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The attention of scientists to the role of the epigenome in the development of human diseases is associated with the discovery of new non-coding RNA molecules of the epigenome that affect gene expression with changes in protein function and the development of diseases. The study analyzed current scientific data on the effect of oxidative stress induced by cadmium on the regulatory mechanisms of the epigenome, resulting in the development of pathological changes in the body. The results of the study showed that cadmium manifests its toxicity by oxidizing micro RNAs and long RNAs that regulate gene expression without changing DNA/histone complexes. It has been shown that epigenetic disorders under the influence of cadmium-induced oxidative stress can be transmitted to offspring without changing the genotype, and these aberrant changes in non-coding RNA expression patterns are associated with aging, cancer, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular diseases, etc. Circulating micro RNAs that are sensitive to oxidative stress are reported to be potential biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, hyper­trophy, ischemia/reperfusion, and heart failure. Many studies are aimed at using microRNAs for therapeutic purposes. The complete expression profile of microRNAs in human atherosclerotic plaques was studied, and the mechanisms affecting their formation were identified. Specific microRNAs and reactive oxygen species were identified as potential biomarkers in human malignancies, which expands the possibilities of their use as therapeutic targets. Unlike micro RNAs, the expression of long RNAs has tissue and species specificity, making them important candidates for specific disease markers. The role of these RNAs in carcinogenesis is being actively studied. A large number of them are disrupted at various types of cancer and may play an im­portant role in the onset, metastasis, and therapeutic response of cancer. Thus, oxidative stress induced by cad­mium affects non-coding RNAs, which disrupts the regulatory mechanisms of the epigenome and affects the deve­lopment of cardiovascular, oncological, pulmonary and other human diseases. The search for the impact of non-coding RNAs on the epigenome is constantly growing and has great scientific and practical prospects in medicine.

The problem of diagnosis and effective treatment of one of the most common complications of dental caries, such as pulpitis, including pediatric patients, is still quite relevant at the present time. Considering anatomy-physiological and age-related features of temporary and permanent teeth in children, the rapid and aggressive course of the carious process in poorly mineralized hard tissues due to the untimely and incomplete “maturation” of them, it is beyond any doubts that scientists and practitioners involved in pediatric dentistry deal with such complications in the clinic much more often than when dealing with adults. A particularly risky group are those who develop decompensated caries, according to classification by T.F. Vinogradova. Therefore, the search for more advanced methods of diagnosis and treatment of both acute and chronic inflammation of pulp, especially with the preservation of its viability, is logical and relevant in modern dentistry. Existing methods for the biological treatment of pulpitis have their positive aspects, but possible complications up to necrosis or pulp gangrene in remote terms indicate the need for improvement both the choice of a more effective method with clear indications for its use, and the technology and material of odontotropic direction. The aim of the work was to study the results of treatment of pulpitis in experimental animals by using tricalcium silicate cement for its further application in the clinic. An experimental study was conducted on 18 animals (9-month-old male rabbits, Dutch breed) in vivarium setting to obtain information on the morphogenetic mechanisms of regeneration of living tissues and cells of dental pulp in which traumatic pulpitis was induced artificially. By the nature of odontotropic material, four groups of experimental animals were divided into: group I (control) – traumatic pulpitis was treated without special odontotropic paste, group II - treatment of pulpitis with material based on calcium hydroxide, group III - material with trioxide aggregate, group IV - material with tricalcium silicate. Every two, four, and six weeks from the moment the animals were introduced into the experiment, the damaged teeth were removed and treated in a certain way and, after special treatment, were amenable to histological examination. In the pulp tissue, the state of its main components was studied: stroma, cellular elements and blood vessels of the microvasculature. After excretion of animals from the experiment on the 2nd and 6th weeks tissues of tooth were fixed in 10% formalin. Fixed in formalin tissue has been routine proceeding after decalcification in acetic acid with making histological slides which were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), according to van Gieson, Mallory, PAS-reaction was performed. The slides were studied with the microscope “Olympus BX-41” and followed interpretation by “Olympus DP-soft version 3.2”, which was used for morphometric study. Statistical comparison was performed using Mann-Whitney test for statistical analysis. The accepted level of significance was p

Inflammatory processes in the tissues surrounding tooth root are frequent enough and develop as the direct complication of caries. As acute periodontitis is manifested with grinding toothache and violation of ph¬y¬sio¬logical act of chewing, symptoms of general intoxication, the continuous sluggish chronic periodontitis is harmful and dangerous to the organism as well. It forms the state of chronic оdontogenetic intoxication and chroneosepsis with wrong functioning of some internal organs and body systems. The like complications can cause significant disturbance to the function of kidneys, liver, heart, joints and their treatment without ablating focus of inflammation is often in- effective; this must be taken into account by doctors-interns. However, scanning of the oral cavity by conservative means has its difficulties mostly because of ignoring pathogenesis of such inflammation. That is why activity of ferments of blood dehydrogenases from the periapical tissues of the teeth affected with the chronic periodontitis was studied. The level of succinate dehydrogenase and alpha-glycerophosphate degydrogenase of lymphocytes of 110 schoolchildren aged 13-17 years old was studied. The main group of examined individuals included those of infected with tuber¬culousis – 50 individuals, and the control group (60 individuals) – clinically healthy ones without tuberculousis desease. All schoolchildren had 1 or 2 teeth affected with chronic periodontitis of the apical localization. The researchers found that a significant inhibition of activity of succinate dehydrogenase and alpha-glycerophosphate degydrogenase ferments occurs in the inflammatory periodontal tissues, which indicates to local immunity decline, and as a consequence, pathogenic bacteria activation. In people infected with tuberculousis these violations were more developed. Such features of periodontitis pathogenesis must be taken into account when providing a combined treatment.

Lesion of hard dental tissue with caries process and lesions not connected with caries present overwhelming majority of dental diseases. Causes leading to damage of enamel integrity and dentin with progressing demineralization are known; they allow to choose justified method of primary prophylaxis. Along with it, etiology and pathogenesis of enamel lesions with demineralization signs remains unexplored. Epidemiologic study of prevalence, incidence and severity of lesion of hard dental tissues in 330 pupils, who constantly live on endemic iodine-defficient territory, of three zones – mountain zone, foothill and valley. For comparison, schoolchildren migrated to this territory 2-3 years after birth, and children – residents of favorable as for iodine level in drinking water were examined, 30 children in each group. It was established, that overwhelming number of schoolchildren of endemic zone suffer from endemic goiter of various severity, which sufficiently impacts on protein-mineral ratio of the organism, bone skeleton and teeth including. It was also established, that residents of three various levels of iodine consumption are prone to development of multiple dental caries and systemic enamel hypoplasia. Children, residents of mountain zone suffer the most, with simultaneous lesion of thyroid gland. The role of endemic goiter in systemic dental enamel hypoplasia and multiple caries, which changes protein matrix, negatively impacts on odontogenesis and mineralization degree is underlined.

Neurosomatic diseases manifestations in the oral cavity and on the skin of the face are various in pain and paresthesia sensations. Neuralgia, neuritis and causalgia are accompanied by intensive pain paroxysms, glossalgia and glossodynia by relatively tolerant, but constant and exhausting pain sensations. This drives patient out of habitual way of life, and often drives into depressive state with signs of cancerophobia. There exist various notions on pathogenesis of pain phenomenon. Neurogenic and vascular changes in the body with vegetative innervation and realization of pain in specific parts of oral cavity mucosa and on the skin of the face should be considered as specifically grounded. Gaps in understanding of nature of appearance and development of glossalgia and glossodynia gave rise to different names of these pathogenetic processes with further abundance of terminology. More often it is etiology or pathogenesis of pain syndrome that is explained by terms. Terminology of pain and paresthetic syndrome, presented in scientific literature by neurologists, psychiatrists and neuro-dentists, existing nowadays is investigated. This syndrome has about twenty names, often they reflect only clinical signs and topic character of manifestations. Only some of them have elements of etiology in their designation, in the majority of cases without profound justification. Due to this fact there appear difficulties in designation of pathologic process in oral cavity mucosa, which precisely reflect nature of the disease; this brings difference of specialists’ opinion. The authors recommend to define this phenomenon as “glossalgia” and “glossodynia”.

Mucology, bein one of complicated branches of dentistry, has a number of problem issues both in diagnostics, treatment and prevention of pathology. Mentioned above difficulties depend on insufficiency of un¬derstanding of diseases nature and lesion of oral cavity mucosa (OCM); this has to be profoundly studied by specialists. Special attention is given to organisation of urgent and scheduled care rendering to the patients suffering from inflammatory, dystrophic, traumatic and other lesions of OCM; namely organisational forms provide efficacy of medical care. There with, it should be taken into account, that great part of OCM diseases present significant threat for a patient resulting from malignization of elements of lesion (decubital ulcer, leukoplakia) or clinical signs of severe somatic disease (leukemia, true pemphigus) of ten with probable lethal outcome. This explains serious character of problem, connected with quality of life and sometimes with patient’s life. That is why, mucology as a branch of modern dentistry both of adults and children in organization aspect envisages medical care rendering in case of OCM by four-level principle. First level - dentist of general practice, second – doctor-mucologist of specialized dentistry center, third and fourth level – scientists, specialists of special departments of dentistry of medical schools. Such a form of medical care is considered to be effective, having rather big time period. In future it is envisaged to have only two – level principle: first – dispatcher’s functions of doctor of general practice performing emergent interventions in this conditions. And at last, final level – treatment in a specialized medical center – out – patient treatment or in – patient treatment with participation of specialist-dentists.

In the theoretical and practical dentistry, neurology and psychiatry, there is ambivalence about neurodental pathological processes, including glossalgia and glossodynia. In these patients persistent clinical signs, mainly in the oral cavity in the form of excruciating burning pain and paresthesias of the tongue occur. However, after a short period of time patient is immersed into a range of neurotic and psychiatric symptoms, main of them depressed mood, decreased work performance, cancerogenic phobia, insomnia, depression. Therefore, all neurodental diseases are falsely at¬tributed to severe neurological disease that requires special medical ap¬proach and a long follow-up. A well-designed health care complex allows to obtain a high performance - 60% to 80%, however, there remains a need in profound study of the nature glossalgia and glossodynia for targeted treatment. The study involved 205 patients with glossalgia and glossodynia in clinical, para-clinical and laboratory aspects. It was found that in most cases there is presence of chronic somatic diseases in case of sudden external stimuli (like trigger). Chronic diseases of the nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine and digestive system, often - their combination should be considered as main etiological factors neurodental pathological processes. However, irritation of the mechanical, chemical and thermal nature of the oral cavity are important. In the pathogenesis of the phenomenon the role of nerve, autonomic and cardiovascular disorders, especially at the level of the microcirculation of the oral mucosa is underlined. It is proposed to systematize glossalgia as sympathicotonic, vagotonic and mixed.