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Various in vitro test systems have been developed for genotoxic risk assessment in early drug development. However, these genotoxicity tests often show limited specificity, and provide limited insights into the mode of toxicity of the tested compounds. To identify genes that could serve as specific biomarkers for genotoxicity or oxidative stress, we exposed mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells to various genotoxic and oxidative stress-inducing compounds and performed genome-wide expression profiling. Differentially expressed genes were classified based on the fold-change of expression and their specificity for either genotoxic or oxidative stress. Promoter regions of four selected genes (Ephx1, Btg2, Cbr3 and Perp) were fused to a DsRed fluorescent reporter gene and stably integrated in mouse ES cells. Established stable reporter cell lines displayed significant induction of DsRed expression upon exposure to different classes of genotoxic and oxidative stress-inducing compounds. In contrast, exposure to non-genotoxic carcinogenic compounds did not induce DsRed expression even at cytotoxic doses. Expression of the Cbr3-DsRed reporter was more responsive to compounds that induce oxidative stress while the other three DsRed reporters reacted more specific to direct-acting genotoxic agents. Therefore, the differential response of the Btg2- and Cbr3-DsRed reporters can serve as indicator for the main action mechanism of genotoxic and oxidative stress-inducing compounds. In addition, we provide evidence that inhibition of DNA replication results in preferential activation of the Btg2-DsRed genotoxicity reporter. In conclusion, we have generated sensitive mouse ES cell reporter systems that allow detection of genotoxic and oxidative stress-inducing properties of chemical compounds and can be used in high-throughput assays., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A search was initiated towards the localization of novel mutated tumour suppressor genes that may be involved in adult leukaemia. For this purpose, we measured the occurrence of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in nine patients with acute B-lineage leukaemia (ALL) and one with undifferentiated leukaemia (AUL). Eight leukaemias exhibited a diploid karyotype. For each patient, PCR products of 130 polymorphic microsatellite markers, located in subtelomeric areas of every autosomal chromosome arm were analysed to visualize LOH events resulting from reduplication of a single mutated chromosome or from mitotic recombination. These kinds of LOH events contribute most to LOH in model systems but cannot be detected by classical cytogenetic techniques. By comparing allelic PCR products in tumour cells with those in normal cells, LOH was found in tumour cells of one ALL patient at 9p which harbours the known p16INK4A tumour suppressor gene. In the AUL patient, however, LOH was detected at the telomeres of 4q and 21q, suggesting that these sites may contain novel tumour suppressor genes specifically involved in this form of leukaemia. In the DNA of tumour cells from eight out of 10 patients no LOH was detected. This is in contrast with the general assumption that LOH is a frequent phenomenon in ALL. However, some markers at telomeric regions of chromosomes were already homozygous in the control T-cells of several patients. For instance, we found in the DNA of control cells from one patient five consecutive microsatellites on 9p up to 9p43 which were homozygous and in three other patients homozygosity was observed in band 8q24, which includes the MYC gene. These observations indicate that LOH events already are present in non-cancerous putative stem cells and that mitotic recombination may be a very early event in leukaemogenesis., (Copyright 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.)

It has been shown that the Chinese hamster cell mutant V-C8 is sensitive to different DNA damaging agents, such as mitomycin C (MMC), alkylating agents, UV light, and X-rays. We found that V-C8 is also sensitive to the following radiomimetic agents: bleomycin (approximately 2-fold, based on D10 values), H2O2 (approximately 2-fold), streptonigrin (approximately 11-fold), and etoposide (approximately 8-fold). Two independent spontaneous MMC-resistant revertants isolated from V-C8 cells show a level of cell killing by X-rays, EMS, and UV light which is similar to that of wild-type cells, suggesting that the observed pattern of cross-sensitivity of V-C8 cells to a wide spectrum of DNA damaging agents results from a single mutation. V-C8 cells also display radioresistant DNA synthesis following gamma-irradiation which, however, remained almost unchanged in the V-C8 revertants. The measurement of the level and rate of repair of DNA single- and double-strand breaks (SSBs and DSBs, respectively) by the DNA elution technique showed that the V-C8 mutant has a slower repair of DSBs induced by gamma-rays. The described unique phenotype of V-C8 cells suggested that V-C8 represents a novel type of mutant amongst X-ray-sensitive hamster cell mutants. To confirm this, complementation analysis with other X-ray-sensitive mutants was performed. V-C8 cells were fused with EM9, XR-1, xrs5, sxi-1, V-3, V-E5, irs3, and BLM2 mutant cells, representing different complementation groups. All the obtained hybrids regained X-ray resistance (or bleomycin resistance in the case of V-C8/BLM2 hybrids) similar to that of wild-type cells, indicating that V-C8 represents a new complementation group. The results presented indicate that V-C8 is defective in a gene involved in a pathway operating in the responses to different DNA damaging agents in mammalian cells.