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A new clavarioid, lichenized basidiomycete, Bryoclavula phycophila gen. et sp. nov., is described from Japan based on morphological observations and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Although the fruiting bodies were dispersed on unidentified senescent bryophytes growing on a moist rock surface, the hyphae were not associated with the bryophyte cells. Instead, we confirmed that the hyphae loosely surrounded spherical algal cells present on the surface of bryophytes to form an undifferentiated thallus. The observations by transmission electron microscopy revealed that the alga had a pyrenoid. Morphological characters of B. phycophila were similar to those of lichenized species in the genus Multiclavula, but the new species differs from the latter in that it does not form a globular or bulbil-like thallus. Molecular sequence data of the large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene showed that the species was placed in a new lineage in the order Cantharellales, clearly independent from the genus Multiclavula. A multispore isolate of B. phycophila was successfully established and the brief cultural characteristics are described.

Clavulina is an ectomycorrhizal genus of macroscopic basidiomycetes, mostly with clavarioid basidiomata, distributed worldwide. The most commonly reported species are C. amethystina, C. cinerea, C. coralloides, and C. rugosa, which are part of a species complex in temperate ecosystems. In this work, we describe two new species, C. mahiscolorata and C. parvispora, from temperate forests of central Mexico. We also present a geographical range redistribution of C. reae, which displays great macromorphological variation regarding basidiome branching rank, colors, and tip shape. We provide macromorphological, micromorphological, and habitat data for each species, as well as nuclear rDNA ITS, rDNA LSU, and RPB2 sequences. Our findings highlight an underestimation of species richness in temperate ecosystems, as a consequence of assigning existing epithets to taxa without proper morphological and molecular analyses. The designation of neotypes for temperate species of Clavulina is urgent to delimit species concepts for the genus.

Two new species of Clavulina (Clavulinaceae, Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) from southwestern China are substantiated based on morphological evidence and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Both are consistent with the generic properties of Clavulina that include coralloid, branched basidiomata, amphigenous hymenia, basidia with two cornuted sterigmata, and postpartal septa. The first new species, Clavulina flava, is unique for Clavulina in having bright yellow basidiomata, and the second, Clavulina purpurascens, has pale purple basidiomata. The two new species are described in detail, illustrated with line drawings and photographs, and compared with similar species. Intrageneric relationships were examined with phylogenetic analyses based on the sequences of the second largest subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II (RPB2) and the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (LSU). A key is provided for the known Clavulina species in China.

We describe a new species, Cantharellus cyphelloides (Cantharellaceae, Cantharellales, Agaricomycetes), from a Japanese evergreen broad-leaved forest based on morphological and molecular data. The new species differs from other Cantharellus species by its cyphelloid basidiomata with the hymenophore produced on the adaxial surface (inner side of the cup), rather than the abaxial surface. Molecular phylogenetic reconstruction, based on partial nLSU rDNA sequence data, and microscopic features place the new species in Cantharellus subgenus Cinnabarinus. An emended description of subgenus Cinnabarinus is provided.

Five new species of Clavulina (Clavulinaceae, Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) are described from the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana, occurring in rain forests dominated by the ectomycorrhizal tree Dicymbe corymbosa (Caesalpiniaceae). These clavarioid fungi have simple (i.e., unbranching) basidiomata, which is a relatively uncommon phenotypic feature for the genus Clavulina. Macromorphological, micromorphological, and habitat data are provided for each taxon, and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences of the 28S subunit and internal transcribed spacer region were obtained for each holotype collection.

A catalogue and a key to the non-lichenized, bulbilliferous basidiomycetes are given. The new genus Burgella is described for the lichenicolous B. flavoparmeliae, phylogenetically close to Sistotrema oblongisporum and Multiclavula. The genera Pneumatospora and Tricellulortus are placed in synonymy of Minimedusa, the new combination M. obcoronata is proposed, and the new facultative lichenicolous M. pubescens is described. The new facultative lichenicolous Burgoa angulosa is phylogenetically close to the generic type B. verzuoliana, whilst the new B. moriformis and B. splendens are provisionally included in the genus Burgoa. A Burgoa-like species in the Ceratobasidiaceae is left unnamed. Two new species of Marchandiomyces, M. buckii and M. nothofagicola, are described. As Marchandiomyces aurantiacus is phylogenetically more close to Erythricium than to Marchandiomyces, it is proposed to exclude it from that genus and to use the holomorphic generic name Marchandiobasidium for both anamorph and teleomorph of this species. The new genus Marchandiomphalina is introduced for the lichenized Omphalinafoliacea, a taxon phylogenetically close to Marchandiobasidium.