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Presented universal recommendations for the reduction of crud formation, reviewing various aspects affecting the loss of diluent and extractant due to the formation of a third phase (crud), encountered in many hydrometallurgical plants using copper solvent extraction. In this paper introduce the reasons of the crud formation , description of the stable emulsions containing solid particles and choice of technological scheme. An analysis of operations to be considered in the operation of copper solvent extraction plants is presented, due to the deterioration of copper grade below 0.5% in ore and the increase in aluminum content up to 20–25%. Results of use of extraction properties of modified extractants of ACCORGA series and unmodified extractant Lix984N on pregnant leached solution of the most important deposits (Almaly and Aktogay) are given. It is established that for solutions of Almaly deposit, ACCORGA5640 and unmodified Lix984 extractants have high selectivity to copper. Distribution of iron, silica, and copper ions during extraction was studied, and it was found that high selectivity to copper/iron and copper/silica is possessed by extractant Lix 984N, ACCORGA5640. It was found that for solutions of the Aktogay deposit, the ratio of interphase suspension in both extractants is the same, and phase separation in experiments with the use of extractant Lix 984N was 10 s shorter with the use of extractant ACCORGA5640. It was found that the addition of ACCORGACR60 reagent in the amount of 5-10 ppm also leads to a decrease in the volume of crud by 13%, for a stronger suppression of crud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the chemical and physical properties, and the reduction behavior (in coal) of hematite iron ores procured from 10 different mines of Orissa, were undertaken to provide information for the iron and steel industries (sponge iron plants in particular). The majority of the iron ores were found to have high iron and low alumina and silica contents. All these iron ores were free from the deleterious elements (S, P, As, Pb, alkalies, etc.). The results indicated lower values of shatter and abrasion indices, and higher values of tumbler index in all the iron ore lumps except Serazuddin (previous) and Khanda Bandha OMC Ltd. For all the fired iron ore pellets, the degree of reduction in coal was more intense in the first 30 min, after which it became small. Slow heating led to higher degree of reduction in fired pellets than rapid heating. All the iron ores exhibited more than a 90% reduction in their fired pellets in 2-h time interval at a temperature of 900°C. Iron ore lumps showed a lower degree of reduction than the corresponding fired pellets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]