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The dyes of the textile dyeing industry wastewater are harmful to humans and the environment. They should be treated before discharging into the environment. The adsorption using the spherical activated carbon can be effective to reduce the dyes. The spherical activated carbon of 3-7 µm in diameter was successfully prepared from the waste bagasse liquid using the hydrothermal method. The activation of this carbon was carried out using the KOH solution. The optimum pH and contact time were achieved in 2 and 200 min, respectively. Adsorption kinetic for RhB on activated spherical carbon follows the second-order kinetics and its adsorption mechanism follows the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity of spherical activated carbon to Rhodamine B was achieved in 64.52 mg/g.

Layered double hydroxide (LDH) Ni/Al-NO3 was synthesized using a coprecipitation method under base condition following with intercalation using Keggin ion [a-SiW12O40]4- to form Ni/Al-[a-SiW12O40] LDH. The LDHs were characterized using XRD, FTIR, BET, and pHpzc analyses. Furthermore, LDHs were applied as adsorbent of iron(II) from aqueous solution. The adsorption process was studied through the effect of adsorption time, the concentration of iron(II), and temperature adsorption. The results show the interlayer distance of LDHs was increased from 7.408 Å to 10.533 Å after intercalation process. The adsorption of iron(II) on LDHs showed that adsorption of iron(II) on both LDHs follows pseudo first-order kinetic model with R2 value is close to one. The adsorption process was spontaneous, with adsorption capacity up to 36.496 mg g-1.

Geochemical fractionation of Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Cobalt (Co), Zink (Zn), Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) in sediment of the East China Sea were determined using four-stages of modified BCR sequential extraction method combination with ICP-MS. The total concentration of trace metals in sediment samples were in the following order: Fe >Mn>Pb> Zn > Co > Cd. Cd is present mainly in acid soluble fraction. Pb and Mn are in the group with presenting of easy reducible fraction and acid soluble fraction. Fe and Co were found in a group with mainly in residual fraction, while Zn was distributed in all four fractions. The highest contamination factors were found for Cd and Mn while the lowest were found for Fe and Co in almost station. The result showed low risk for Fe and Co in all station, Pb (except S2 and S3), Zn at S3,S6 and S7, and Mn at S1. A medium risk is indicated for Pb at S2 and S3, Zn at S1 and S5, and Mn at S2 and S6. A high risk showed for Zn at S2 and S4, and Mn at S4 and S5, while Cd at almost station (except S4) was very high risk.

Waste containing hazardous and toxic chemical compounds into the environment leads to water pollution, soil and air. These chemical compounds will endanger human life and environment. One type of compound that may pollute the environment is chromium. The metal is commonly found in industrial waste such as from exhaust and industrial wastewater from etal plating company. The purpose of this research is to utilize coconut shell charcoal and soil humus as a low-cost and ready-made alternative material to reduce the concentration chromium (Cr) on wastewater. Humus was taken from Baturraden region and was isolated using NaOH extraction and was furthermore purified using mixtures of HF(aq): HCl(aq). Coconut shell charcoal was produced and was mixed with the humus. Adsorption process was carried out by batch method on variations of charcoal: humus composition, pH, and contact time. Humus soil was identified using infrared spectrophotometry (IR). Determination of chromium concentration was performed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The purified humus yielded was 25.92% (w/w), with 34.18% moisture, and ash content of 18.09%. The results showed that the variation of composition ratio of 2:1 charcoal and humus produced the greatest percent reduction of 18.20%, and the optimum pH for the adsorption is 9. For the variation of contacts time, the optimum reaction time is at 180minutes with decreasing concentration of Pb up to 56.07%.

This research is conducted to produce carbons from coconut fibre which approach to activated carbon clause continue with carbon surface modification and the adsorption examination to Cu(II) ions. The research consist of several phase. Carbon making of coconut fibre conducted by carbonization processes at 320-400oC with temperature interval 20oC. Carbon yielded in characterized moisture content, ash content and its adsoprtion to iodium. The carbon surface modification conducted by loaded 2-mercaptobenzotiazol (MBT) on carbon. The adsorpsibility of carbon-MBT tested by influence of contact time, pH, and the isoterm adsorption pattern. The result of the study showed carbonization of coconut fibre which approach the requirement of SII No.0258-89 gained at temperature 320oC. In the present study equilibrium time of 10 minute and pH was found to be optimum for both adsorbent. While type of isothermal adsorption from carban and carbon-MBT adsorbent followed the Langmuir adsorption pattern.

The hardness water is not good for consumption because can resulted kidney disease One of the method which can be used to degrade rodamin B is adsorption use humin. Humin is biggest fraction of humat materials that insoluble in acid, alcohol and base. The ability of humin for adsorp Ca2+ and Mg2+ caused by the existence of OH phenolic and carboxylic functional group which can interacted with metal ion. The aim of this study is to recognize humin characteristic from the soil of Baturraden resin forest, and ability of humin from the soil of Baturraden resin forest for decreasing the hardness water. Humin was isolated from the Baturraden resin forest and purified use mixture of HCl:HF. Purified humin is characterised such as identify of functional group of humin, stipulating of water content, stipulating of dust content, obstetrical stipulating of total acidity content, carboxylic and OH phenolic functional group. Decreasing of hardness water was analysed with variation time 0, 10, 30, 60, 180, 300, 600, 900, 1200 dan 1440 minute. Humin that isolated from Baturraden resin forest have characteristic such as water content 16.6199 %; dust content 9.2050 %; total acidity content 475 cmol / Kg; carboxylic rate 200 cmol/Kg, and OH phenolic rate 275 cmol/Kg. Decreasing of hardness water in Darmakradenan, Ajibarang subdistrict, Banyumas regency was 54,745 % with equlibrium time at 600 minute (10 hours).

Congo red is one of dyes-stuff in textile industry wastwater. If it is thrown directly without waste management process, the dyes could pollute environtment, especially soil. Humin has OH phenolic and carboxylic functional group which can interacted with congo red. The aim of this study is recognize humin characteristic from the soil of Baturraden resin forest, determine the adsorption capacity and isotherm adsorption pattern of congo red by humin from the soil of Baturraden resin forest. Humin in this study is isolated from the soil of Baturraden resin forest. soil cleared of gravel and dirt, then it extracted by using NaOH of nitrogen atmosphere and purified to applies mixture HCl:HF. Humin that is obtained is used to be interacted with dyes with various contact time, various of pH and concentration of congo red so that the adsorption capacities and isotherm adsorption pattern can be obtained. Result of the study showed that the humin has water content 34.92 %, dust content 8.64 %, total acidity 475 cmol/Kg, carboxylic rate 272.5 cmol/Kg, and OH Phenolic rate 202.5 cmol/Kg. The optimum contact time of congo red adsorption by humin is 40 minutes, with optimum pH is 7, adsorption capacities 57.14 mg/g and isotherm adsorption pattern of congo red by humin is follow the pattern of Langmuir isotherm adsorption.

Study about the use of active charcoal rice straws (AAJP) was done in order to decrease heavy metal ion on textile waste water by using photocatalyst AAJP/TiO2. Rice straws were gained from the Banyumas Regency and samples textile waste water from one of textile industry in Pemalang. This study was begun by the making of active charcoal from the rice straws, and then the modification of photocatalyst AAJP/TiO2 was done with the comparison 1:99, 2:98, 3:97, 4:96, 5:95. The test of heavy metal ion photoreduction was done with some parameters such as weight comparison (1:99, 2:98, 3:97, 4:96, 5:95), pH effect (2, 5, 7, 9, 13) and the effect of ray source (sun light and the UV lamp). Analysis of photocatalyst material used SEM and heavy metal ion concentration used AAS. Results show that optimum photocatalyst activity in weight comparison AAJP300oC / TiO2 (1:99) with decrease concentration was 65.02% for heavy metal ion, mean while AAJP700oC / TiO2 (3:97) with decreased concentration of heavy metal ion is 94.50%. Optimal process for heavy metal ion reduction occur at pH 2 with decreased concentration of heavy metal ion for AAJP300oC / TiO2 (1:99) is 99.87% and for AAJP700oC /TiO2 (3:97) is 100%. The source of UV lamp was good for heavy metal ion photoreduction (AAJP300oC/TiO2(1:99) was 99.87% and AAJP700oC/TiO2 (3:97) was 100%)

Humin was isolated from the Baturraden resin forest and purified use mixture of HCl:HF. Purified humin is characterised such as identify of functional group of humin, stipulating of water content, stipulating of dust content, obstetrical stipulating of total acidity content, carboxylic and OH phenolic functional group. The adsorption of rodamin by humin measured by UV-Visible spectrophotometer at maximum wavelength of rodamin B liquid, optimum pH and optimum contact time to determine absorbtion capacities and isotherm adsorption pattern .Humin that isolated from Baturraden resin forest have characteristic such as water content 16.6199 %; dust content 9.2050 %; total acidity content 475 cmol / Kg; carboxylic rate 200 cmol/Kg, and OH phenolic rate 275 cmol/Kg. Maximum wavelength of rodamin B is 554 nm and optimum contact time of adsorption rodamin B by humin is 180 minute with optimum pH 4. Adsorption rodamin B by humin follows the pattern of Langmuir isotherm adsorption with the value of R2 is 0.9801 and absorption capacities is 39,5257 mg/g.

Although humic substances consist mosly of humin (65%), however its characteristic in Cu(II) odsorption is not yet clearly revealed. In this work, humin was isolated from peat soil of west Kalimantan, purified and then interacted with Cu(II). The purity of isolated humin was determined by its ash content. The funtional group in this purified humin was characterized qualitatively by FTIR and quantitatively by titration. Study on the solubility of Cu(II) in freshwater was carried out at pH from 2-12 in the presence and without purified humin. To obtain adsorption kinetic parameters of Cu(II) on humin in freshwater, study based on Langmuir-Hinshelwood was carried out, while for its thermodinamics parameters, a study based on Langmuir and Freundlich were employed. The ash content of purified humin was 1,58 % (w/w), it showed that the humin was in pure condition. The active fungtional group identified humin were –COOH (1700 cm-1) 115 cmol/kg and –OH fenolic (3421,5 cm-1) 562 cmol/kg. At 27 all of Cu(II) was precipitated as Cu(OH)2. The rate constant for Cu(II) in freshwater medium were 2,7 x 10-3 S-1 and 0,6 x 10-3 S-1. The obtained curve fitting of langmuir and freundlich adsorption showed that Langmuir model fit better than Freundlich, indicated that the adsorption reaction are of monolayer. The adsorption capacities of Cu(II) on humin in freshwater was 3,033 x 10-4 mol/g