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NMOSD is a disease shown to be highly associated with other diseases such as autoimmune diseases. There are a few reports of this association with cancer. So, this systematic review aimed to obtain a broad understanding on the cancers associated in NMOSD, including the source of common perceptions and assumptions in this regard. Methods in this study, we systematically searched the PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Sciences, Proquest, Ovid, conference proceedings, and reference lists of the retrieved articles. All NMOSD cases who met the last version of criteria for its diagnosis, which reported the patients with a history of cancer before or after the onset of neurological symptoms without time limitations, and those who were referred as paraneoplastic neuromyelitis optica in articles published in English language (both the abstract & full text), were assessed. Finally, each study was critically appraised. Results Only 47 studies met the inclusion criteria, so they were assessed for qualitative synthesis. Considering the Euro network criteria, only 62 cases met this issue. The mean age of 52.21 ± 17.14 and 52.16 ± 17.21 was reported for cancer and NMOSD cases with female predominance (79%), respectively. The most reported organ in the cancer population were genitourinary (n = 14, 22.3%), breast (n = 12, 19.4%), lung (n = 12, 19.3%), gastrointestinal (n = 7, 11.3%), and hematology (n = 6, 9.7%), respectively. Conclusion In older NMOSD patients without suspicious symptoms, we recommend paying more attention to lung, breast and genitourinary (especially ovary) cancer screening. Also, cancer resection had positive effect on the attack numbers after receiving treatment and NMOSD recovery.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most important demyelinating diseases that affects the central nervous system. Its treatment often involves a long-term disease modifying therapy. According to some studies, the prevalence of autoimmune disorders, such as autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and ulcerative colitis (UC) is higher in MS patients than in the normal population. There are also few studies that have reported the onset of UC after rituximab therapy. The present study presents a report of a 31-years old female patient suffering from aggressive multiple sclerosis, which developed into autoimmune hepatitis during the MS therapy. Thereafter, she received rituximab for the treating both MS and AIH. One week after the third cycle of rituximab (6 doses of 1000 mg), she experienced abdominal pain, fever, and severe bloody diarrhea; finally, she was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis (UC). It seems that the administration of certain immunomodulators or immunosuppressive drugs may have a main role in the exacerbation of some autoimmune diseases.

Introduction Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) which predominantly involves optic nerves and spinal cord. Since the introduction of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD) as a separate entity, there have been many reports on its association with other disorders including systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Here, we reviewed other immune-mediated diseases associated with NMOSD and tried to categorize them. Methods The present review was conducted using the PUBMED database based on papers from 1976 (i.e., since the first NMO comorbidity with SLE was reported) to 2017. We included all articles published in English. The keywords utilized included Neuromyelitis optica, Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders, Devic's disease, in combination with comorbidity or comorbidities. Results Diseases with immune-based pathogenesis are the most frequently reported co-morbidities associated with NMOSD, most of which are antibody-mediated diseases. According to literature, Sjogren's Syndrome (SS) and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) are the most frequently reported diseases associated with NMOSD among systemic autoimmune diseases. Further, myasthenia gravis in neurological and autoimmune thyroid diseases in non-neurological organ-specific autoimmune diseases are the most reported comorbidities associated with NMOSD in the literature. Conclusions NMOSD may be associated with a variety of different types of autoimmune diseases. Therefore, systemic or laboratory signs which are not typical for NMOSD should be properly investigated to exclude other associated comorbidities. These comorbidities may affect the treatment strategy and may improve the patients' care and management.