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This article focuses on several developments in the U.S. and around the world, as of May 18, 1899. The Poles of the U.S. have sent out a pamphlet entitled, "The Cause of Poland and its Relation to the International Peace Conference." A few days ago the announcement was made that the Finns in the U.S. had secured from U.S. President William McKinley a promise that the cause of the Finns in their own country should be brought before the Conference by the delegates of the U.S. Another development focuses on the rising demand in the U.S. for the Senator Edward Atkinson's pamphlets from the mails destined for Manila.

Presents several letters to the editor referencing articles and topics discussed in previous issues. Literary criticism of the book "Narrative of Lord Byron's Voyage to Corsica and Sardinia During the Year 1821"; Comment on Karl G. Dernby's article "The Tragedy of Finland"; Discussion pertaining to the working people of Finland in the U.S.

Even the casual tourist in the northern democracies can hardly help being struck by the position of the cooperative movement in their social and economic life. Here in the capital of Finland, Helsingfors, one meets signs of cooperative activity at almost every turn. The purpose of the article is to discuss some of the economic consequences of the development of the cooperative movement, particularly in relation to the cost of living. Facts and figures quoted in the article relates to Swedish and Finnish experiences, but the same tendencies can be observed in Norway and Denmark.

Only a handful of President Bill Clinton's nominations requiring Senate confirmation have been women or men of the left. Two of those with histories in the progressive movements of the 1960s and 1970s are Sam Brown and Derek Shearer, appointed ambassadors, respectively, to the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe and to Finland. Both appointments were fervently opposed by the usual right-wing watchdogs. And after long delays, only Shearer has been approved; Brown is stuck in Senate filibuster limbo. The Brown debate became another exercise in Vietnam revisionism, with Republicans charging that the nominee-a leader of the antiwar mobilization and the Eugene McCarthy presidential campaigns.

The article discusses developments of second World War. The Coldest Winter in northern Europe for a century is adding to the miseries of war. In Finland, the weather has undoubtedly been an aid to the defense, but it has intensified the suffering of the evacués from the cities and those whose homes have been destroyed by Soviet bombers. The Northern neutrals, dependent on Britain and Germany for coal, have found their reduced supplies still further diminished owing to the freezing of the Baltic and its approaches to an extent that has almost halted sea transport. In Copenhagen, hot water has become a rare luxury, and in Sweden, mobilized reservists have been diverted from drills to wood-cutting.

This article presents the highlights of the news published in newspapers of countries other than the U.S. The attitude which Germany should take toward the peace terms formulated by the Paris Conference is discussed at length by Otto Hoetzsch in the German newspaper "Kreuzzeitung" of March 19, 1919. An item In an issue of the "Narodnaya Gazeta," a Russian weekly newspaper which represents the anti-Bolshevist propaganda in the U.S., describes how Mr. Andrew Argoonov was ousted from office. The Finnish newspaper "Social-Demokraten" of March 12, 1919, gives an estimate of the socialist strength in Finland.

Focuses on economic problems in Finland. Fall in exports from the country; Impact of labor strikes on the economy of the country; Problems posed by an unstable government.

The article focuses on the eight-day International Conference on the Environmental Future, sponsored and arranged by the government of Finland, the Finnish National Commission for United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization and the Jyvaskyla Arts Festival. The dangers of pollution was reflected at the conference in Finland, and it was notable that, when confronted with the specter of environmental disruption, the participants from most of the developed countries were willing to forget old political slogans and conditioned responses.

The article presents some political updates related to different parts of the world. It highlights that the 1970 election in the U.S. will be the occasion to harness the energies of the peace movement to substantive issues of a kind that will not merely sustain it between crises, but broaden its appeal and bring in new constituencies. Such a movement can tap strong potential support by appealing to groups that have a special concern about such issues as inflation, taxes, civil rights and civil liberties, and foreign policy. Another updates focuses on the new round of meeting of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks at Helsinki, Finland. These negotiations labor at the outset under all the handicaps of earlier arms-limitation attempts such as those, which came to sought after World War I.

Presents developments related to politics and government in Finland. Opinions of the government on the nuclear missile policy of the U.S.; Information on Presidential elections in the country; Assessment of the policy of neutrality in international relations adopted by the government; Information on membership of the country to various international organizations; Appraisal of armed forces of the country.

One fact becomes clear about Finland, almost, within hours, to one who visits the country with the honest intention of learning the truth, Finland is not behind the iron curtain. A great disservice is rendered to the Finns by those who describe them as communists and their country either as the willing satellite or the anguished slave of Soviet Union. Indeed, Finland is not behind the iron curtain precisely because of the firm and realistic behavior of its people, who did not permit an almost hopeless situation to throw them into a state of mental and economic confusion in which communism would inevitably have prospered.

This article discusses the matter related to international politics. The war with Japan is forty-eight hours old as one goes to press, and with operations ranging over a huge area it is not surprising that rumors should be more plentiful than confirmed news. Great Britain has declared war on Finland, Hungary, and Rumania following the rejection by the governments of these countries of demands that they cease from participation in Germany's war against Russia. Hungary and Rumania are so clearly and completely under German ruler Adolf Hitler's thumb and so isolated geographically from the "West that their negative answers were foregone conclusions. But there had been a faint hope that Finland retained enough independence and democratic spirit to make possible its withdrawal from the unnatural Nazi alliance.

The sudden end of the Russian-Finnish war reveals more sharply than ever the extent to which the Soviet Union has been guilty of aggression. The Soviet Union stands convicted under the terms of the Convention for the Definition of Aggression which it concluded in London on July 3, 1933, with various other powers immediately adjacent to it and even more strikingly under its treaty of non-aggression with Finland, signed on January 21, 1932. This treaty provided, among other things, that the contracting parties must submit any disputes between them to a procedure of conciliation before a joint Conciliation Committee.

The article focuses on some recent issues related to international relations. Soviet pressure on Finland seems to be closely patterned on the technique so successfully developed by the Nazis. Immediately after a brutal attack on Finish Premier A.K. Cajander in Pravda, a tirade mainly composed of zoological insults, an alleged incident occurred causing the death, according to the Russian account, of four Red soldiers and the wounding of nine others. Germany seems to have come off very badly in last week's diplomatic warfare in the Balkans. The overthrow of Rumania's pro-German Premier, Constantin Argentoianu, and his replacement by George Tatarescu can only be interpreted as a severe setback to the Reich's hopes of obtaining additional wheat and oil from King Carol's domain.

The article discusses various reports published within the issue, including one by Keith Hutchison about Finland's position in the political discussions on British and Soviet's negotiations and another regarding the international impact of the Soviet-German Non-aggression agreement.

The U.S. Secretary Cordell Hull disregarded the advice of those benevolent meddlers who urged him to plead Finland's cause at the Moscow conference. Ironically enough, the Finns, like the Rumanians, the Hungarians, and other Nazi satellites, hoped almost as much from the Moscow conference as did the United Nations. There is a widespread belief in Nazi-controlled Europe that the principal objective of the U.S. as the guardian of democracy and of the Atlantic Charter must be to save Adolf Hitler's, the Nazi dictator, small-time vassals from the consequences of their collusion with the Axis.

This article presents developments related to politics. A programme of legislative measures published by the Russo-Finnish Committee--a body composed of high officials--working with the sanction of the Czar, the ruler of Russia, has been taken by some as purely academic; but others have not dismissed it so lightly. The program is the result of many years of work which gives practical form to some of the more general measures passed by the third Duma in 1910 to restrict Finnish liberties. By it the laws regarding the Russian press, societies and meetings are to be extended to Finland.

During the past three months certain events have taken place in Finland which show the trend of radicalism in that country. A number of Communists were suddenly arrested in Helsingfors, and simultaneously other arrests were made throughout the country. The arrests continued during the days following, and by the middle of August nearly 180 persons had been seized, of whom 115 were released after a few days' detention, while the remainder were sent to jail to await trial. However, this liberal treatment in its consequences did not turn out to be an unmixed blessing. Many former Communists or holders of extremist views sought refuge in the ranks of the party, and consequently definite differences of opinion soon developed within the party over the means to be employed to achieve the party program.

This article focuses on issues regarding Nazi German military activities to have political hold on Finland. During the period of political rumors about German pressure on the Soviets, it is reported that troop movements and other military activities in Finland are becoming increasingly prominent. There have been many reports of Nazi reinforcements teaching that country and Helsinki, capital of Finland, has become a strategic center for political warfare. In order to overcome this problem, new travel restrictions on foreigners in the Finnish northern and border regions have been officially announced. German military dispositions has threatened Finland's political as well as social affairs.

Presents several letters to the editor on various issues. Report on German and Austrian refugees living in France; Report on attack of Soviet Russia on Finland; Comments on sufferings inflicted on children in China.

The article discusses books and authors. Now that Finland has found a place in the sun and pays its debts and plans to act as host for the next Olympic games, everyone thinks of it naturally as a pretty prosperous, cheerful place, but at the time the book, now first translated as "Meek Heritage" was written in 1919, the little northern country was just emerging from a gloomy past that reached back for centuries. And writer Frans Eemil Sillanpaa, who is today Finland's greatest living writer, sketched here in somber, unrelieved tones the life of a typical peasant, Jussi Toivola, and his hopeless struggles against a grim climate and an unfair social order.

Presents several letters to the editor. Arguments for reviving German industry after the war; Suggestions for general developments of political understanding between the U.S. and the Soviet Union; Comments of the author on communism in Finland.

Presents several letters to the editor referencing articles and topics discussed in previous issues. Emphasis on liberty of religion and government; Discussion on classification of labor; Comments on the internal affairs of Finland.

It is difficult to form an idea of what is happening in Finland at present if one has no other source of information than the contradictory reports in the U.S. press. By the aid of European newspapers and private letters, it is possible, however, to construct some kind of a short history of Finland since the Russian Revolution. One of the first acts of the first Russian revolutionary Government was to restore all the laws of Finland which the Czars had broken. A new Governor-General, Stakhovitch, who had the reputation of being a liberal-minded man, was sent to Finland. Stakhovitch, however, started his rule in an unfortunate way by dismissing Finnish officials and replacing them by Russians, and also by allowing Russians of the old regime to remain in office, all of which meant a breach of the newly restored laws.

The article throws light on the Amherst Eclipse Expedition, under the direction of Alexander Todd. This great imperial city of the north is stifled under clouds of hot dust. The heavily padded cab-drivers jounce blindly along the stupendous distances, dust shutting down over them from the shimmering sky. Here and there a pile of ultramarine, star-studded domes towers into the heat, or a cluster of domes of gold, or a massive monolith of Finland granite. To astronomers it may not seem an exaggeration to say that the most interesting observatory in the world is that at Pulkowa, a small town a few miles south of Saint Petersburg.

The article presents information on a speech made by Vaino Tanner, chairman and parliamentary leader of the Social Democratic Party of Finland, on Finnish politics in the home of the Finnish Workers' Educational Association, 2056 Fifth Avenue. Tanner said "For Finland, as a whole; and for the labor movement especially, the new era began in 1918, when Finland received her independence. Previously all effective reforms passed by the Finnish Diet were rejected by the Czar. In the election of 1916 the Social Democrats received a majority of three seats in the Diet. A fusion administration was formed by the Social Democrats and Liberal parties, Socialists holding half of the most important administrative posts."

Some form of alliance is obviously inevitable for the little nations which have sprung up in what were formerly the Baltic provinces of Russia. Various Polish statesmen have sought to bring Lithuania, Latvia, and Esthonia into an alliance, and for a time it seemed possible to include Finland in the group. The Swedish minority there, however, successfully opposed this project. Lithuanian resentment of Poland's cavalier attitude in the Vilna dispute naturally prevented a Polish-Lithuanian rapprochement. For a time, at the Genoa Conference of 1922, Poland, Esthonia, Latvia, and Soviet Russia worked together by common agreement.

This article presents clippings of articles published in "The Nation" in the year 1919. With characteristic secrecy, the revised Covenant of the League of Nations was made public only on the morning that it was laid before the delegates. The deeds that Mannerheim did in Finland as leader of the White Guard were not reported in the newspapers. It was not recorded how the White Terror in Finland systematically executed 60,000 officials of labor unions, heads of cooperative enterprises, and Socialist leaders of different grades of radicalism.

An account of a speech made by Admiral A.V. Kolchak to the Allied Representatives at Omsk was published in "The Russian Economist" for July 28, 1919. The Admiral severely censured the indecisive and vacillating policy of the Allies with regard to the Omsk Government up to that time. Their support was, he declared, considerably weaker than he had been led to expect it would be when at an extremely critical period he had taken over the supreme power of Soviet Union. Unless he could count on definite and immediate aid, not only in the matter of foodstuffs and ammunition, but also of finance, he would not be responsible for the future of Soviet Union.