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Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms on Earth, in which the wood-inhabiting fungi play an important role in forest ecosystem processes and functions. Four new wood-inhabiting fungi, Lyomyces hengduanensis, L. niveomarginatus, L. wumengshanensis and L. zhaotongensis, are proposed, based on morphological features and molecular evidence. Lyomyces hengduanensis differs in the brittle basidiomata with pruinose hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system and ellipsoid basidiospores (3.5–6 × 3–4.5 µm). Lyomyces niveomarginatus is distinguished by the subceraceous basidiomata with crackled hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system and ellipsoid basidiospores (4.5–7 × 3–4 µm). Lyomyces wumengshanensis is distinguished by the grandinioid hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system and ellipsoid to broad ellipsoid basidiospores (4–6 × 3–5 µm). Lyomyces zhaotongensis is unique in the grandinioid hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores measuring as 2.6–3.5 × 2.5–3 µm. Sequences of ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated and phylogenetic analyses were performed using the Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference methods. The phylogram, based on the ITS + nLSU rDNA gene regions, included three genera within the Schizoporaceae viz. Fasciodontia, Lyomyces and Xylodon, in which the four new species were grouped into Lyomyces. The phylogenetic tree inferred from the ITS sequences highlighted that L. hengduanensis group with L. zhaotongensis and then closely grouped with L. crustosus, L. ochraceoalbus, and L. vietnamensis. The new taxon L. niveomarginatus was retrieved as a sister to L. juniperi. The new species L. wumengshanensis was sister to L. macrosporus. The new taxon L. zhaotongensis grouped with L. hengduanensis and then closely grouped with L. crustosus, L. ochraceoalbus and L. vietnamensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxonomy plays a central role in understanding the diversity of life, translating the products of biological exploration and discovery specimens and observations into systems of names that settle a "classification home" to taxa. Up to this point, studies on the taxonomy and phylogeny of the basidiomycetous genus Tomentella stemmed mainly from the temperate to boreal zones of the North Hemisphere, but were scarce in tropical Asia. In this study, four new species, viz. Tomentella olivaceobasidiosa, T. velutina, T. wumenshanensis and T. yunnanensis from China, are described and illustrated based on the morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analyses, in which the sequences of ITS+nLSU+mtSSU+RPB2 genes were used for the phylogenetic analyses using Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference methods. All the new species can be well recognised by their macroscopical and anatomical characteristics. The four new species, closely related taxa in the phylogenetic tree and morphologically similar species are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vararia is a species-rich genus in the family Peniophoraceae and has been shown to be polyphyletic. In this study, sequences of ITS and LSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated and phylogenetic analyses were performed with the maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. Seventeen lineages including six new species from China, i.e., V. fissurata, V. lincangensis, V. punctata, V. isabellina, V. sinensis, and V. yaoshanensis were recognized, in which V. fissurata is characterized by the brittle basidiomata with pruinose and cracking hymenophore having white to olivaceous buff hymenial surface, the clamped generative hyphae, presence of the two types gloeocystidia; V. lincangensis is characterized by the simple-septa generative hyphae, and thick-walled skeletal hyphae, and ellipsoid basidiospores; V. punctata is delimited by its thin to slightly thick-walled generative hyphae, and thick-walled skeletal hyphae, present thick-walled, clavate to cylindrical gloeocystidia; V. isabellina is characterized by having the cream to isabelline to slightly brown hymenial surface, thin to slightly thick-walled generative hyphae, and sub-fusiform to navicular basidiospores; V. sinensis is distinguishable by its white to slightly pink hymenial surface, thick-walled skeletal hyphae, and sub-fusiform to navicular basidiospores; V. yaoshanensis is characterized by cream to pinkish buff to cinnamon-buff hymenial surface, slightly thick-walled generative hyphae, the presence of two types gloeocystidia, and slightly thick-walled, ellipsoid basidiospores. Phylogram based on the ITS+nLSU rDNA gene regions included nine genera within the family Peniophoraceae as Amylostereum, Asterostroma, Baltazaria, Dichostereum, Michenera, Peniophora, Scytinostroma and Vararia, in which the six new wood-inhabiting fungi species were grouped into genus Vararia. The phylogenetic tree inferred from the combined ITS and LSU tree sequences highlighted that V. fissurata was found to be the sister to V. ellipsospora with strong supports. Additionally, V. lincangensis was clustered with V. fragilis. Furthermore, V. punctata was retrieved as a sister to V. ambigua. Moreover, V. sinensis was grouped with five taxa as V. breviphysa, V. pirispora, V. fusispora, V. abortiphysa and V. insolita. The new species V. isabellina formed a monophyletic lineage, in which it was then grouped closely with V. daweishanensis, and V. gracilispora. In addition, V. yaoshanensis was found to be the sister to V. gallica with strong supports. The present results increased the knowledge of Vararia species diversity and taxonomy of corticioid fungi in China. An identification key to 17 species of Vararia in China is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five new wood-inhabiting fungi, Lyomyces albopulverulentus, L. yunnanensis, Xylodon daweishanensis, X. fissuratus, and X. puerensis spp. nov., are proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Lyomyces albopulverulentus is characterized by brittle basidiomata, pruinose hymenophore with a white hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and ellipsoid basidiospores. Lyomyces yunnanensis is characterized by a grandinioid hymenial surface, the presence of capitate cystidia, and ellipsoid basidiospores. Xylodon daweishanensis is characterized by an odontioid hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and broad ellipsoid-to-subglobose basidiospores. Xylodon fissuratus is characterized by a cracking basidiomata with a grandinioid hymenial surface, and ellipsoid basidiospores. Xylodon puerensis is characterized by a poroid hymenophore with an angular or slightly daedaleoid configuration, and ellipsoid-to-broad-ellipsoid basidiospores. Sequences of ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated and phylogenetic analyses were performed with the maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogram based on the ITS+nLSU rDNA gene regions (Fig. 1) included six genera within the families Chaetoporellaceae, Hyphodontiaceae, Hymenochaetaceae, and Schizoporaceae (Hymenochaetales)--Fasciodontia, Hastodontia, Hyphodontia, Kneiffiella, Lyomyces, and Xylodon--in which the five new species were grouped into genera Lyomyces and Xylodon. The phylogenetic tree inferred from the ITS sequences highlighted that Lyomyces albopulverulentus formed a monophyletic lineage and was then grouped closely with L. bambusinus, L. orientalis, and L. sambuci; additionally, L. yunnanensis was sister to L. niveus with strong supports. The topology, based on the ITS sequences, revealed that Xylodon daweishanensis was retrieved as a sister to X. hyphodontinus; X. fissuratus was grouped with the four taxa X. montanus, X. subclavatus, X. wenshanensis, and X. xinpingensis; and X. puerensis was clustered with X. flaviporus, X. ovisporus, X. subflaviporus, X. subtropicus, and X. taiwanianus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wood-inhabiting fungi play an integral role in wood degradation and the cycle of matter in the ecological system. They are considered as the "key player" in wood decomposition, because of their ability to produce lignocellulosic enzymes that break down woody lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. In the present study, four new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Adustochaetealbomarginata , Ad.punctata , Alloexidiopsisgrandinea and Al.xantha collected from southern China, are proposed, based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Adustochaetealbomarginata is characterised by resupinate basidiomata with cream to buff, a smooth, cracked, hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and subcylindrical to allantoid basidiospores (12-17.5 × 6.5-9 µm). Adustochaetepunctata is characterised by resupinate basidiomata with cream, a smooth, punctate hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and subcylindrical to allantoid basidiospores (13.5-18 × 6-8.2 µm). Alloexidiopsisgrandinea is characterised by resupinate basidiomata with buff to slightly yellowish, a grandinioid hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and allantoid basidiospores (10-12.3 × 5-5.8 µm). Additionally, Alloexidiopsisxantha is characterised by resupinate basidiomata with cream to slightly buff, a smooth hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and subcylindrical to allantoid basidiospores measuring 20-24 × 5-6.2 µm. Sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and the large subunit (nrLSU) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) markers of the studied samples were generated. Phylogenetic analyses were performed with the Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference methods. The phylogram, based on the ITS+nLSU rDNA gene regions, revealed that four new species were assigned to the genera Adustochaete and Alloexidiopsis within the order Auriculariales, individually. The phylogenetic tree inferred from the ITS sequences highlighted that Ad.albomarginata was retrieved as a sister to Ad.yunnanensis and the species Ad.punctata was sister to Ad.rava . The topology, based on the ITS sequences, showed that Al.grandinea was retrieved as a sister to Al.schistacea and the taxon Al.xantha formed a monophyletic lineage. Furthermore, two identification keys to Adustochaete and Alloexidiopsis worldwide are provided., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Junhong Dong, Yonggao Zhu, Chengbin Qian, Changlin Zhao.)

Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms on Earth, amongst which wood-inhabiting fungi play a crucial role in ecosystem processes and functions. Four new wood-inhabiting fungi, Xylodoncremeoparinaceus , X.luteodontioides , X.poroides and X.wumengshanensis are proposed, based on morphological features and molecular evidence. Xylodoncremeoparinaceus is distinguished by a cream hymenial surface with a pruinose hymenophore, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and ellipsoid basidiospores. Xylodonluteodontioides is characterised by flavescens hymenophore surface with odontioid hymenophore, monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and ellipsoid basidiospores. Xylodonporoides bears coriaceous basidiomata with a poroid hymenophore surface, monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and ellipsoid basidiospores. Xylodonwumengshanensis is a distinct taxon by its grandinoid hymenophore surface, monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and ellipsoid basidiospores. Sequences of ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated and phylogenetic analyses were performed using the Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Parsimony, and Bayesian Inference methods. The phylogram, based on the ITS+nLSU rDNA gene regions, included three genera within the Schizoporaceae as Fasciodontia , Lyomyces and Xylodon . The four new species were grouped into the genus Xylodon . The topology, based on the ITS sequences, revealed that Xylodoncremeoparinaceus was grouped closely with X.pruinosus , X.detriticus and X.ussuriensis . The taxon X.luteodontioides was sister to X.nesporii . The species X.poroides separated from X.pseudotropicus , while X.wumengshanensis was grouped with four taxa: X.patagonicus , X.radula , X.subtropicus and X.taiwanianus ., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Qi Yuan, Changlin Zhao.)

Wood-inhabiting fungi play crucial roles as decomposers in forest ecosystems and, in this study, two new wood-inhabiting corticioid fungi, Hyphoderma puerense and H. tenuissimum spp. nov., are proposed, based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Hyphoderma puerense is characterised by effused basidiomata with smooth to floccose hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and ellipsoid basidiospores. Hyphoderma tenuissimum is characterised by resupinate basidiomata with tuberculate to minutely-grandinioid hymenial surface, septate cystidia and cylindrical to allantoid basidiospores. Sequences of ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated and phylogenetic analyses were performed with Maximum Likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian Inference methods. These analyses showed that the two new species clustered into Hyphoderma, in which H. puerense grouped with H. moniliforme and H. tenuissimum formed a singleton lineage. In addition, an identification key to Chinese Hyphoderma is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five new wood-inhabiting fungi, Lyomycesalbopulverulentus , L.yunnanensis , Xylodondaweishanensis , X.fissuratus , and X.puerensis spp. nov. , are proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Lyomycesalbopulverulentus is characterized by brittle basidiomata, pruinose hymenophore with a white hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and ellipsoid basidiospores. Lyomycesyunnanensis is characterized by a grandinioid hymenial surface, the presence of capitate cystidia, and ellipsoid basidiospores. Xylodondaweishanensis is characterized by an odontioid hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and broad ellipsoid-to-subglobose basidiospores. Xylodonfissuratus is characterized by a cracking basidiomata with a grandinioid hymenial surface, and ellipsoid basidiospores. Xylodonpuerensis is characterized by a poroid hymenophore with an angular or slightly daedaleoid configuration, and ellipsoid-to-broad-ellipsoid basidiospores. Sequences of ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated and phylogenetic analyses were performed with the maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogram based on the ITS+nLSU rDNA gene regions (Fig. 1) included six genera within the families Chaetoporellaceae, Hyphodontiaceae, Hymenochaetaceae, and Schizoporaceae (Hymenochaetales)- Fasciodontia , Hastodontia , Hyphodontia , Kneifiella , Lyomyces , and Xylodon -in which the five new species were grouped into genera Lyomyces and Xylodon . The phylogenetic tree inferred from the ITS sequences highlighted that Lyomycesalbopulverulentus formed a monophyletic lineage and was then grouped closely with L.bambusinus , L.orientalis , and L.sambuci ; additionally, L.yunnanensis was sister to L.niveus with strong supports. The topology, based on the ITS sequences, revealed that Xylodondaweishanensis was retrieved as a sister to X.hyphodontinus ; X.fissuratus was grouped with the four taxa X.montanus , X.subclavatus , X.wenshanensis , and X.xinpingensis ; and X.puerensis was clustered with X.flaviporus , X.ovisporus , X.subflaviporus , X.subtropicus , and X.taiwanianus ., (Qian-Xin Guan, Jing Huang, Jian Huang, Chang-Lin Zhao.)

Wood-inhabiting fungi play crucial roles as decomposers in forest ecosystems and, in this study, two new wood-inhabiting corticioid fungi, Hyphodermapuerense and H.tenuissimum spp. nov. , are proposed, based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Hyphodermapuerense is characterised by effused basidiomata with smooth to floccose hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and ellipsoid basidiospores. Hyphodermatenuissimum is characterised by resupinate basidiomata with tuberculate to minutely-grandinioid hymenial surface, septate cystidia and cylindrical to allantoid basidiospores. Sequences of ITS and nLSU rRNA markers of the studied samples were generated and phylogenetic analyses were performed with Maximum Likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian Inference methods. These analyses showed that the two new species clustered into Hyphoderma , in which H.puerense grouped with H.moniliforme and H.tenuissimum formed a singleton lineage. In addition, an identification key to Chinese Hyphoderma is provided., (Qian-Xin Guan, Yi-Fei Li, Chang-Lin Zhao.)

Lichens are the result of a symbiotic interaction between fungi (mycobionts) and algae (phycobionts). Aside from mycobionts, lichen thalli can also contain non-lichenised fungal species, such as lichenicolous and endolichenic fungi. For this study, three surveys were conducted in China's Yunnan Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region between 2017 and 2020. Several samples of four lichen species were collected during these surveys: Candelariafibrosa , Flavoparmeliacaperata , Flavopuncteliaflaventior and Ramalinasinensis . Six isolates of Coniochaeta were recovered from these four lichen species. The phylogenetic and morphological analyses revealed that two of these isolates were previously identified species, Coniochaetavelutinosa and C.acaciae . Those remaining were from potentially unknown species. We used molecular and morphological data to describe these previously-unknown species as Coniochaetafibrosae sp. nov. , C.mongoliae sp. nov. and C.sinensis sp. nov. The findings of this study significantly improve our understanding of the variety and habitat preferences of Coniochaeta in China and globally., (Hong-Li Si, Yue-Min Su, Xiao-Xiao Zheng, Meng-Yao Ding, Tanay Bose, Run-Lei Chang.)

Four new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Lyomyces bambusinus , L. cremeus , L. macrosporus and L. wuliangshanensis , are proposed based on a combination of morphological and molecular evidence. Lyomyces bambusinus is characterized by resupinate basidiomata with colliculose to tuberculate hymenial surface and broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, slightly thick-walled, smooth basidiospores. Lyomyces cremeus is characterised by resupinate basidiomata with smooth, cream hymenial surface and ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled basidiospores. Lyomyces macrosporus is characterized by pruinose basidiomata with reticulate hymenial surface, presence of three kinds of cystidia and larger basidiospores (6.7-8.9 × 4.4-5.4 µm). Lyomyces wuliangshanensis is characterized by coriaceous basidiomata and ellipsoid, hyaline, slightly thick-walled, smooth basidiospores. The phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences revealed that the four new species belonged to Lyomyces . Lyomyces bambusinus grouped with L. sambuci . Lyomyces cremeus clade was sister to a clade comprised of L. microfasciculatus . Lyomyces macrosporus was sister to L. allantosporus . Lyomyces wuliangshanensis was closely related to L. mascarensis ., (Jun-Zhu Chen, Chang-Lin Zhao.)