymmetric attention, the role of transparency in science, and collaboration on projects by rival teams of researchers. The use of blind data analysis is addressed.

The article maintains that sharing data helps to avert scandals and improve the quality of research. According to a scientist at Tilburg University in the Netherlands, Diederik Stapel, psychology is a field of science that uncovered a disastrous case of prolonged misconduct. Further it suggests that psychology researchers blind their data collection to confounding effects.

Comments on the article "Isolation is not the answer," by Thomas May, published in the 2004 issue of the periodical "Nature". European progress towards the goal of harmonizing international research on high-risk biological agents; Activities that speed the development of viable vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostic tools; Efforts to combat bioterrorism.

Reports on French scientists' threat to resign from all management duties to pressure the government to address a financial crisis at research agencies. Overview on French president Jacques Chirac's 2002 election pledge to increase science spending; Scientists' call for the reinstatement of full-time research posts that have ben turned into short-term contracts; Demand for the revamp of France's science system.

Reports that the "Nature" magazine will increase the number of publications in its Brief Communications Arising (BCA) section. Publication of articles online; Types of letters and articles published in the BCA section; Improvements in the magazine's navigation for readers.

Profiles scientist Jean-Pierre Luminet. Courage to acknowledge the passionate engagement that potentially flows undetected beneath the dry crust of the standard scientific paper; Creativity in art and science; Visualization of a finite universe.

Focuses on possible difficulties in use of the Internet-based public arena for post-publication comment on scientific papers. Disadvantages of free availability of information to all on a website for science and scientists.

Focuses on the frustrations of scientists in applying for research grants. Indeterminable delays in approving research grants; Acts of bureaucratic incompetence.

Explores the connection between science and poetry. Effectiveness of poetry in reconciling the contradictory aspects of life; Extent of pressure involved in science compared with poetry; Role of simile in embracing the association between poetry and the physical world.

Comments on the state of scientific research in Germany. Suspicions against researchers which were revealed during a two-year analysis of research papers; Charges which were brought against Friedhelm Herrmann and Roland Mertelsmann; Opinion that promotion should be based on an assessment of quality, not quantity, of research.

The article presents a profile of the proceedings of the 2014 International Symposium on Research Assessment and Evaluation, held in Shanghai, China held in October 2014, focusing on the primary theme of boosting the quality of scientific research being conducted in China. Featured presenters mentioned include Yang Jianrong, Kurt Würthrich, and David Sweeney.

The article focuses on the efforts of journal editors in dealing with scientific fraud. Due to the costliness of examining every submitted paper for fabrication, editors analyzes some papers in which the raw data are suspect. Journals are in the process of assessing automated computer searches on submitted data. Nowadays, editors tend to challenge research papers that they think are suspicious.

The article focuses on the usefulness of computer tools in detecting fraudulent images in research papers. This could help journal editors identify suspicious images before they are published. Some medical journals have already used the tool in checking submitted manuscripts. The only concern of using the tool is the slow process involved in checking research papers.

The article discusses the changes in American science under the administration of U.S. President Barack Obama. Robert Wall, a U.S. Agricultural Research Service (ARS) federal scientist, observed that there is an increasing caution and sensitivity at his department towards animal transgenics and cloning. It says that some federal scientist feel that Obama's administration has not realized its promises toward science, instantiating the difficulty that scientists face in getting approval from ARS.

In this article the author discusses the solution provided by the experiment Polymath Project in solving difficult mathematical problems. He notes that the Project aims to identify an elementary proof of a special case of the density Hales-Jewett theorem (DHJ), which is a central result of combinatorics. The author believes that significant cultural changes in science and the development of new online tools will lead to the widespread use of mass collaboration in many fields of science.

Explores the integration of science in the works of fiction. Tendency for the mysteries of mimicry to show the phenomena of artistic perfection; Citation of several fictional works dealing with scientific phenomena; Inclination of contemporary writers in dealing with the scientific process.