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All provinces of China respond to the central government, predict future carbon dioxide emissions, and formulate action plans detailing how the province intends to fulfill its target of carbon emission peaking before 2030. Based on the bottom‐up energy consumption prediction and top‐down goal verification, this paper constructs a set of regional carbon dioxide emission prediction methods. Compared to the traditional bottom‐up prediction method, this method could simplify the parameters while improving the prediction accuracy. This model is used to predict and analyze the process of carbon dioxide emission peaking in Zhejiang. The results show that the mean absolute percentage error of the retrospective prediction value is only 1.56%. Zhejiang will reach carbon dioxide emission peaking around 2029–2030, and the peak value will be 569.7 million tons. Different factors have different effects on the process of carbon dioxide emission peaking. There is a strong correlation between the peak time of carbon dioxide emission and the production time of major energy‐consuming projects in Zhejiang. Meanwhile, if the 16 nuclear reactors are not put into operation, Zhejiang will not be able to achieve the goal of carbon dioxide emission peaking. Besides, the basic data used in this model is mainly from the local statistical departments of the region. Thus, it can be applied to other provinces and regions conveniently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model‐circulation increment‐based dynamic statistical technique (MIDST) is proposed in this paper to improve the prediction of summer rainfall over southern China (SC) where quite low prediction skills have been found in the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model version 1.1 with a moderate resolution (BCC_CSM1.1m). The results show that BCC_CSM1.1m can hardly represent the variability of the summer rainfall anomaly and its year‐to‐year increment over SC, and the skillful predictions are mostly confined over the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Using the dynamic model output and statistical method, the MIDST is established to capture the coupled modes between the year‐to‐year increments of the summer rainfall anomaly and the associated simultaneous three‐dimensional coupled air‐sea circulation predictors. The cross‐validation indicates that the prediction skills of the MIDST are evidently improved for both the summer rainfall increment prediction and summer rainfall anomaly prediction compared with the direct BCC_CSM1.1m prediction. The skillful prediction can persist for long forecast leads over most regions except southwestern China. As the major predictability source of seasonal prediction, the intense response to changes in the circulation related to the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is well captured, and thus, the performance improvement of the MIDST is primarily due to its more realistic representation of the incremental circulation related to the ENSO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In this paper, an objective identification technique for regional extreme events (OITREE) is used to identify regional drought events (RDEs) in southern China based on the daily precipitation dataset of 342 stations from 1961 to 2012. Generally RDEs in southern China occur over an entire year, with high frequencies from January to April and peak frequencies in February and March. The spatial distributions of frequency and intensity of RDEs are consistent, with high frequencies of more than 60 and the annual average number of drought days being more than 30 in most regions of southern China east of 105 ° E. The trend distributions of the frequency and intensity of RDEs in southern China are similar, with increasing trends in most western regions and decreasing trends in most eastern regions. The decreasing trends of RDEs in most eastern regions were mainly affected by the weakening of East Asia summer moonsoon (EASM) from the 1960s to the 1990s, which resulted in the summer main rain belts in eastern China moving from North China to southern China and caused the precipitation increasing in eastern regions of southern China from the 1960s to the 1990s. While the increasing trends of RDEs in most western regions were not only affected by the EASM, but also associated with the weakening of the India-Burma Trough (IBT) that caused less wet air transport to Southwest China and the decrease of precipitation in western regions of southern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant wind shear event occurred in the early morning of 27 December 2009 at the Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA), leading to the diversion of three aircraft to the airport of Shenzhen (about 39 km to the north-northwest of HKIA). This paper documents the meteorological observations and predictions for the event. The significant wind shear arose from disruption of the prevailing easterly to southeasterly flow by the complex terrain to the south of the airport. It was well captured by the Doppler Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) systems at HKIA and, as such, the aircraft were given sufficient warning about the occurrence of significant wind shear. The headwind changes along the glide paths as measured by the LIDAR were consistent with the aircraft measurements. The observations of the remote-sensing instruments during the event, including the LIDAR, are described in the paper. Moreover, this paper discusses the possibility of including wind shear forecast information for flight planning purpose for this particular case. The forecast wind field near HKIA based on a high-resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) model is described. For the present wind shear event, it appears that the occurrence of terrain-disrupted airflow near HKIA may be forecast about 6 h ahead. The timing of significant wind shear is, however, not reproduced well in the NWP forecast. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Heavy rain events or rainstorms of various scales often occur in Hong Kong from April to September. In extremes cases, they lead to serious landslides and flash floods resulting in loss of life, and damage to property and infrastructure. With climate change, extreme rain events are projected to be more frequent and more intense in this region. A system to gauge and label the severity of rainstorms would be useful for identifying and communicating extreme conditions in warning and disaster prevention operations. In parallel, a better understanding of the characteristics of rainstorms would also be important for impact assessments and engineering design purposes. This paper formulates a practical framework to index the magnitude and severity of rainstorms in Hong Kong. An index termed as the Severity Index combining the magnitude of different rainstorm attributes is devised for quantifying the overall severity of rainstorms. This index is flexible to allow tuning for specific applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Urumqi Institute of Desert Meteorology under the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) launched an observational experiment with a boundary layer wind-profiling radar in Urumqi City in February to March 2010. As described in this paper, wind profiles from the experiment were used to first compare with radiosonde data measured simultaneously to verify the confidence of wind-profiling radar data, which was used to analyse the wind field characteristics and other related issues in a snowstorm process that took place in Urumqi on 28 March 2010. Both wind direction and speed derived from wind-profiling radar data have good consistency with those from radiosonde data (wind velocity coefficient: 0.85; wind direction coefficient: 0.78). Before the snowstorm, a surface wind shear occurred. After outbreak of the event, the local weather was dominated by northwesterly and northerly winds at increasing velocities, while temperature was dropping and air pressure increased. Through in-depth analyses of the time-height profiles of the snowstorm process, it can be determined on a preliminary basis that the snowstorm was induced by a cold front system that entered the area around 2200-2300 LST on 27 March. A shear line that developed from a lower to a higher altitude represented both height and location of the frontal zone, and the cold front motion was broadly in a northeast-southwest direction. The wind direction in the process changed counterclockwise with height: this was mainly governed by cold advection, and baroclinic instability was established soon after the overpass of the cold front, eventually leading to the snowstorm. During the weather event, the equivalent reflectivity factor Ze was consistent with the onset and end of the snowstorm, the height at which rain (snow) particles were formed and snowfall intensity. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the evening of 11 April 2011, vortex/wave shedding from a mountain to the south of the Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) appeared to occur following the establishment of fresh to strong easterly airflow in Hong Kong. This paper documents the observations by the various meteorological instruments of the event and discusses the possibility of forecasting the vortex/wave shedding using a high resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) model. The vortex/wave shedding was well observed by the Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) system at HKIA. The vortex/wave appeared as an area of reversed flow against the background east to southeasterly airflow in the airport area. It was detached from the mountain and moved to the northwest with the background southeasterly flow, with a gradual decrease of the spatial extent in the area of reversed flow. The vortex/wave brought about significant wind shear to both arrival flight paths to the west of HKIA, as evidenced from the headwind profile data measured by the LIDARs and the aircraft data. It had rather large vertical extent, reaching the top of the boundary layer, but did not extend downward to the surface, as shown from the vertical scans of the LIDAR and the surface wind observations. The shedding event is successfully captured by high-resolution NWP model with a spatial resolution of 50 m. The model output has a lead time of 6-7 h ahead of the event, indicating the possible occurrence of terrain-induced wind shear in the form of vortex/wave shedding from a mountain. As a result, the numerical simulation could be useful in giving an early alert to the aviation weather forecaster about the significant wind shear event, which could be hazardous to the landing aircraft. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the morning of 5 March 2010, an aircraft experienced tail strike when it departed from the south runway of the Hong Kong International Airport to the west. This paper documents the meteorological conditions in the tail strike event, and discusses the alerting and the forecasting aspects of the event. Based on the analysis of the aircraft manufacturer, the tail strike is believed to arise from significant wind shear (headwind loss) experienced by the aircraft. By analysing the surface and the LIDAR observations, it appears that the significant wind shear is related to disruption of the background southwesterly flow by the complex terrain near the airport. From the surface observations, there is a microscale cyclone at the western part of the south runway. The radial velocity image of the LIDAR also depicts an area of reverse flow in that region against the background southerly flow. The alerting of the wind shear based on the two wind shear alerting algorithms developed by the Hong Kong Observatory is discussed, and it turns out that the anemometer-based wind shear algorithm could successfully capture this wind shear occurring close to the ground. On the other hand, due to geometrical constraint, the LIDAR does not pick up the headwind loss experienced by the aircraft. The forecasting of this wind shear event is considered by performing high resolution (down to a horizontal resolution of 50 m) using a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model. The simulated headwind profile at the event time is generally consistent with the aircraft data, though the headwind loss in the simulation is smaller than the reality. Together with the forecast wind gusts, it may be possible to alert the aviation weather forecaster at an earlier time about the occurrence of terrain-induced wind shear over the south runway in this particular event. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]