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The domain of Janus nanoparticles (JNPs) has seen a surge in research and development during the last decade. JNPs are anisotropic composite innovations with remarkable characteristics that depict a peculiar class of particles, which integrate the features and functions of multiple materials into a single unit. Janus particles are superior prospects for several high-end applications due to their possible modifications by "click chemistry". JNPs offer new possibilities by combining the features of components. Janus nanoparticles can pack multiple pharmaceuticals and imaging contrast agents simultaneously since they have a distinct chemical configuration on different sides. As a result, they become ideal for administration and bioimaging at once. They have sparked interest due to their exceptional architecture and their potential implications in science and engineering, biological application, and most notably, theranostics. The emphasis of this review is on the latest advancement in the fabrication and implementation of innovative Janus nanoparticles, along with their spectacular performance in therapeutic delivery applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several formulations have been developed in the current era using liposomes and niosomes as vesicular carriers, which have proven useful in oral drug delivery; nevertheless, their use is limited due to their gastrointestinal environment, including pH, enzymes, and bile salts. To overcome these difficulties, researchers are working on finding ways to improve the efficacy and stability of vesicles. Therefore bilosomes have been developed as promising vesicular carriers with the potential to deliver oral vaccines, parenteral and transdermal targeted drug delivery. In addition to incorporating hydrophilic as well as lipophilic drugs into vesicles, bilosomes are considered one of the most effective methods for enhancing bioavailability and efficacy. Bile acid-based bilosomes are rapidly growing in the current research areas and are expected to provide multiple applications in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields that will occur in the future with bile salts. This paper briefly introduces the bilosomes of a new generation (structure), their mechanism of action, stability, physicochemical properties, and potential biomedical applications including in oral immunization. Furthermore, surface-engineered bilosomes are more effective than bare bilosomes in various animal models, but clinical trials are needed to assess their safety and efficacy. There is also a need for more research on scaling-up factors for commercializing bilosomal systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological events can be mapped in real-time using fluorescent images at high spatial resolution through the use of a powerful tool called fluorescence, and it is necessary to have ultra-bright fluorescent probes. The detrimental effects associated with the existing fluorescence imaging probes and contrast agents are the primary reason behind the greater involvement of nanotechnology. Developing advanced particles at the molecular and supramolecular levels is the only way to address the constraints underlying the current scenario. Nanosized structures dominate in multiple fields, especially in nanotheranostics, due to their higher quantum yield, negligible photobleaching, excellent biocompatibility, tunable optical properties, and improved circulation half-lives. Nanofluorophores, which are nanoparticles encapsulated or doped with fluorescent dyes, play a crucial role in fluorescence-based imaging modality by providing noninvasive realtime monitoring of the inner machinery of the anatomical and cellular structures. In addition to fluorescent inorganic and organic nanoparticles, there are labeled hydrophilic and hydrophobic nanostructures, semiconducting dots, carbon dots, as well as upconversion nanomaterials, etc., which are widely used in fluorescent imaging. A comprehensive literature survey has been provided in this review since intense studies are needed to clear the preclinic stage, thus opening up opportunities for future biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical imaging is currently revolutionizing the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of diseases. Several imaging modalities have been developed based on advances in science and engineering. The impact of these imaging tools has been further improved with the advent of various modern chemistries, leading to the development of contrast agents that serve further to localize the detection of diseased tissues. Several researchers are recently involved in engineering contrast agents that can generate contrast differences between tissues in multiple imaging modalities, enabling cross-referenced determination of anomalies. To establish these multimodal imaging agents, nanovectors have gained significance due to their key physicochemical properties. The major focus of this review is on the engineering strategies of nanovectors for multimodal medical imaging. The review conceives the basic principles, major parameters, and limitations of imaging modalities, namely, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and fluorescence imaging at the beginning. Drawbacks of traditional contrast agents and the demand for new contrast agents are established. The importance of multimodal imaging and the need for a single contrast agent for these imaging applications are elaborated. Finally, the advantages, limitations, and design considerations of nanovectors based on magnetic and metallic nanoparticles with surface modifications to reduce toxicity and enable targeted delivery as multimodal imaging agents are also emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]