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This article presents information about political developments around the world during the week as of February 22, 1917. Berlin's figures for submarine sinkings began by agreeing with Lloyd's figures, but have since steadily diverged. What appears to be an effort to impose new German war taxes, sufficient to cover annual interest on the war debt, is reported from Berlin through Amsterdam. The request of the news-print manufacturers that the U.S. Federal Trade Commission fix the prices of paper during the period from March 1 to September 1 is, perhaps, the logical outcome of the activities of that the commission during the last eight months.

This article presents a table that shows the ratio of gold to currency notes in the principal countries of the world. It may be noted in this connection that since 1914 world paper currency has increased 600 percent, and the gold reserve only 40 percent, while the world national debts have grown from 40 billion to 260 billion since 1914. The face value of the paper currency of thirty leading countries was 7,250 million in 1914, 40,000 million in November 1918 and 50,000 million in December 1919. The Gold Reserve in the U.S. was 1,023 million in 1914 and 2,107 million in December 1919.

This article focuses on the political developments published in the foreign press. At the session of press representatives at the Ministry of Trade and Commerce, Germany, Comrade Marut read a plan for the socialization of the press, whose most important points are all papers circulate in the city where they appear by authority of this decree. The city reserves no right of tutelage over the newspapers. The city has no right to exercise disciplinary powers over any newspaper employee. But the city insures every newspaper employee his stipulated income.

A few minutes after Congress declared war against Germany and Italy, WRUL in Boston, WGY in Schenectady, and BBC in London flashed the word to the occupied countries by short-wave radio. These powerful illegal radios rebroadcast the news to hundreds of mobile stations throughout the Continent. Special editions of newspapers, pamphlets, news sheets, letters, and slogans soon flooded the countryside. From the underground press the Allies obtain strategic information, military and civilian, that could not be obtained in any other way. As the war lengthens, as suffering increases, nationalistic differences are breaking down more and more into the realization that democracy, mutual aid, and cooperation are essentials for any future peaceful Europe. This is the basic principle of Europe's underground press.

The article presents information about the meeting of the American Historical Association at Cincinnati, Ohio during December 27-30, 1917. The array of papers and conferences offered at the Cincinnati meeting was exceptionally rich and varied. Professor Albert T. Olmstead, of the University of Missouri, in a paper before the ancient history section on Mesopotamian politics and scholarship, called attention to the success of French and German archaeological investigators, backed by their respective governments, in appropriating the Mesopotamian field, while reprobating the German policy of removing to Berlin many important finds. In addition to sessions for the presentation of formal papers, provision was made, as in former years, for a number of conferences for the discussion of special historical activities.

The article reports on the social and political developments in the world during 1923. Gustav Stresemann, the Chancellor of Germany has determined upon complete and unconditional surrender to the French demand for abandonment of passive resistance in the Ruhr, Germany. New York without its customary newspapers was a curious sight to those accustomed to the solid rows of papers that usually hide men's faces in the subways and on the elevated. It was a revelation of the function of the modern daily newspaper, to supply unreal entertainment as a relief from real monotony.

This article discusses economic effects of the Paris Resolution. The Bureau of the League of Nations estimates the average income in Germany at about 3,900 marks paper, as against about 3,200 francs in France. An additional charge of 1,000 marks paper would raise the proportion of charges in Germany to 41 per cent of the average income, as against 12.2 per cent in France, without taking into account the additional 12 per cent of the exports, but considering only the annuity. The balance remaining for living expenses would therefore be about 2,300 marks paper annually in Germany, 2,810 francs, i.e., about 11,800 marks paper in France.

The article presents information on the Third International Congress of Psychology. The third congress was held at Munich, Germany during August 4-9, 1896. The congress witnessed the greatest gathering of eminent psychologists ever seen. As to France, the attendance was disappointing in numbers, although the delegation was very representative; and the same is true of the British contingent. The other countries, except the U.S., were adequately represented. In the higher fields of Ethics and Anthropology interesting papers were presented.

After the author was forced out of the editorship of the Ullstein Berliner Zeitung am Mittag in December, 1931, the author served as American correspondent for the Ullstein papers for a year. On January 4, 1933, the author returned to Germany and became editor of the daily "12 Uhr Blatt" and the weekly "Montag Morgen," both smaller left-democratic journals. As it happened, the author started to work on January 30, the day the German dictator Adolf Hitler came into power. The very first news item laid on the author's desk was a solemn declaration that in the Third Reich the freedom of the press would be inviolate.

The year 1923 will go down in the history of Germany as a year of terrible hardship and bitter disillusionment, not only for the "working class," but also for the major part of the intellectual and middle classes. Whatever comfort and subsistence were left them by the inflation were taken away by the unemployment of a third of the industrial workers of the nation. Since the war and especially during the last year or two the agricultural class in Germany has been growing stupendously rich. The rapid depreciation of the mark affected some of the more ignorant farmers unfavorably, because they could not easily rid themselves of the notion that "money" was "money," to be hoarded, but in time they too learned about the worthlessness of the paper mark and refused to have anything to do with it.

This article presents information regarding political developments in the U.S. and the world. It takes bloodshed to put Germany on the front page now. Mere unemployment, mere starvation, mere food riots are old stories. But the process of degeneration continues, and French Prime Minister Raymond Poincare still betrays no hint of readiness to discuss matters on a common-sense basis. The French papers do indeed show a glimmering recognition of the fact that military victory has its limitations. British Prime Minister Lloyd George tour is not to include Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, or the Falkland Islands, so the inhabitants of those various sections of the British Empire will have to miss, for the present, the exhilarating assurance, on the highest of all authorities, that the assistance they rendered at a critical moment saved civilization.

The article discusses international politics, emphasizing the political conditions of Germany. Every state has become a battle ground for lower gas and electric rates, with the long-suffering public engaged in an uphill fight against the utilities, which in addition to their vast financial resources are generally buttressed by the public authorities, executive, legislative, and judicial. The State public-utilities commission is, at the very best, a feeble neutral. More often it weights the scales in favor of the power companies. Alfred Hugenberg, the man who was chiefly responsible for the appointment by Hindenburg of Adolf Hitler to the Chancellorship of the Reich, has received his walking papers. The period of Nazi rule now beginning will be characterized by an extreme nervousness that will express itself in the persecution of all who dare doubt or resent National Socialist methods.

This article presents the text of the brief presented by the German Delegation at the Spa Conference in July 1920, on the subject of "Germany's Solvency for the Purpose of Reparations." According to the text, German economics before the war had to solve the problem how to feed an ever growing population placed on a comparatively small territory. In spite of all, Germany would never have been able to support her population by agriculture and industry alone. Taking an average of some years, German imports considerably exceeded her exports.

This article presents information on various literary developments which were brought about by the German aggression of France. An open contest for young writers was held on a weekly basis by a good literary paper. The subjects were "Portrait of a Collaborator Who Has Turned His Coat," and "Books Which Have Done Most Harm to France in the Last Four Years." Jean Bruller, whose "Silence of the Sea" remains the classic description of the pure French spiritual attitude toward the German triumph, now edits in the open his Editions de Minuit, which was the highwater mark of clandestine publishing. But it is taken as a sign of the present slackness of creative writing that his lists mainly include reprints.

This article focuses on the book "Trade Fallacies," by Arthur Kitson. Kitson asks why the Allies have so completely failed to employ the psychological factor against the enemy, while the enemy has employed it in neutral countries with such skill and success against the Allies. What interests the reader most is the financial factor, to which Kitson devotes his second chapter. He appears to be full of admiration for the German way of financing the situation created by the First World War. Kitson assumes that if a nation has no commercial relations with the outside world it has nothing to fear from an expansive paper currency.

Germany's heavy artillery in its journalistic assault on the Jews is represented by two weeklies, the Sturmer and the Judenkenner. About as large as the American tabloid, these two papers run to eight pages an issue and cost twenty pfennigs. Neither paper restricts itself to fighting the Jews but combats also the Catholics and the Free Masons. Nor is the battle against Judea confined to Germany. All countries are included, and in a recent issue of the Judenkenner the U.S. was given an entire page.

The editor, in this article, highlights international political affairs. A humiliating armistice signed on the enemy's terms, the Kaiser fallen, the throne lost to the Hohenzollern, Germany crashing to pieces in violent revolution-thus ends the war which has convulsed the world. For the political disaster which overtook his party on Election Day U.S. President Woodrow Wilson has only himself to blame. Deep chagrin and humiliation should be his, for the blow to liberalism is grave indeed. The Russian news published by even the best American papers has been, from the beginning of the revolution, of the most meager prescription; it has not at any time compared favorably in either content or scope with the news regularly published by the English press and even by the British Government; and for the past three or four weeks there has been scarcely any important news at all.

This article focuses on literature. It is a great pleasure at last to receive the long-promised second series of the book "Biglow Papers." The book is headed by an excellent introduction. Science and literature in this country will owe much to writer George Peabody, who, in his benefactions, in addition to using his own good sense, does riot refuse good advice. Besides the libraries and institutes at Danvers and Baltimore, the latter endowed with over a million of dollars, he has given handsome sums to various minor colleges and schools. The proprietors of the journal "K&oouml;nisehe Zeitung," are issuing a weekly edition of that paper, the first attempt, at a political weekly in Germany.

This article focuses on the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Under the capable leadership of General Dwight David Eisenhower the European divisions that a year ago existed only on paper seem to be materializing. When the interim report on the European army was signed at the Quai d'Orsay, the press that is closed to various foreign offices hailed the event enthusiastically, although it was generally recognized that the document was not an agreement and that its proposals were only tentative. Aside from what might be called the classic difficulty of German participation, many suspicions and prejudices must be overcome before a European army can be integrated in the Atlantic defense force.

The article presents information on several books "Einstein's Theory of Relativity," by Max Born, "Space, Time, Motion," by A. V. Vasiliev, Space and Time," by Carl Benedicks. Last year a college teacher in Louvain University counted 3,775 Lad books and papers that had been written, mostly within the last ten years, on Einstein's theory of relativity. And here come three more: one from Germany, one from Russia, and one from Sweden. But this outpour is not to be wondered at or objected to if Bertrand Russell is right in saying, in his introduction to the Russiau book, that "The general theory of relativity is probably the greatest synthetic achievement of the human intellect up to the present time.

The article presents information related to the political and social conditions in the world during 1923. Political parties and individual ministers have become almost insignificant in Germany, behind them move powerful economic forces. The revolution in Bulgaria has crumbled under fire, thousands of rebels are said to have been mowed down by the government troops, Communist and agrarian leaders have been executed, hundreds of men are in jail. Magnus Johnson, the second Farmer-Labor candidate Minnesota has elected to the U.S. Senate, does well to emphasize the field that still exists for political action in this country.

The general impression one gets from reading the official Nazi press is that though the Germans have conquered Europe, they are depressed and sad, so sad that the Propaganda Ministry cannot cover it up. Even the reports of Germany's victories written by official war correspondents contain no note of triumph but are tinged rather with weariness and nostalgia. The article presents an excerpt from a story printed in "Das Reich," the official paper of the Propaganda Ministry, illustrates the prevalent tone of the reports from the eastern front.

The article presents news related to world politics. The margin of the U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's victory on the neutrality bill came as a surprise even to the most loyal administration supporters. A long step has been taken toward a realistic peace policy. The U.S. has taken a stand which, though technically neutral, is actually against Hitler. The ghastly horrors of the German concentration camps, related in the new British White Paper, cannot be written off as a baseless wartime propaganda. Incredible as the facts may seem, they have been confirmed all too amply by other sources.

The article presents news related to political issues. In January the Institute for Propaganda Analysis published a bulletin revealing that a certain George Deatherage, guest and speaker at the international anti-Semitic conference held under Nazi auspices at Erfurt, Germany, last year, was organizing a confederation of American fascist groups and had asked Major General George Van Horn Mosely to lead it. The latest British White Paper on Palestine confirms, in cold print, the sacrifice to imperial interest of a solemn obligation. The project of converting the ancient Jewish homeland into a state where two peoples, the existing Arab population and the returning Jews should live on a basis of absolute equality called for great statesmanship and an unselfish purpose. But the clique in Great Britain which determines imperial policy could not rise above selfish considerations. It is evident that Great Britain is not in the least concerned with the plight of Palestine's residents, Jewish or Arab.

The article presents information on the various development around the world during the early 1930. Constitutional dictatorship in Germany has been foreshadowed ever since the middle of June, when Professor Paul Moldenhauer resigned as Finance Minister after his proposals for reforming the finances and balancing the budget were overwhelmingly rejected. On November 1, 1929 a group of American Communists organized a bimonthly paper called the "Revolutionary Age." Postmaster John J. Kiely of New York has refused second-class mailing privileges to this paper on the ground that the first six issues were held by the Solicitor of Post Office Department to be unmailable.

A few months ago there wasn't enough money in Germany many to go around. Now there is too much. The only trouble with it is, it's no good. Everyday one sees new specimens and reads about new counterfeits. First of all there are the various kinds of marks, the paper marks the Beritenmark, the goidmark, the Reichsbahn mark, the Postamt mark, the Notmaric, the Bavarian mark, the Munich mark and a different kind of mark for every village large enough to own a printing press. Each of these, of course, has a progeny of pfennigc.

The article discusses about a title that appeared over an editorial in the "Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung" of November 1, 1943. The title of editorial was "Is the Enemy Already in Germany?" In next few days similar articles appeared in a number of papers in other cities. The enemy referred to was the twelve million foreign workers in the Reich. The "Allgemeine Zeitung," raised the question foreign workers. The anxiety about the role of foreign workers may play in the future must be allayed. The newspaper articles were written for that purpose. Phenomena which the people have seen with their own eyes cannot be passed over.

The article focuses on the economic conditions in Germany during 1923. The dollar skyrocketed up to five millions of marks in less than as many days, the prices ran a race with the dollar, foodstuffs pretty nearly vanished, people became panicky, the Reichsmark printers struck. Trillionaires found themselves with scarcely the wherewithal for a meal, at least as far as German currency was concerned. The German waiters, shopkeepers, and porters abruptly turned the tables on those who had been demanding cartload of hard-earned German paper for one small American greenback.

When in the late fall of 1918, the old Germany collapsed and the Socialist Party was the first to come to its rescue, the form of government suggesting itself as a matter of course was republican; especially in view of the dismal failure of the monarchical regime. To establish this inevitable republic on paper was easy enough, but it was almost unbelievably difficult to transform this paper republic into a living, working force in the life of the people Nevertheless, it was possible for the Nationalversammlung, the national assembly, elected at the beginning of 1919, to create the new Constitution of Weimar.

The shortage of consumer goods in Germany is much more severe than the shortage of food, and is growing worse. A great number of items, especially all articles of clothing, were rationed soon after the outbreak of war and can be bought only on points. But it is practically impossible to introduce the point system for all goods. A new device has therefore been invented. It is called the "household passport." The "household passport" was first instituted on May 19 at Ludwigshaven on the Rhine. Now no one can buy an unrationed article, not a saucepan, sieve, or sheet of writing paper, without presenting his booklet.

The article discusses the aftermath of German bombings. Details are still lacking about conditions in the bombed regions in Germany. An announcement carried by one of the leading papers on May 18, 1943 said that the city water was no longer drinkable, that it must be boiled before it was used. No explanation was given. One can only assume that the aerating and filter plants of the Essen water system, which serves a region containing at least 750,000 inhabitants, have been destroyed. Of Essen's 200 school buildings 179 have either been destroyed, or are being used as emergency dwellings by persons bombed out of their homes, or are occupied by bombed-out offices.

This article presents information about political developments around the world as of July 15, 1915. The reply of the German Government dated July 2, to the American note of June 10 was published in the morning papers of last Saturday. Despite Germany's official contention that it is impossible for submarines, in the role of commerce-destroyers, to observe the ordinarily accepted rules of civilized warfare, it is gratifying to note that the practice of giving warning to ships before attack has continued during the past few days to be the rule instead of, as formerly, the exception.

The regular meeting of the National Council of the French Socialist Party held last week in Paris, France was of special significance. In the report of the discussions published by Le Populaire, the party paper, one senses the distaste of many members at having to close their eyes to the M.R.P.'s attack on the laws protecting secular education and at having to swallow policies that tend to strengthen the Western bloc. After an impassioned appeal from Leon Blum to avoid any action that might produce an irreparable split among the government parties, the provincial delegates who disagree with the present line limited themselves to a simple statement of reservations.

The answer to the question of what will happen to the German Mark after the war depends on how much power the ruling authority in Germany will have and how this power is used. Even today the very existence of the Mark rests on the single fact that an omnipotent government prevents it from being used freely as a standard of value in a free market. The amount of paper money--banknotes has risen from 10 billion Marks at the outbreak of the war to 50 billion Marks at the beginning of this year. And the amount of money in commercial and savings-bank accounts has increased proportionally even more. Moreover, it should be noted that for both forms of money the increase is proceeding at an accelerating pace. In time, some rate of exchange between the old mark and the new currency will automatically develop, infinitesimal as the value of the old Mark may be and in the end the remnants of the old Mark may possibly be exchanged into the new currency.

The article focuses on the discovery of Buchenwald, site of a Nazi concentration camp and extermination center in Germany. Crimes have been committed whose very magnitude stifles protest because the mind is stunned into incredulity. It was weeks before atrocities of the Brown Terror became known to the outside world, simply because editors of responsible papers abroad could not believe that even their picked reporters were not being misinformed or carried away by their own emotions. A young German told the author the story that how people were taken way from the concentration camp to a special station for torturing stubborn prisoners.

World War II has taken on a tempo that is hard to keep up with. After the fall of a regime the succeeding government has always considered it extremely important to obtain the documents of the deposed government intact. The facts that emerge from the secret protocols, correspondence, and orders are usually invaluable from the material, the moral, and the historical point of view. The Nazis learned this in 1918, when the German Republic, and also the Allies, derived immense advantage from the records of the imperial German government. It could be assumed, therefore, that the Nazi gang would do everything imaginable to prevent their papers from falling into strange hands.

This article focuses on an event that took place where Germany touches Switzerland in 1945. A local Swiss paper called it "a sensational illegal crossing of the frontier." A border station near the small Swiss town of Bargen was aroused at four in the morning by the approach of nine persons who explained that they had fled from Germany and hoped to find asylum in Switzerland. The reason for their flight-and also the basis for their claim to the right of asylum in Switzerland, was a future danger to their lives. They admitted that up to the moment of their flight they had been in perfectly good standing with the German authorities and had had nothing to fear.

The article throws light on a tank general, who is accused of arresting and shooting many trouble-makers. It also presents consequences of Germans with regard to the war. It has been shown that the mass of people in Germany are convinced that the war will finally be lost. Confirmation is found in another Swiss paper, the Aagauer Tagblatt, which on November 4, 1943 carried a dispatch from Vienna about the Nazis there. They try to secure their future by little services such as making financial payments or giving warning of impending arrests.

This article focuses on various political and social issues around the world. The formal announcement made through the financial agents of Japan in this country, that the Japanese government has decided on a drastic cut in its military and naval outlay, need cause no surprise. Germany has explained that when she let loose her latest Moroccan thunderbolt, she was merely offering advice, but French journalists when discussing German policy with regard to Morocco will continue to use the favorite adjective, brutal. The Kentish hop-growers are having a hard year. A few months ago they were complaining so bitterly on the "dumping," of American hops on the English market that a select committee was appointed to report on the industry. A striking difference may be pointed out between the Roman Catholic Church and the average young person who writes verses for the magazines.

This article focuses on various political issues around the world. The question which has been raised in the discussion about the cession of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany, whether, even supposing the inhabitants were not wholly French in feeling, France could defend her unwillingness to surrender them on the ground of prescription, can hardly yet be said to be a practical one, as far as the present war is concerned. The controversy which has been raging for some months between the New York papers about the ownership of the telegrams received from certain correspondents at the scene of hostilities in Europe, is, perhaps, except the great increase in the consumption of lager-beer, the most curious incident of the war on this side of the ocean. It is, of course, very unfortunate that so valuable an officer as secretary Jacob Dolson Cox should resign his place in the cabinet, but it would be still more unfortunate if the public were left in ignorance of, or under any misapprehension about, the cause of his resignation.

The U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's breakdown, with the consequent collapse of his trip on behalf of the treaty, will call forth regret everywhere even, among those whom he has been denouncing as cowards and pro-Germans. No one in American history has had heavier burdens, or lived under a more terrible strain. The final nail was driven into the coffin of self -determination last week when the Germans were compelled to sign-agreement at Versailles nullifying that section of their recently adopted Constitution making possible a union between Germany and German-Austria.

This article focuses on various socio-political issues. Of the many inconsistencies in which the bulk of the press is wallowing nothing is more extraordinary than its treatment of the Socialists. At the very moment when Americans are eagerly longing for the news of the triumph of the Socialists, when they rightly see in the Liebknechts and Haases and Scheidernanns the one hope of a safe Germany, free from the curse of its autocracy and its militarism. The U.S. President Herbert Hoover may derive some consolation from the present German food dictator's predicament. Herr von Waldow is the fourth or fifth incumbent of this Prussian office, all his predecessors having been dismissed because of their unpopularity. Now he, himself, seems to be standing on the brink, because he has permitted some of the munition companies to profiteer at the expense of their employees.

This article focuses on developments related to several issues from various parts of the world. The first article discusses the enterprise and daring of the German sailors who brought a submarine into the harbor of Baltimore. Submarines have sailed as far from home before, but here is an undersea boat which is not a war vessel. It was built especially for the purpose of resuming direct communication by water between Germany and the United States. In another article the focus is on the purchase of the New York Sun by owner of the New York Press. Thus this is a fresh reminder of the instability of newspaper enterprises.

The article reports on socio-political and economic developments in different countries during the year 1916. Particulars cabled from Berlin regarding the new taxation measures of the German Government show that the Imperial Secretary of the Treasury was a little premature in his statement. Political influence in the schools of Puerto Rico is officially, recognized in the Jones bill for a new organic act for the island. It places the authority for the appointment of all teachers in the hands of the Commissioner of Education, thus taking it away from the school boards.

This article presents information about socio-political developments around the world as of July 15, 1915. Comments by the German press, so far as sent by cable, on the reply of the German Government to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's protests are all of one mould. The news of the surrender of all the remaining German forces in South Africa is not of high military importance, but has great dramatic significance and a wide suggestiveness.

This article reports on developments of the First World War. The tenor of the U.S. President, Woodrow Wilson's reply to the German note is not in doubt. The differences between the U.S. and Germany can be stated in terms of international law. But the dispute can also be thought of as involving, not merely two Governments but two moralities. In the early months of the First World War, there was constant complaint by the German sympathizers that Americans did not know what was actually going on in Germany. Now the thing is reversed. Germany is in ignorance of the American feeling, especially American feeling about the Lusitania.

The article presents focuses on various social and economic developments. Voices have been heard in Germany declaring that old notions of international law have perished. At the annual public meeting of five Academies in Paris, France on October 26, a paper was read by M. Louis Renault, of the Institute, on "War and the Law of Nations." The unfavorable report of the American Federation of Labor's traveling commission on municipal ownership in Europe reveals that service, fares, and wages are alike unsatisfactory on European municipal lines, and may be somewhat discounted on the ground of prepossessions.

On October 18, 1948, the newspaper "National Guardian," published its first issue. The newspaper was founded as and remained, an independent and independently owned newsweekly which took strong issue with basic U.S. policy, both foreign and domestic. That is what produced the inquisitorial subpoenas, not the idiotic allegations of adherence to the "international communist conspiracy." The genesis of the National Guardian was in Germany, in 1945, when Cedric Beifrage, co-founder and first editor of the Guardian, and the author were engaged in a combined Allied operation to help set up what was optimistically termed "the new free democratic German press" on the ruins of the Nazi press.

The article focuses on Joseph Pulitzer, a philanthropist. Pulitzer was not like three others who left their mark upon American journalism--Carl Schurz, Oswald Ottendorfer and Henry Villard, a product of the Revolution of 1848. He belonged to a later generation of immigrants and did not cross the ocean as a result of that idealistic uprising which would have liberalized Germany and spared the world its greatest agony had it succeeded. But the fact is nevertheless that New York owes what is today perhaps its most liberal English-language daily to a simple Jewish-Hungarian immigrant of humblest origin.

There is a scarcity of raw materials, foodstuffs and commodities in Germany. Responsibility for this situation must be borne by the "Four-Year Plan," which has placed Germany on a war-economy basis, with the whole industrial set-up concentrated on producing munitions, imports limited to raw materials for military purposes, and home products of good quality shipped abroad in order to obtain foreign currency to buy additional war material. While the population hungers, vast reserves of foreign oil, cotton, anti wheat are being stored for military use.