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Cancer cell spheroids are considered important preclinical tools to evaluate the efficacy of new drugs. In cancer cell spheroids, the cells assemble and grow in 3D structures with cell contact interactions that are partly impermeable, which leads to central hypoxia and necrosis. The cell spheroids thus possess several features identified in clinical tumors. Not only will the effect and behavior of therapeutic drugs in 3D cell spheroids be affected more similarly than in cells grown on culture plates, but molecular interactions and signaling pathways in cells are also more likely to mimic the in vivo situation. The monitoring of various biomarkers including lncRNAs in 3D cell spheroids is important to assess a potentially induced phenotype in the cells and the effects of drugs. Specifically, for lncRNAs, in situ localization can be done using locked nucleic acid (LNA) probe technology. Here we present a protocol for preparation of cell spheroids for use in LNA probe-based in situ hybridization to study lncRNA expression in paraffin embedded 3D cancer cell spheroids.

MicroRNAs are short (18-23 nucleotides) noncoding RNAs involved in posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression through their specific binding to the 3'UTR of mRNAs. MicroRNAs can be detected in tissues using specific locked nucleic acid (LNA)-enhanced probes. The characterization of microRNA expression in tissues by in situ detection is often crucial following a microRNA biomarker discovery phase in order to validate the candidate microRNA biomarker and allow better interpretation of its molecular functions and derived cellular interactions. The in situ hybridization data provides information about contextual distribution and cellular origin of the microRNA. By combining microRNA in situ hybridization with immunohistochemical staining of protein markers, it is possible to precisely characterize the microRNA-expressing cells and to identify the potential microRNA targets. This combined technology can also help to monitor changes in the level of potential microRNA targets in a therapeutic setting. In this chapter, we present a fluorescence-based detection method that allows the combination of microRNA in situ hybridization with immunohistochemical staining of one and, in this updated version of the paper, two protein markers detected with primary antibodies raised in the same host species.

In situ hybridization is a powerful method to provide information about contextual distribution and cellular origin of nucleic acids, e.g., in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples of tissue. Particularly the recently discovered classes of noncoding RNA (ncRNA) including endo-siRNAs and microRNAs require such a technique to enable their study and visualization in natural contexts, and in the last decade, many advances have been made, increasing our ability to specifically detect small ncRNAs. One of the key developments has been the demonstration of the superiority of using locked nucleic acid (LNA)-modified DNA probes for the detection of ncRNA in tissue. Here, we describe an alternative in situ hybridization protocol employing oligonucleotide probes consisting of combinations of LNA and 2´-O-methyl RNAs that under optimized hybridization buffer conditions can provide a highly sensitive assay performance with only 1 h hybridization time.

Specific chromogen- and fluorescence-based detection of microRNA by in situ hybridization (ISH) in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections has been facilitated by locked nucleic acid (LNA)-based probe technology and can be performed within a single working day. In the current method paper, we present a similar simple 1-day ISH method developed for cryostat sections obtained from clinical cryo-embedded tissue samples. The presented chromogen-based ISH method does not involve proteolytic pretreatment, which is mandatory for FFPE sections, but still retains a sensitivity level similar to that obtained in FFPE sections. The LNA-based ISH method is not only applicable in situations where only access to cryo-embedded material is possible, but it also has a potential use if combining microRNA ISH with immunohistochemistry in double fluorescence staining with antibodies not being compatible with proteolytic predigestion.

MicroRNAs are short (18-23 nucleotides) non-coding RNAs involved in posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression through their specific binding to the 3'UTR of mRNAs. MicroRNAs can be detected in tissues using specific locked nucleic acid (LNA)-enhanced probes. The characterization of microRNA expression in tissues by in situ detection is often crucial following a microRNA biomarker discovery phase in order to validate the candidate microRNA biomarker and allow better interpretation of its molecular functions and derived cellular interactions. The in situ hybridization data provides information about contextual distribution and cellular origin of the microRNA. By combining microRNA in situ hybridization with immunohistochemical staining of protein markers, it is possible to precisely characterize the microRNA expressing cells and to identify the potential microRNA targets. This combined technology can also help to monitor changes in the level of potential microRNA targets in a therapeutic setting. In this chapter we present a fluorescence-based technology that allows the combination of microRNA in situ hybridization with immunohistochemistry exemplified by the in situ detection of miR-21 and miR-205 in combination with PDCD4 and smooth muscle a-actin.