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Causeway Construction Three distinct phases of causeway construction were identified (see Figs. This section comprises a selection of highlighted projects or discoveries made across Britain and Ireland in 2021, with illustrated overviews of results, finds and contexts. On the balance of the evidence, this building formed the gatehouse opening into the inner precinct of the abbey that contained the conventual buildings and the graveyard. Salvage recording assigned a 13th- to 15th-century occupation date to the remains of a manor house, several isolated rectangular buildings of unknown function, and an extensive limestone-cobbled yard.[5] Manor Excavations The causeway, revealed by open-area excavation in 2021,[6] was probably related to the 13th- to 14th-century manor (Fig 1). [Extracted from the article]

Patterns of finds of continental coinage appear to vary considerably, related to fluctuations in trading relationships and economics, with finds of Venetian coinage and the Low Countries most common.[39] A mid-12th-century I petit denier i struck at Ypres (Belgium) from Temple Bruer with Temple High Grange (Lincolnshire; LIN-6D2321; Fig 2j) is of an earlier date than the main Low Countries incursions (mid-late 13th century) and the first PAS-recorded example from outside southern England. Evidence from graves shows that such copies were often pierced for suspension, playing the same role in burials as official coins - eg as pendants at Lechlade (Gloucestershire) and Ipswich (Suffolk), and unmodified at Carisbrooke Castle (Isle of Wight), where it was placed in the mouth of the deceased.[9] Other plated imitations with piercings have been recorded by the PAS.[10] PHOTO (COLOR): Fig 1 Early medieval coins. Two pennies of Offa of Mercia (757-96), non-portrait types belonging to the "Light Coinage" (c 784-92), extend the distribution of Mercian coinage into SW England with finds from Tarrant Hinton (Dorset; DOR-A6A573; Fig 1f) - the first from Dorset - and Chitterne (Wiltshire; SUR-7F7364; Fig 1g). I General Editor: i NEIL CHRISTIE I Portable Antiquities Scheme Report edited by: i JOHN NAYLOR[1] I Medieval Britain and Ireland compiled and edited by: i TIZIANA VITALI I and i PATRICK GLEESON I with i TOMÁS Ó CARRAGÁIN This section of the journal comprises two core sets of reports linked to work in 2021: finds and analyses relating to the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) and related research reports; and site-specific discoveries and reports in medieval Britain and Ireland (MB&I), with a selection of highlighted projects. [Extracted from the article]

"Communal Solitude: The Carthusian Lay Brethren in Great Britain and Ireland, 1178–1569" by Francesca Breeden is a book that explores the history of the Carthusian lay brethren in England, Ireland, and Scotland. The book focuses on the vocational commitment of these men and their unique religious class within the Carthusian order. However, the book falls short of delivering a comprehensive analysis of the lay brothers, with only a few pages dedicated to their topic. Despite this, the book provides a valuable compendium of information about the English Carthusians, particularly the London and Mount Grace charterhouses. The bibliography is extensive, although it is not updated from the author's original PhD thesis. Overall, the book may not offer much new information, but it can be a useful resource for researchers interested in the Carthusian order. [Extracted from the article]

EMERGING EVIDENCE FOR EARLY MEDIEVAL UPLAND COLONISATION IN BRITAIN AND IRELAND When we broaden the perspective out to the whole of Britain and to Ireland, the temporal correlation between upland colonisation and the population growth and temperature increases c 850-1300 becomes less clear. Graph: Fig 4 Illustration of the "pull" and "push" factors in upland colonisation in the 10th to 14th centuries, in the context of wider climate variability: A) local factors within uplands which acted as facilitative "pull" factors for new hill farms; B) regional socio-political and demographic pressures which acted as "push" factors for people to settle in uplands. PHOTO (COLOR): Fig 8 Hypothetical summary of three key long-term trends that influenced decisions to establish year-round farms in uplands and influenced the viability of these farms once established (c ad 500-1900): A) the economic value of uplands; B) population pressure to settle in uplands; and C) arable carrying capacity of uplands. The review comprises three temporal case studies: (1) "classic" early second millennium ad expansion in south-west England, and the role of pre-existing transhumant niches in upland colonisation; (2) the growing evidence for early medieval farming in uplands across Britain and Ireland, and the role of local environmental factors in this expansion; and (3) the resilience of hill farmers during the late-medieval and early modern "Little Ice Age". [Extracted from the article]

This section comprises a short selection of highlighted projects or discoveries made across Britain and Ireland in 2019, with illustrated overviews of results, finds and contexts. Since the well was cut through not only the basalt dyke but also the hardcore deposit, it either post-dated the tower that was built upon this levelled hardcore surface or was contemporary with the tower, with both post-dating the hardcore. Here, excavation indicates that the courtyard overlay a levelled platform of redeposited weathered sandstone; at least part of this was likely provided by the digging of the ditch beneath the Lower Court (F). Implications for social change, agricultural productivity and landscape development in north-east Scotland ', Stud Celtica 52, 32. 11 Slade, H G 1967, ' Druminnor, formerly Castle Forbes: an investigation into the original building of a mid-fifteenth-century Palace House ', Proc Soc Antiq Scot 99, 148 - 66. 12 Slade, H G 1985, ' The Tower and House of Drum, Aberdeenshire ', Proc Soc Antiq Scot 115, 297 - 356. [Extracted from the article]

In advance of the demolition of the fire-damaged structures fronting High Town, at the northern end of the development boundary, remnants of two 16th-century timber-framed buildings were recorded.[18] Elements of panelled timber wall frames, filled with wattle and daub, survived in the western structure. The earliest appear to be the NW corner of a structure indicated by foundation (2026) (Fig 7) and the NE corner and E side of a building defined by Group 2119. Clay-bonded wall foundations are commonly found in Hereford in medieval buildings but positively dating our feature was problematic, largely due to its reuse in several phases of later building and the lack of any further associated clay-bonded foundations. The well's backfilling certainly occurred during the Victorian period or later and may have been replaced by a further well (2033), located to the north, associated with later buildings whose post-medieval foundations reused elements of the medieval foundations and in some instances were keyed into or cut through the earlier foundations (Fig 6). [Extracted from the article]

This section of the journal comprises two core sets of reports linked to work in 2018: finds and analyses relating to the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) and site-specific discoveries and reports in medieval Britain and Ireland (MB&I), with a selection of highlighted projects. Over 1,900 coins recorded of "short cross" and '(voided) long cross' types of Henry II-Edward I (1180-1279) represent a marked increase in coin loss, and the period after Edward I's (1272-1307) recoinage of 1279 until Henry VII (1485-1509) accounted for almost 3,000 recorded coins last year. 12 Cook, B 1999, ' Foreign coins in medieval England ', in L Travaini (ed), Local Coins, Foreign Coins: Italy and Europe 11th-15th Centuries, Milan: Società Numismatica Italiana, 231 - 83. 18 Gannon, A 2013, British Museum Anglo-Saxon Coins I: Early Anglo-Saxon Gold and Anglo-Saxon and Continental Silver Coinage of the North Sea Area, c.600-760, Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles 63. [Extracted from the article]

HISTORICAL, ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL data indicate that many of the coastal dune formations of Britain and Ireland underwent significant accretion in the medieval and post-medieval periods. The changes wrought by sand-blows to settlement and agriculture were far-reaching, and in some cases devastating. Contemporary attempts to stave off their effects were in many cases the prelude to settlement shift and abandonment. The desertion of sand-inundated settlements has left a rich but fragile archaeological resource concealed under coastal sand-dunes. Exposure, deflation and erosion remain serious challenges to the management and conservation of these landscapes. Archaeological methods applied in sand-dune landscapes are reviewed, with the aim of outlining the range of techniques and approaches available for research and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section of the journal comprises two core sets of reports linked to work in 2014: on finds and analyses relating to the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) and on site-specific discoveries and reports in medieval Britain and Ireland (MB&I), with a selection of highlighted projects. For the PAS report, reviews on coin and non-coin finds and on specific research angles are presented. For MB&I, the Society is most grateful to all contributors (of field units, museums, universities, developers, specialist groups and individuals) who have provided reports on finds, excavations, field-surveys and building analyses for 2014. For MB&I, see below for the format and content of the Fieldwork Highlights section and for contact details of the compilers. The annual Specialist Groups Reports appear in the Society’sNewsletter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section of the journal comprises two core sets of reports linked to work in 2013: on finds and analyses relating to the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) and on site-specific discoveries and reports in medieval Britain and Ireland (MB&I), with a selection of highlighted projects. For the PAS report, reviews on coin and non-coin finds and on specific research angles are presented. For MB&I, the Society is most grateful to all contributors (of field units, museums, universities, developers, specialist groups and individuals) who have provided reports on finds, excavations, field-surveys and building analyses for 2013. Note that while we can advise on content, we are not able to abstract from interim reports. Please also note that in certain cases the National Grid Reference has been omitted from reports to protect sites; do notify the compilers if this information is to be withheld. For MB&I, see below for the format and content of the Fieldwork Highlights section and for the contact details of the compilers. The annual Specialist Groups Reports now appear in the Society’s Newsletter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]