Search

In this paper, we present a foreground analysis of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP) 5-year data using thefastica algorithm, improving on the treatment of the WMAP 3-year data in Bottino et al. We determine coupling coefficients between the WMAP data and templates commonly used to trace the dominant foreground emissions, and use them to study the spectral properties of the diffuse emissions and subsequently to clean the data. We confirm the dependence of the values of these scaling factors on the extension of the mask used in the analysis and we again demonstrate some anomalies when the mask is adopted that remain unexplained. We also revisit the nature of the free–free spectrum with the emphasis on attempting to confirm or otherwise the spectral feature claimed in Dobler et al. and explained in terms of spinning dust emission in the warm ionized medium. With the application of different Galactic cuts, the index is always flatter than the canonical value of 2.14 except for the mask which is steeper. Irrespective of this, we cannot confirm the presence of any feature in the free–free spectrum. We experiment with a more extensive approach to the cleaning of the data, introduced in connection with the iterative application offastica. We confirm the presence of a residual foreground whose spatial distribution is concentrated along the Galactic plane, with pronounced emission near the Galactic Centre. This is consistent with the WMAP haze detected in Finkbeiner et al. Finally, we attempted to perform the same analysis on full-sky (FS) maps. The code returns good results even for those regions where the cross-talk among the components is high. However, slightly better results in terms of the possibility of reconstructing an FS CMB map are achieved with a simultaneous analysis of both the five WMAP maps and foreground templates. None the less, some residuals are still present and detected in terms of an excess in the cosmic microwave background power spectrum, on small angular scales. Therefore, a minimal mask for the brightest regions of the plane is necessary, and has been defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We address the dual challenge of estimating deviations from Gaussianity arising in models of the early Universe, whilst retaining information necessary to assess whether a detection of non-Gaussianity is primordial. We do this by constructing a new statistic, the bispectrum-related power spectrum, which is constructed from a map of the cosmic microwave background. The estimator is optimized for primordial non-Gaussianity detection, but can also be useful in distinguishing primordial non-Gaussianity from secondary non-Gaussianity, such as may arise from unsubtracted point sources, or residuals from component separation. Extending earlier studies we present unbiased non-Gaussianity estimators optimized for partial sky coverage and inhomogeneous noise associated with realistic scan strategies, but which retain the ability to assess foreground contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quadratic maximum likelihood (QML) estimator is applied to the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP) 5 year low-resolution maps to compute the cosmic microwave background angular power spectra (APS) at large scales for both temperature and polarization. Estimates and error bars for the six APS are provided up to and compared, when possible, to those obtained by the WMAP team, without finding any inconsistency. The conditional likelihood slices are also computed for the of all the six power spectra from to 10 through a pixel-based likelihood code. Both the codes treat the covariance for in a single matrix without employing any approximation. The inputs of both the codes (foreground-reduced maps, related covariances and masks) are provided by the WMAP team. The peaks of the likelihood slices are always consistent with the QML estimates within the error bars; however, an excellent agreement occurs when the QML estimates are used as a fiducial power spectrum instead of the best-fitting theoretical power spectrum. By the full computation of the conditional likelihood on the estimated spectra, the value of the temperature quadrupole is found to be less than 2σ away from the WMAP 5 year Λ cold dark matter best-fitting value. The BB spectrum is found to be well consistent with zero, and upper limits on the B modes are provided. The parity odd signals TB and EB are found to be consistent with zero. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mapping cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization is an essential ingredient of current cosmological research. Particularly challenging is the measurement of an extremely weak B-mode polarization that can potentially yield unique insight on inflation. Achieving this objective requires very precise measurements of the secondary polarization components on both large and small angular scales. Scattering of the CMB in galaxy clusters induces several polarization effects whose measurements can probe cluster properties. Perhaps more important are levels of the statistical polarization signals from the population of clusters. Power spectra of five of these polarization components are calculated and compared with the primary polarization spectra. These spectra peak at multipoles , and attain levels that are unlikely to appreciably contaminate the primordial polarization signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using large numbers of simulations of the microwave sky, incorporating the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) effect due to clusters, we investigate the statistics of the power spectrum at microwave frequencies between spherical multipoles of 1000 and 10 000. From these virtual sky maps, we find that the spectrum of the SZ effect has a larger standard deviation by a factor of 3 than would be expected from purely Gaussian realizations, and has a distribution that is significantly skewed towards higher values, especially when small map sizes are used. The standard deviation is also increased by around 10 per cent compared to the trispectrum calculation due to the clustering of galaxy clusters. We also consider the effects of including residual point sources and uncertainties in the gas physics. This has implications for the excess power measured in the CMB power spectrum by the Cosmic Background Imager (CBI) and Berkeley–Illinois–Maryland Association (BIMA) experiments. Our results indicate that the observed excess could be explained using a lower value of σ8 than previously suggested, however the effect is not enough to match . The uncertainties in the gas physics could also play a substantial role. We have made our maps of the SZ effect available online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the impact of both slow and fast polarization modulation strategies on the science return of upcoming ground-based experiments aimed at measuring the B-mode polarization of the cosmic microwave background. Using detailed simulations of the OVER experiment, we compare the ability of modulated and un-modulated observations to recover the signature of gravitational waves in the polarized CMB sky in the presence of a number of anticipated systematic effects. The general expectations that fast modulation is helpful in mitigating low-frequency detector noise, and that the additional redundancy in the projection of the instrument's polarization sensitivity directions on to the sky when modulating reduces the impact of instrumental polarization, particularly for fast modulation, are borne out by our simulations. Neither low-frequency polarized atmospheric fluctuations nor systematic errors in the polarization sensitivity directions are mitigated by modulation. Additionally, we find no significant reduction in the effect of pointing errors by modulation. For a OVER-like experiment, pointing jitter should be negligible but any systematic miscalibration of the polarization coordinate reference system results in significant E– B mixing on all angular scales and will require careful control. We also stress the importance of combining data from multiple detectors in order to remove the effects of common-mode systematics (such as un-polarized atmospheric noise) on the measured polarization signal. Finally we compare the performance of our simulated experiment with the predicted performance from a Fisher analysis. We find good agreement between the (optimal) Fisher predictions and the simulated experiment except for the very largest scales where the power spectrum estimator we have used introduces additional variance to the B-mode signal recovered from our simulations. In terms of detecting the total B-mode signal, including lensing, the Fisher analysis and the simulations are in excellent agreement. For a detection of the primordial B-mode signal only, using an input tensor-to-scalar ratio of , the Fisher analysis predictions are ∼20 per cent better than the simulated performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use the large cosmological Millennium Simulation (MS) to construct the first all-sky maps of the lensing potential and the angle, aiming at gravitational lensing of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), with the goal of properly including small-scale non-linearities and non-Gaussianity. Exploiting the Born approximation, we implement a map-making procedure based on direct ray tracing through the gravitational potential of the MS. We stack the simulation box in redshift shells up to z∼ 11, producing continuous all-sky maps with arcmin angular resolution. A randomization scheme avoids the repetition of structures along the line of sight, and structures larger than the MS box size are added to supply the missing contribution of large-scale (LS) structures to the lensing signal. The angular power spectra of the projected lensing potential and the deflection-angle modulus agree quite well with semi-analytic estimates on scales down to a few arcmin, while we find a slight excess of power on small scales, which we interpret as being due to non-linear clustering in the MS. Our map-making procedure, combined with the LS adding technique, is ideally suited for studying lensing of CMB anisotropies, for analysing cross-correlations with foreground structures, or other secondary CMB anisotropies such as the Rees–Sciama effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have used the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) at 95 GHz to carry out continuum observations of 130 extragalactic radio sources selected from the Australia Telescope 20 GHz (AT20G) survey. We use a triple-correlation method to measure simultaneous 20- and 95-GHz flux densities for these objects, and over 90 per cent of our target sources are detected at 95 GHz. We demonstrate that the ATCA can robustly measure 95-GHz flux densities with an accuracy of ∼10 per cent in a few minutes for sources stronger than about 50 mJy. We measure the distribution of radio spectral indices in a flux-limited sample of extragalactic sources, and show that the median 20–95 GHz spectral index does not vary significantly with flux density for . This finding allows us to estimate the extragalactic radio source counts at 95 GHz by combining our observed 20–95 GHz spectral-index distribution with the accurate 20-GHz source counts measured in the AT20G survey. Our derived 95-GHz source counts at flux densities above 80 mJy are significantly lower than those found by several previous studies. The main reason is that most radio sources with flat or rising spectra in the frequency range 5–20 GHz show a spectral turnover between 20 and 95 GHz. As a result, there are fewer 95-GHz sources (by almost a factor of 2 at 0.1 Jy) than would be predicted on the basis of extrapolation from the source populations seen in lower-frequency surveys. We also derive the predicted confusion noise in cosmic microwave background surveys at 95 GHz and find a value 20–30 per cent lower than previous estimates. The 95-GHz source population at the flux levels probed by this study is dominated by quasi-stellar objects with a median redshift . We find a correlation between optical magnitude and 95-GHz flux density which suggests that many of the brightest 95-GHz sources may be relativistically beamed, with both the optical and millimetre continuum significantly brightened by Doppler boosting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decomposition of a signal on the sphere with the steerable wavelet constructed from the second Gaussian derivative gives access to the orientation, signed-intensity and elongation of the signal's local features. In the present work, the non-Gaussianity of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP) temperature data of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is analysed in terms of the first four moments of the statistically isotropic random fields associated with these local morphological measures, at wavelet scales corresponding to angular sizes between 27.5 arcmin and 30° on the celestial sphere. While no detection is made either in the orientation analysis or in the elongation analysis, a strong detection is made in the excess kurtosis of the signed-intensity of the WMAP data. The non-Gaussianity is observed with a significance level below 0.5 per cent at a wavelet scale corresponding to an angular size around 10°, and confirmed at neighbouring scales. This supports a previous detection of an excess of kurtosis in the wavelet coefficient of the WMAP data with the axisymmetric Mexican hat wavelet. Instrumental noise and foreground emissions are not likely to be at the origin of the excess of kurtosis. Large-scale modulations of the CMB related to some unknown systematics are rejected as possible origins of the detection. The observed non-Gaussianity may therefore probably be imputed to the CMB itself, thereby questioning the basic inflationary scenario upon which the present concordance cosmological model relies. Taking the CMB temperature angular power spectrum of the concordance cosmological model at face value, further analysis also suggests that this non-Gaussianity is not confined to the directions on the celestial sphere with an anomalous signed-intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compute the imprints left on the cosmic microwave background (CMB) by two cosmic reionization models consistent with current observations but characterized by alternative radiative feedback prescriptions ( suppression and filtering) resulting in a different suppression of star formation in low-mass haloes. The models imply different ionization and thermal histories and 21-cm background signals. The derived Comptonization, u, and free–free distortion, , parameters are below current observational limits for both models. However, the value of for the suppression (filtering) model is in the detectability range of the next generation of CMB spectrum experiments. Through, the dedicated Boltzmann codecmbfast, modified to include the above ionization histories, we compute the CMB angular power spectrum (APS) of the TT, TE and EE modes. For the EE mode, the differences between these models are significantly larger than the cosmic and sampling variance over the multipole range , leaving a good chance of discriminating between these feedback mechanisms with forthcoming/future CMB polarization experiments. The main limitations come from foreground contamination: it should be subtracted at per cent level in terms of APS, a result potentially achievable by novel component separation techniques and mapping of Galactic foreground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been long recognized that, besides being a formidable experiment to observe the primordial cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies, Planck will also have the capability to detect galaxy clusters via their Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) imprint. In this paper constraints on cosmological parameters derivable from the Planck cluster candidate sample are examined for the first time as a function of cluster sample selection and purity obtained from realistic simulations of the microwave sky at the Planck observing frequency bands, observation process modelling and a cluster extraction pipeline. In particular, we employ a multifrequency matched filtering (MFMF) method to recover clusters from mock simulations of Planck observations. Obtainable cosmological constraints under realistic assumptions of priors and knowledge about cluster redshifts are discussed. Just relying on cluster redshift abundances without making use of recovered cluster fluxes, it is shown that from the Planck cluster catalogue cosmological constraints comparable to the ones derived from recent primordial CMB power spectrum measurements can be achieved. For example, for a concordance Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model and a redshift binning of , the 1σ uncertainties on the values of Ωm and σ8 are and , respectively. Furthermore, we find that the constraint of the matter density depends strongly on the prior which can be imposed on the Hubble parameter by other observational means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We derive the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiative transfer equation in the form of a multipole hierarchy in the nearly Friedmann–Robertson–Walker limit of homogeneous, but anisotropic, universes classified via their Bianchi type. Compared with previous calculations, this allows a more sophisticated treatment of recombination, produces predictions for the polarization of the radiation and allows for reionization. Our derivation is independent of any assumptions about the dynamical behaviour of the field equations, except that it requires anisotropies to be small back to recombination; this is already demanded by observations. We calculate the polarization signal in the Bianchi VII h case, with the parameters recently advocated to mimic the several large-angle anomalous features observed in the CMB. We find that the peak polarization signal is for the best-fitting model to the temperature anisotropies, and is mostly confined to multipoles . Remarkably, the predicted large-angle EE and TE power spectra in the Bianchi model are consistent with Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP) observations that are usually interpreted as evidence of early reionization. However, the power in B-mode polarization is predicted to be similar to the E-mode power and parity-violating correlations are also predicted by the model; the WMAP non-detection of either of these signals casts further strong doubts on the veracity of attempts to explain the large-angle anomalies with global anisotropy. On the other hand, given that there exist further dynamical degrees of freedom in the VII h universes that are yet to be compared with CMB observations, we cannot at this time definitively reject the anisotropy explanation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the impact of instrumental systematic errors on the potential of cosmic microwave background polarization experiments targeting primordial B-modes. To do so, we introduce spin-weighted Müller matrix-valued fields describing the linear response of the imperfect optical system and receiver, and give a careful discussion of the behaviour of the induced systematic effects under rotation of the instrument. We give the correspondence between the matrix components and known optical and receiver imperfections, and compare the likely performance of pseudo-correlation receivers and those that modulate the polarization with a half-wave plate. The latter is shown to have the significant advantage of not coupling the total intensity into polarization for perfect optics, but potential effects like optical distortions that may be introduced by the quasi-optical wave plate warrant further investigation. A fast method for tolerancing time-invariant systematic effects is presented, which propagates errors through to power spectra and cosmological parameters. The method extends previous studies to an arbitrary scan strategy, and eliminates the need for time-consuming Monte Carlo simulations in the early phases of instrument and survey design. We illustrate the method with both simple parametrized forms for the systematics and with beams based on physical-optics simulations. Example results are given in the context of next-generation experiments targeting tensor-to-scalar ratios . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an application of the fast Independent Component Analysis (fastica) to the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP) three-year data with the goal of extracting the cosmic microwave background (CMB) signal. We evaluate the confidence of our results by means of Monte Carlo simulations including the CMB, foreground contaminations and instrumental noise specific to each WMAP frequency band. We perform a complete analysis involving all or a subset of the WMAP channels in order to select the optimal combination for CMB extraction, using the frequency scaling of the reconstructed component as a figure of merit. We find that the combination KQVW provides the best CMB frequency scaling, indicating that the low-frequency foreground contamination in Q, V and W bands is better traced by the emission in the K band. The CMB angular power spectrum is recovered up to the degree scale; it is consistent within errors for all WMAP channel combinations considered, and in close agreement with the WMAP three-year results. A power spectrum analysis is made of the sky map divided into two hemispheres that have been previously reported as showing evidence of an asymmetric ratio of power on large angular scales. We then confirm the findings of several previous works with independent techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the shape of the likelihood and posterior surfaces to be used when fitting cosmological models to cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature and polarization power spectra measured from experiments. In the limit of an all-sky survey with Gaussian-distributed pixel noise we show that the true combined likelihood of the four CMB power spectra (TT, TE, EE and BB) has a Wishart distribution and we discuss the properties of this function. We compare various fits to the posterior surface of the Cl values, both in the case of a single auto-power spectrum and for a combination of temperature and polarization data. In the latter case, it is important that the fits can accurately match the Wishart distribution in the limit of near full-sky coverage. Simple extensions of auto-power spectrum fits to include polarization data generally fail to match correlations between the different power spectra in this limit. Directly fitting pixel values on large scales, as undertaken by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe team in their analysis of the 3-yr data, avoids the complications of characterizing the shape of the posterior for the power spectra. Finally, we demonstrate the importance of the likelihood distribution on analytic marginalization, and provide a formula for analytic marginalization over a calibration error given an all-sky survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small maps of the Rees–Sciama (RS) effect are simulated by using an appropriate N-body code and a certain ray-tracing procedure. A method designed for the statistical analysis of cosmic microwave background (CMB) maps is applied to study the resulting simulations. These techniques, recently proposed – by our team – to consider lens deformations of the CMB, are adapted to deal with the RS effect. This effect and the deviations from Gaussianity associated to it seem to be too small to be detected in the near future. This conclusion follows from our estimation of both the RS angular power spectrum and the RS reduced n-direction correlation functions for . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present results of polarization observations at 1.4 GHz of the two fields imaged by the DASI experiment ( and , respectively). Data were taken with the Australia Telescope Compact Array with 3.4-arcmin resolution and ∼0.18-mJy beam−1 sensitivity. The emission is dominated by point sources, and we do not find evidence for diffuse synchrotron radiation even after source subtraction. This allows to estimate an upper limit of the diffuse polarized emission. The extrapolation to 30 GHz suggests that the synchrotron radiation is lower than the polarized signal measured by the DASI experiment by at least two orders of magnitude. This further supports the conclusions drawn by the DASI team itself about the negligible Galactic foreground contamination in their data set, improving by a factor of ∼5 the upper limit estimated by Leitch et al. The dominant point-source emission allows us to estimate the contamination of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) by extragalactic foregrounds. We computed the power spectrum of their contribution, and its extrapolation to 30 GHz provides a framework where the CMB signal should dominate. However, our results do not match the conclusions of the DASI team about the negligibility of point-source contamination, suggesting taking into account a source subtraction from the DASI data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All-sky thermal and kinetic Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) maps are presented for assessing how well the Planck mission can find and characterize clusters of galaxies, especially in the presence of primary anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and various Galactic and ecliptic foregrounds. The maps have been constructed from numerical simulations of structure formation in a standard Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) cosmology and contain all clusters out to redshifts of with masses exceeding . By construction, the maps properly account for the evolution of cosmic structure, the halo–halo correlation function, the evolving mass function, halo substructure and adiabatic gas physics. The velocities in the kinetic map correspond to the actual density environment at the cluster positions. We characterize the SZ-cluster sample by measuring the distribution of angular sizes, the integrated thermal and kinetic Comptonizations, the source counts in the three relevant Planck channels, and give the angular power spectra of the SZ sky. While our results are broadly consistent with simple estimates based on scaling relations and spherically symmetric cluster models, some significant differences are seen which may affect the number of cluster detectable by Planck. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP) data when combined with ancillary data on free–free, synchrotron and dust allow an improved understanding of the spectrum of emission from each of these components. Here, we examine the sky variation at intermediate latitudes using a cross-correlation technique. In particular, we compare the observed emission in 15 selected sky regions to three ‘standard’ templates. The free–free emission of the diffuse ionized gas is fitted by a well-known spectrum at K and Ka band, but the derived emissivity corresponds to a mean electron temperature of ∼4000–5000 K. This is inconsistent with estimates from Galactic H ii regions although a variation in the derived ratio of Hα to free–free intensity by a factor of ∼2 is also found from region to region. The origin of the discrepancy is unclear. The anomalous emission associated with dust is clearly detected in most of the 15 fields studied. The anomalous emission correlates well with the Finkbeiner, Davis & Schlegel model 8 predictions (FDS8) at 94 GHz, with an effective spectral index between 20 and 60 GHz, of . Furthermore, the emissivity varies by a factor of ∼2 from cloud to cloud. A modestly improved fit to the anomalous dust at K band is provided by modulating the template by an estimate of the dust colour temperature, specifically . We find a preferred value , although there is a scatter from region to region. Nevertheless, the preferred index drops to zero at higher frequencies where the thermal dust emission dominates. The synchrotron emission steepens between GHz frequencies and the WMAP bands. There are indications of spectral index variations across the sky but the current data are not precise enough to accurately quantify this from region to region. Our analysis of the WMAP data indicates strongly that the dust-correlated emission at the low WMAP frequencies has a spectrum which is compatible with spinning dust; we find no evidence for a synchrotron component correlated with dust. The importance of these results for the correction of cosmic microwave background data for Galactic foreground emission is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the analysis of the first 18 months of data obtained with the COSMOSOMAS (COSMOlogical Structures On Medium Angular Scales) experiment at the Teide Observatory (Tenerife). Three maps have been obtained at 12.7, 14.7 and 16.3 GHz covering 9000 deg2 each with a resolution of ∼1° and with sensitivities 49, 59 and 115 μK beam−1, respectively. These data in conjunction with the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP) first year maps have revealed that the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is the dominant astronomical signal at high galactic latitude in the three COSMOSOMAS channels with an average amplitude of (68 per cent c.l. not including calibration errors). This value is in agreement with the predicted CMB signal in the COSMOSOMAS maps using the best-fitting Λ-CDM model to the WMAP power spectrum. Cross-correlation analysis of the 408-MHz map and the COSMOSOMAS data at high galactic latitudes give values in the range from 12.7 to 16.3 GHz. Removing detected point sources in this template, reduces the amplitude of the correlated signal to 8–9 μK. The mean spectral index of the correlated signal between the 408 MHz desourced and the COSMOSOMAS maps is between −3.20 and −2.94 at which indicates that this signal is due to synchrotron emission. Cross-correlation of COSMOSOMAS data with the Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) map at 100 μm shows the existence of a common signal with amplitude and in the 12.7, 14.7 and 16.3 GHz COSMOSOMAS maps at . Using the WMAP data, we find this DIRBE correlated signal rises from high to low frequencies flattening below ∼20 GHz. At higher galactic latitudes the average amplitude of the correlated signal with the DIRBE maps decreases slightly. The frequency behaviour of the COSMOSOMAS/ WMAP correlated signal with DIRBE is not compatible with the expected tendency for thermal dust. A study of the Hα emission maps do not support free–free as a major contributor to that signal. Our results provide new evidence of a Galactic foreground with properties compatible with predictions by spinning dust models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a study of the effect of component separation on the recovered cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature distribution, considering Gaussian and non-Gaussian input CMB maps. In particular, the non-Gaussian maps have been generated as a mixture of a Gaussian CMB map and a cosmic strings map in different proportions. First, we extract the CMB component from simulated multifrequency Planck data (in small patches of the sky) using the maximum-entropy method (MEM), Wiener filter (WF) and a method based on the subtraction of foreground templates plus a linear combination of frequency channels (LCFC). We then apply a wavelet-based method to study the Gaussianity of the recovered CMB and compare it with the same analysis for the input map. When the original CMB map is Gaussian (and assuming that point sources have been removed), we find that neither MEM nor WF introduce non-Gaussianity in the CMB reconstruction. Regarding the LCFC, the Gaussian character is also preserved provided that the appropriate combination of frequency channels is used. On the contrary, if the input CMB map is non-Gaussian, all the studied methods produce a reconstructed CMB with lower detections of non-Gaussianity than the original map. This effect is mainly due to the presence of instrumental noise in the data, which clearly affects the quality of the reconstructions. In this case, MEM tends to produce slightly higher non-Gaussian detections in the reconstructed map than WF whereas the detections are lower for the LCFC. We have also studied the effect of point sources in the MEM reconstruction. If no attempt to remove point sources is performed, they clearly contaminate the CMB reconstruction, introducing spurious non-Gaussianity. When the brightest point sources are removed from the data using the Mexican Hat Wavelet, the Gaussian character of the CMB is preserved. However, when analysing larger regions of the sky, the variance of our estimators will be appreciably reduced and, in this case, we expect the point source residuals to introduce spurious non-Gaussianity in the CMB distribution. Therefore, a careful subtraction (or masking) of point source emission is crucial in order to be able to perform Gaussian analysis of the CMB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate two possible explanations for the large-angle anomalies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB): an intrinsically anisotropic model and an inhomogeneous model. We take as an example of the former a Bianchi model (which leaves a spiral pattern in the sky) and of the latter a background model that already contains a non-linear long-wavelength plane wave (leaving a stripy pattern in the sky). We make use of an adaptation of the ‘template’ formalism, previously designed to detect galactic foregrounds, to recognize these patterns and produce confidence levels for their detection. The ‘corrected’ maps, from which these patterns have been removed, are free of anomalies, in particular their quadrupole and octopole are not planar and their intensities are not low. We stress that although the ‘template’ detections are not found to be statistically significant they do correct statistically significant anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the effect of foreground residuals in the WMAP ( Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) data by adding foreground contamination to Gaussian ensembles of cosmic microwave background (CMB) signal and noise maps. We evaluate a set of non-Gaussian estimators on the contaminated ensembles to determine with what accuracy any residual in the data can be constrained using higher-order statistics. We apply the estimators to the raw and cleaned Q-, V- and W-band first-year maps. The foreground subtraction method applied to clean the data in Bennett et al. appears to have induced a correlation between the power spectra and normalized bispectra of the maps which is absent in Gaussian simulations. It also appears to increase the correlation between the inter-ℓ bispectrum of the cleaned maps and the foreground templates. In a number of cases the significance of the effect is above the 98 per cent confidence level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polarized diffuse emission observations at 1.4 GHz in a high Galactic latitude area of the Northern celestial hemisphere are presented. The field, centred at , has Galactic coordinates and is located in the region selected as northern target of the Balloon-borne Radiometers for Sky Polarization Observations experiment. Observations have been performed with the Effelsberg 100-m telescope. We find that the angular power spectra of the E and B modes have slopes of and , respectively. Because of the very high Galactic latitude and the smooth emission, a weak Faraday rotation action is expected, which allows both a fair extrapolation to cosmic microwave background polarization (CMBP) frequencies and an estimate of the contamination by the Galactic synchrotron emission. We extrapolate the E-mode spectrum up to 32 GHz and confirm the possibility to safely detect the CMBP E-mode signal in the Ka band found in another low-emission region. Extrapolated up to 90 GHz, the Galactic synchrotron B mode looks to compete with the cosmic signal only for models with a tensor-to-scalar perturbation power ratio , which is even lower than the T/ S value of 0.01 found to be accessible in the only other high Galactic latitude area investigated to date. This suggests that values as low as might be accessed at high Galactic latitudes. Such low-emission values can allow a significant redshift of the best frequency to detect the CMBP B mode, also reducing the contamination by Galactic dust, and opening interesting perspectives to investigate inflation models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We perform a blind multicomponent analysis of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP) 1-yr foreground-cleaned maps using Spectral Matching Independent Component Analysis ( smica). We provide a new estimate of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectrum as well as the amplitude of the CMB anisotropies across frequency channels. We show that the CMB anisotropies are compatible with temperature fluctuations as expected from the standard paradigm. The analysis also allows us to identify and separate a weak residual Galactic emission, present significantly in the Q band outside of the Kp2 1 mask limits, and mainly concentrated at low Galactic latitudes. We produce a map of this residual component by Wiener filtering using estimated parameters. The level of contamination of CMB data by this component is compatible with the WMAP-team estimation of foreground residual contamination. In addition, the multicomponent analysis allows us to estimate jointly the power spectrum of unresolved point-source emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent observations of cross temperature–polarization power spectra of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) made by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP) satellite are in better agreement with a high value of the Thomson scattering optical depth τ≈ 0.17. This value is close to τ= 0.3, which is taken as the upper limit in the parameter extraction analysis made by the WMAP team. However, models with τ∼ 0.3 provide a good fit to current CMB data and are not significantly excluded when combined with large-scale structure data. By making use of a self-consistent reionization model, we verify the astrophysical feasibility of models with τ∼ 0.3. It turns out that current data on various observations related to the thermal and ionization history of the intergalactic medium are not able to rule out τ∼ 0.3. The possibility of a very extended reionization epoch can significantly undermine the WMAP constraints on crucial cosmological parameters such as the Hubble constant, the spectral index of primordial fluctuations and the amplitude of dark matter clustering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present interferometric imaging at 33 GHz of the Corona Borealis supercluster, using the extended configuration of the Very Small Array. A total area of 24 deg2 has been imaged, with an angular resolution of 11 arcmin and a sensitivity of 12 mJy beam−1. The aim of these observations is to search for Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) detections from known clusters of galaxies in this supercluster and for a possible extended SZ decrement due to diffuse warm/hot gas in the intercluster medium. Hydrodynamical simulations suggest that a significant part of the missing baryons in the Local Universe may be located in superclusters. The maps constructed from these observations have a significant contribution from primordial fluctuations. We measure negative flux values in the positions of the 10 richest clusters in the region. Collectively, this implies a 3.0σ detection of the SZ effect. For two of these clusters, A2061 and A2065, we find decrements of approximately 2σ each. Our main result is the detection of two strong and resolved negative features at and , respectively, located in a region with no known clusters, near the centre of the supercluster. We discuss their possible origins in terms of primordial cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies and/or SZ signals related either to unknown clusters or to a diffuse extended warm/hot gas distribution. Our analyses have revealed that a primordial CMB fluctuation is a plausible explanation for the weaker feature (probability of 37.82 per cent). For the stronger one, neither primordial CMB (probability of 0.38 per cent) nor SZ can account alone for its size and total intensity. The most reasonable explanation, then, is a combination of both primordial CMB and SZ signal. Finally, we explore what characteristics would be required for a filamentary structure consisting of warm/hot diffuse gas in order to produce a significant contribution to such a spot taking into account the constraints set by X-ray data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop the pseudo- Cℓ method for reconstructing the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature and polarization auto- and cross-power spectra, and estimate the pseudo- Cℓ covariance matrix for a realistic experiment on the cut sky. We calculate the full coupling equations for all six possible CMB power spectra, relating the observed pseudo- Cℓ values to the underlying all-sky Cℓ values, and test the reconstruction on both full-sky and cut-sky simulated CMB data sets. In particular we consider the reconstruction of the Cℓ from upcoming ground-based polarization experiments covering areas of a few hundred deg2 and find that the method is fast, unbiased and performs well over a wide range of multipoles from to . We then calculate the full covariance matrix between the modes of the pseudo-temperature and polarization power spectra, assuming that the underlying CMB fields are Gaussian randomly distributed. The complexity of the covariance matrix prohibits its rapid calculation, required for parameter estimation. Hence we present an approximation for the covariance matrix in terms of convolutions of the underlying power spectra. The coupling matrices in these expressions can be estimated by fitting to numerical simulations, circumventing direct and slow calculation, and further, inaccurate analytic approximations. We show that these coupling matrices are mostly independent of cosmology, and that the full covariance matrix for all six pseudo- Cℓ power spectra can be quickly and accurately calculated for any given cosmological model using this method. We compare these semi-analytic covariance matrices against simulations and find good agreement, the accuracy of which depends mainly on survey area and the range of cosmological parameters considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quadratic methods with heuristic weighting (e.g. pseudo-or correlation function methods) represent an efficient way to estimate power spectra of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies and their polarization. We construct the sample covariance properties of such estimators for CMB polarization, and develop semi-analytic techniques to approximate the pseudo-sample covariance matrices at high Legendre multipoles, taking account of the geometric effects of mode coupling and the mixing between the electric (E) and magnetic (B) polarization that arise for observations covering only part of the sky. TheE– Bmixing ultimately limits the applicability of heuristically weighted quadratic methods to searches for the gravitational-wave signal in the large-angleB-mode polarization, even for methods that can recover (exactly) unbiased estimates of theB-mode power. We show that for surveys covering 1 or 2 per cent of the sky, the contribution ofE-mode power to the covariance of the recoveredB-mode power spectrum typically limits the tensor-to-scalar ratio that can be probed with such methods to∼0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A detailed search has been made for evidence of residual foreground contributions to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) in the map generated by theWilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe(WMAP), a map that has been (nominally) cleaned for the foreground already. We find positive results in that various features relate to Galactic properties. For example, on the largest angular scales we find significant differences between the power in the fluctuations for positive and negative Galactic latitudes and between the four Galactic quadrants. There are also differences between the power spectrum at latitudes within 10° of the plane and at higher latitudes. The mean temperature shows similar variations. An explanation in terms of Galactic effects seems inescapable.In an effort to find the origin of these Galactic-style effects we have examined evidence from Galactic gamma-rays, specifically from the EGRET instrument. We are mindful that the CMB maps examined have already been‘cleaned’ (for CR and other effects) in a rather complex way, but, in our view, the cleaning has left some potentially serious‘contaminations’. A correlation is found between gamma-ray intensities and the CMB and other CR indicators. For example, regions of the Galaxy having (line-of-sight) steep CR energy spectra have low mean CMB temperatures, and the important Loop I edge region, where the CR intensity is high, has a high mean temperature.Most of the large-scale Galactic asymmetries (e.g. north–south difference and quadrant variations) have analogues in CR asymmetries and also in some other Galactic properties, such as the column density of gas. Thus, it is possible to hypothesize about direct CR-induced contributions, although it may be that CRs are simply the indicators of Galactic‘conditions’ which are influencing the residual CMB fluctuations.Irrespective of the actual cause of the correlations we have endeavoured to extrapolate to the situation where the residual foreground is minimized. The effect on the usually derived cosmological properties is briefly examined. The least that can be said is that the‘error’ in some of these properties has been underestimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the source subtraction strategy and observations for the extended Very Small Array (VSA), a cosmic microwave background interferometer operating at 33 GHz. A total of 453 sources were monitored at 33 GHz using a dedicated source subtraction baseline. 131 sources brighter than 20 mJy were directly subtracted from the VSA visibility data. Some characteristics of the subtracted sources, such as spectra and variability, are discussed. The 33-GHz source counts are estimated from a sample selected at 15 GHz. The selection of VSA fields in order to avoid bright sources introduces a bias into the observed counts. This bias is corrected and the resulting source count is estimated to be complete in the flux-density range 20–114 mJy. The 33-GHz source counts are used to calculate a correction to the VSA power spectrum for sources below the subtraction limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We presentXspect, a method to obtain estimates of the angular power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature anisotropies including analytical error bars developed for theArcheopsexperiment. Cross-power spectra are computed from a set of maps and each of them is in itself an unbiased estimate of the power spectrum as long as the detector noises are uncorrelated. Then, the cross-power spectra are combined into a final temperature power spectrum with error bars analytically derived from the cross-correlation matrix.This method presents three main useful properties: (1) no estimation of the noise power spectrum is needed; (2) complex weighting schemes including sky covering and map noise properties can be easily taken into account, and corrected for, for each input map; and (3) error bars are quickly computed analytically from the data themselves with no Monte Carlo simulations involved.Xspectalso permits the study of common fluctuations between maps from different sky surveys such as CMB, Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect or mass fluctuations from weak lensing observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Destriping methods for constructing maps of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies have been investigated extensively in the literature. However, their error properties have been studied in less detail. Here we present an analysis of the effects of destriping errors on CMB power spectrum estimates forPlanck-like scanning strategies. Analytic formulae are derived for certain simple scanning geometries that can be rescaled to account for different detector noise. AssumingPlanck-like low-frequency noise, the noise power spectrum is accurately white at high multipoles. Destriping errors, though dominant at lower multipoles, are small in comparison to the cosmic variance. These results show that simple destriping map-making methods should be perfectly adequate for the analysis ofPlanckdata and support the arguments given in an earlier paper in favour of applying a fast hybrid power spectrum estimator to CMB data with realistic‘1/ f’ noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We estimate the bispectrum of the Very Small Array data from the compact and extended configuration observations released in 2002 December, and compare our results with those obtained from Gaussian simulations. There is a slight excess of large bispectrum values for two individual fields, but this does not appear when the fields are combined. Given our expected level of residual point sources, we do not expect these to be the source of the discrepancy. Using the compact configuration data, we put an upper limit of 5400 on the value of fNL, the non-linear coupling parameter, at 95 per cent confidence. We test our bispectrum estimator using non-Gaussian simulations with a known bispectrum, and recover the input values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precision measurements of the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) effect in upcoming blank sky surveys require theoretical understanding of all physical processes with ≳10 per cent effects on the SZ power spectrum. We show that the observed cluster magnetic field could reduce the SZ power spectrum by ∼20 per cent at , where the SZ power spectrum will be precisely measured by the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich array (SZA) and the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT). At smaller scale, this effect is larger and could reach a factor of several. Such an effect must be considered for an unbiased interpretation of the SZ data. Although the magnetic effect on the SZ power spectrum is very similar to that of radiative cooling, it is measurable by multiband cosmic microwave background polarization measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The fields chosen for the first observations of the cosmic microwave background with the Very Small Array have been surveyed with the Ryle Telescope at 15 GHz. We have covered three regions around RA 00[sup h] 20[sup m] Dec. +30° , RA 09[sup h] 40[sup m] Dec. +32° and RA 15[sup h] 40[sup m] Dec. +43° (J2000.0) , an area of 520 deg[sup 2] . There are 465 sources above the current completeness limit of ≈25 mJy , although a total of ≈760 sources have been detected, some as faint as 10 mJy. This paper describes our techniques for observation and data analysis; it also includes source counts and some discussion of spectra and variability. Preliminary source lists are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]