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The 2006's Chinese Defense White Paper settled goals for military modernization that would consolidate a force planning strategy aiming long-term results that could make it possible to win local wars under informationized conditions. The combination of policies of dual-use civil-military technology, catch up and absorption of foreign knowledge through joint ventures, China intends to overcome an imitation-based regime and to consolidate a defense industry with indigenous innovation. The paper analyzes how this strategy would reformulate logistic aspects of the Chinese military and promote the development of the fifth largest military industry in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will discuss the challenges of Open Acess publishing in the area of the Humanities in Latin America, using the Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional (RBPI), which was founded in 1958 by the Instituto Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais and which constitutes the most influential Brazilian publication on International Relations and a leading publication on the subject in Latin America, as a case study. This paper will explain how the RBPI, which has been OA since 2007, has adapted to this new scholarly environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This opinion paper highlights the unseen impacts that the current COVID-19 outbreak has posted to ocean sciences, particularly in developing countries. Ocean science diplomacy, i.e. the interplay between ocean science and international affairs, present useful tools to leverage from this new normal and address the need to foster balance between regions in terms of scientific capabilities to unveil the ocean as a public good. The UN Decade of Ocean Science offers a timely framework to advance such discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine areas beyond national jurisdiction represent 64% of the total surface area of the oceans and around half of the planet's total surface area. Through their remoteness and vast expanse, they were largely protected from human interference in the past. However, technological advances have removed this protection, exposing this largely unknown ecosystem to unsustainable human activities. To address this emergent problem, the United Nations General Assembly agreed on the legally binding nature of a future agreement on the conservation and sustainable use of Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). However, consider a business-as-usual scenario, in which individuals and decision-makers respond to problems rather than working to prevent them, this paper applies the responsive governance lenses to evaluate ten years of Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group meetings aiming to prove that governance is a problem-driven and it may be tightly connected to the on human perceptions of specific signals and the actors' relative positions of power. Thus, the chances of having a flexible agreement that will only comply with a partial response to the environmental problem are significant and this will only reduce or mitigate part of the problem but not all. In cases like that, the governance will remain ineffective in some ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work questions how SDG 14.c.1 can foster, through indicators, the participation of different actors involved in the protection of marine environment. The paper examined Stakeholders' access to forums for periodic discussion and review of treaties and Experts' participations in international scientific committees. The research was limited to the treaties showed by DOALOS so far and used the complementary bibliographic review methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present, via a literature review, the Steps-to-War model, its research program and some of the results gathered over the years to the Brazilian International Relations community. This is because, although the model has developed abroad over the last twenty years, there is not yet specialized literature published in Portuguese dealing with the Steps-to-War, presenting its main assumptions, or testing them empirically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores specific features in the IHR Court that demonstrate international judicialization of domestic politics. Through qualitative research design, combined with descriptive statistics, we mapped no repetition measures in the Court's rulings against South American States, evaluated the difficulties to comply with these measures, and presented the possible impacts regarding States policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Iranian nuclear program has been a source of apprehension and concern for some time. There are suspicions that Iran aims to use nuclear energy for military purposes, becoming an illegitimate nuclear power. Decades of sanctions and attempts of negotiation have not had satisfactory results. This paper aims to analyze the actual framework of the Iranian nuclear issue and argues that it reflects the controversies and difficulties of the nuclear nonproliferation regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global framework set forth by the United Nations 2030 Agenda and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) include water resources in their scope, which emphasizes how water assets and society well-being are closely intertwined and how crucial they are to achieving sustainable development. This paper explores the role of hydropolitics in that Post-2015 Development Agenda and uses Brazilian hydropolitics set to reach SDG6 as a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do the plans, platforms and strategies of action of the World Conferences on Women reflect the principles of gender justice? In this paper, we point out how the aforementioned documents frame gender justice in terms of redistribution, recognition, and representation. Furthermore, we briefly analyse how these principles are applied to Africa under the framework of the World Conferences' documents. We conclude that the plans and strategies prioritise redistribution and recognition, whereas representation is framed diffusively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the multilateral trading system's restraining role regarding the adoption of barriers to trade in goods and services as a reaction to the global economic and financial crisis. The paper analyses measures implemented by Brazil and other G20 countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intents to show the relationship between the Brazilian geopolitical thought with the economics progress, working for industrialization. Beyond the paper wishes to known why the Brazilian Army searched immediately the geopolitics thought in opposite to west Europe where that task was searched by universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South America relations with Southeast Asian countries have flourished during the last decade. This dynamism was fueled by the economic trade complementarities and the increasing demand for Asian economies of primary products and its manufactures. Our aim in this paper is to identify and analyze the latest developments of interregional initiatives between Southeast Asia and South America, considering also the contributions of bilateral and multilateral policies in enhancing the interregional links. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the literature on Foreign Policy Analysis, there is a flourishing debate on whether the administration of the Workers' Party represented a discontinuity in Brazil's foreign policy. By examining how food security was allocated in the external agenda, this paper claims that the rise of the Workers' Party did represented a rupture. Secondly, that social gains in reducing hunger were used as a tool to boost Brazil's soft power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the 30th anniversary of the signing and entry into force of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty), the paper aims to discuss arms control and disarmament concepts, as well as to analyze the treaty content that resulted in the elimination of all ballistic and cruise missiles launched from land, ranging between 500 and 5,500 kilometers, belonging to the two Cold War superpowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate some of the main features of sixteenth century international law in order to challenge traditional international law foundations. By exploring concrete cases, and indicating situations in which state and non-state actors resorted to international norms in order to promote trade and celebrate peace treaties, it is inquired whether some pre-Westphalia international trade and warfare practices may be defined as the beginning of "modern" international law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russian behavior within the Climate Change International Regime is an interesting case for comprehending this normative framework possibilities and challenges in contemporary international stage. This paper will, thus, consider this regime construction and how Kremlin historically stands on it, in order to note how these actions impact international cooperation on environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the linkages between the agendas of poverty alleviation and of environmental protection through initiatives adopting participatory community-based approaches. These actions intend to strengthen and increase the effectiveness of policies focusing local and traditional populations that are in a situation of vulnerability. The challenges they face are presented here in the form of games with the purpose to show models explaining them. And finally, a participatory instrument, raised in the Convention on Biological Diversity and based on customary law, is brought to the reader. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the defense strategies of Brazil, China and India and how they have responded to strategic needs that although they are different in the magnitude of their specific contexts, resemble to each other when they impose reforms to meet the regional and systemic character requirements. Deepens in Brazil, evaluating how the new technologies can break down this low strategic profile and initiate a new phase for the Brazilian strategy defense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares Brazilian and Chinese South-South cooperation in the agriculture sector by analyzing two ongoing projects in Boane, Mozambique. This paper identifies to what extent a different formulation process and other features, such as language and culture, may reflect on the projects' implementation and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the coupling of Brazil's trade policy to MERCOSUR in the context of institutional and operational crisis. The difficulty to conclude a bi-regional agreement with the EU should encourage Brazil to rethink the general framework for joint negotiations, seeking to develop new international reintegration mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to demonstrate the strategic importance of rare earth for the military industry and discuss whether the rules of WTO are able to resolve the conflict of interests in the dispute settlement of WTO that was requested in 2012 on rare earths export restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines, synthetically, the flexibility mechanisms of the TRIPS provisions set forth in the Doha Declaration and the decision of the General Council for TRIPS of August 30, 2003. It further identifies the main challenges that currently exist for the actual use of these mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upon the WTO's 20th anniversary this paper evaluates how its free trade regime has impacted the way people grow and eat food. Further on, we describe how food sovereignty emerged as a counter proposal that aims to once again make food about people and not profit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the role of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) on the United States intellectual property rights (IP) negotiations. The text covers, more broadly, the country's negotiating agenda on IP and the specificity of the TPP within the strategy of building wider and more effective global standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze the creation of the Asian Investment Bank Infrastructure by the Chinese government. More than an international organization, the proposed argument is that AIIB shows the configuration of a new geo-economic and financial architecture. This, in turn, must be understood as part of the renaissance of Asia, China's rise and the emergence of a multipolar world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the sphere of International Political Economy the concept of hegemony has been discussed by various authors almost always taking as a starting point the turbulent 1970s, which seemed to set the decline of the United States as world power. The global crisis of 2008-2009 has been reliving the theme. The aim of this paper is to analyze the concept of hegemony and question whether the United States is still hegemonic within the world system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the sphere of International Political Economy the concept of hegemony has been discussed by various authors almost always taking as a starting point the turbulent 1970s, which seemed to set the decline of the United States as world power. The global crisis of 2008-2009 has been reliving the theme. The aim of this paper is to analyze the concept of hegemony and question whether the United States is still hegemonic within the world system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The instability of political and legal systems as well as extreme poverty characterize Guinea-Bissau as one of the most fragile African States nowadays. In this paper it is discussed the role of the UN peacebuilding configuration, with an active participation of Brazil, towards stability and development of this young African country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the behavior of Brazil, India and South Africa, on the agendas of security and environment in respect of the contribution of these countries to the production of global public goods. Therefore, we used the work of Orenstein (1999) who categorizes characters and stages of collective action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the violent non-States actors and their impact on international security in the Latin American region, at the beginning of 21st century. The text verifies the recent evolution of this phenomenon. Also, it is proposed a typology of violent non-States actors particularly relevant in the continent, with emphasis on: criminal organizations,militias, paramilitary forces, and youth gangs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to analyse the fundamentals and the nature of educational cooperation engaged between the United States and Brazil in the last decade. The argument is that the bilateral cooperation in education, research and development, traditional and somehow sophisticated, surpassed the level of a simple collaboration, and evolves into a multidimensional relationship, shaped as a "strategic partnership". It took place as a consequence of the densification of the programs, and diversification of funding modalities, but specially as a result of the growing importance assumed by the main actors involved -- Fulbright Commission and Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (CAPES). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to identify the relationship between security and development in the defence policies and strategies of the countries of the Organization of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty. The text includes remarks on the Amazon securitization matrix, as well as a brief analysis of defence documents of the Amazonian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims understand the role about industrialization in the traditional European geopolitics though. How the economic progress was important to the antique late capitalism countries, as Germany, and to the Third Worlds group could contest the North-South structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the reflection on the interaction of the professional career of Sergio Vieira de Mello with the dynamic performance of the institutions of the United Nations system, the central argument of this paper is that the major flaws in the promotion of peace and security by multilateral institutions like the UN come from division and dispersion of the stronger members, that use instrumentally institutions to maintain and expand their power and create gaps in performance easily exploited by combatants in political and humanitarian crisis situations around the world. Given this circumstance, the emergence of new threats in the international system can lead to localized and confined changes by attracting the attention of states to the role of international organizations in the promotion of legitimacy, the development of dialogue with the parties involved in disputes, security building and the destabilization of the hierarchies in the relationship with the difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the new (2013) Japan's National Security Strategy and its relationship with the actual changes in the regional and global strategic landscape. The connections between the new Japanese perspectives on the subject and the recent U.S decision to focus its military Power in the Asia Pacific region will be specially stressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades some trends have been intensified in the international trade. The main objective of this paper is to analyze these trends and the international insertion of Brasil in the globalization process. The methodology used was to compare the evolution of quantitative and qualitative data of the G-20 countries with Brazil. The results indicate that the insertion of Brazil does not follow recent changes and trends in international trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long-lasting struggle against nuclear tests can be examined through different perspectives. In this paper, the focus will be on the part played by the USSR and Russia in the international efforts aimed at establishing legal instruments to outlaw nuclear explosions in space, underground, under water and in the atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an empirical objection against the arguments used by brazilian's diplomacy requesting a permanent seat in the Security Council. The reasons presented to support the demand are just normative ones. It is presented a rather different way to achieve the brazilian's foreign "main objective": to change Security Council. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article has the purpose to analyze the paradiplomacy and the decentralized cooperation within Mercosur. The paper will present the ways in which subnational governments of the Member States of Mercosur can act in the integration process, as well as existing initiatives, highlighting the actions developed in border areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite South America is considered a peaceful region, due to its low occurrence of wars, the threat or use of force hasn't been abandoned in it. In face of that, this paper analyses the confidence building measures developed in the South American Defense Council. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the repercussions the coup of State in Chile in September 11th 1973, especially in domestic scenario. Research was held at the Arquivo Histórico do Ministério das Relações Exteriores - henceforth AHMRE. Specifically were consulted documents sent to Itamaraty from Santiago in the subsequent days to the emergence of a bureaucratic-authoritarian regime commanded by General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte. Concludes that the coup were dramatic, long lasting and, in many cases, tragic for Chilean society and for others countries with traditional links and interests that country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the role of digital technologies of communication in the current scenario of international relations, focusing on the specific uprisings of Arab Spring, which made a great impact as a transnational event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brazilian-Paraguayan hydroelectric of Itaipu is considered an important milestone in the relations between Brazil and Paraguay, as it has created a permanent bond between the two countries. Nowadays, Itaipu is still one of the most important generators of electric energy in the world, being responsible for over 25 percent of the energy generated in Brazil and about 95 percent of the electricity consumed in Paraguay. The various consequences of the construction of Itaipu, in particular the changes occurred in the power balance structure in Cone Sul are phenomena that have been largely studied, and there is a multiplicity of interpretations on the theme. This paper aims to provide an overview of the relevant literature on Itaipu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to demonstrate that the motivations of China's engagement in Africa go beyond the exploitation of natural resources, revealing political interests of international insertion, external recognition of its status as an international power and participation in the definition of the rules governing the International Order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing literature on what is considered a process of "horizontalization" of Brazilian Foreign Policy. This paper aims to discuss some bases of this thesis in order to contribute theoretically and methodologically for the strengthening of the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals the 100 years of publication of A Defeza Nacional Review. The periodical was involved at the start of its activities, in the discussion by the choice of the foreign mission which may assist in modernizing the Brazilian army. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes international negotiations related to international military technology cooperation speci- fically the case of Aeronautics between Brazil and France, under the focus of two theories: Negotiation and International Technical Cooperation. Based on these approaches, the process of bilateral negotiation according to the international economic situation is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to understand Brazilian trade negotiations strategy in the last decades, which has combined priority to trade multilateralism with preferential trade negotiations with different scopes and timings with countries inside and outside South America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a general analysis of the relations among United States and Latin America considering issues such as the questioning of the US centrality globally and in the hemisphere, Brazil's policies to the region and the impact of the growing relations with China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]