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Microbes, including bacteria, archaea, and microeukaryotes, make up the majority of organisms in our biosphere. They play a crucial role in Earth's biogeochemical cycles and have shaped the habitability of our planet throughout its history. The proliferation of microbes has been observed during mass extinctions, but their role as either accomplices or saviors in these events is still debated. On one hand, microbes can generate toxic by-products and greenhouse gases that may have exacerbated mass extinctions. On the other hand, microbes provide essential services such as nitrogen fixation, carbon fixation, and the removal of toxic substrates, which could have mitigated the impacts of mass extinctions. Further research is needed to understand the complex interactions between microbes and the environment during these events. [Extracted from the article]

Second, the CO SB 2 sb affinity of the ionomer increased the CO SB 2 sb /H SB 2 sb O ratio near the catalyst surface, thereby enhancing the CO SB 2 sb RR. CO SB 2 sb electroreduction (CO SB 2 sb RR) technology is recognized as a promising option toward the carbon-neutral target set in the Paris Agreement, which enables the upgrade of greenhouse CO SB 2 sb to chemical feedstocks. Considering the nano effects and molecular benefits of the pH factor, the strategies at the catalyst level may rely on surface-structuring engineering and functional ligand assembly to reform Cu-based catalysts. [Extracted from the article]

In fact, this is a rapidly developing area in both electromagnetic physics and wireless communications, which require new theories, new methods, new designs, and new technologies. In 2019, a concept of reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) or intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) was proposed independently by several groups in the wireless communication community to control the wireless environment as desired and enhance wireless coverage. On the other hand, electronic and information technology, together with industry, needs new physics to satisfy challenging requirements for new-generation wireless communications. [Extracted from the article]

With regard to the vdW interactions and atomic-layered nature of 2D atomic crystals (2DACs), Duan I et al. i show how to construct a high-quality heterostructure/superlattice via 2DACs [[9]]. For example, Zhang I et al. i survey the recent advances in wet-chemical synthesis of 2D metal nanomaterials and establish the interdependence of electrocatalytic performance and structure of these 2D catalysts [[2]]. Novoselov I et al. i highlight the application of multifunctional 2D materials for antiviral protection and detection, which is a good response to the COVID-19 pandemic [[6]]. [Extracted from the article]

However, although historically their emissions have been great, most of the developed economies decoupled their carbon emissions and economic growth with the decarbonizing industry, and peaked their emissions by the first decade of this century [[2]]. Although theoretically these countries emit much less CO SB 2 sb , they appear to be more sensitive and susceptible to climate change, and it is very difficult for academics to conduct thorough studies in order to understand their emission baselines and track their climate change mitigation efforts. Therefore, their work advocates international assistance for these emerging emitters and reveals the important role of historically major emitters in addressing global climate change, not only to provide technical and financial assistance to reduce emissions, but also to prioritize their own emission reduction agenda. [Extracted from the article]