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Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is an important disease affecting female reproductive health, with an incidence of 1%-5%. The causes of RSA are complex, among which genetic factor is one of the common causes. A large number of studies in recent years have shown that RSA is closely related to the polymorphism of related genes. Normal fetal development requires the successful implantation of embryos and the maintenance of pregnancy, in which the maternal immune system and blood system play an important regulatory role. Therefore, the present paper summarized the relationship of the genetic polymorphism of maternal immune system and blood system to RSA, aiming to elucidate the pathogenesis of RSA at the gene level and provide accurate and feasible guidance for clinical prevention and treatment of RSA. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2020.11.14

Objective To optimize the two-dimensional culture system of mouse preantral follicles, and discuss the effect of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) on the in vitro development of mouse preantral follicles. Methods The primary follicles (PM follicles, 80-100 μm) and early second follicles (ES follicles, 110-130 μm) harvested from mouse ovaries at day 14 were in vitro cultured with different concentrations of r-FSH culture medium (10 mU/ml and 100 mU/ml). The follicles growth in vitro and the oocytes maturation were observed and recorded. The growth model of antral follicles at day 10 and the levels of estradiol (E2) in the different concentrations of culture medium were examined. The expression levels of FSH receptor (FSHR), steroid hormone synthesis rate-limiting enzyme (3β-hydroxyl steroid dehydrogenase, 3β-HSD), 17α-hydroxylase (CYP17) and aromatase (CYP19) in follicles were detected by Western blotting. Results The cavity rates of PM follicles in 10 mU/ml and 100 mU/ml r-FSH media (0.00%±0.00%, 36.14%±4.02%) and oocyte maturation rates (0.00%±0.00%, 23.54%±7.62%) were obviously lower than the cavity rates of ES follicles (78.63%±4.13%, 92.74%±2.54%) and oocyte maturation rates (48.55%±3.73%, 80.88%±4.02%) with statistical significance (P

Objective To investigate the effect of bisphenol A (BPA) on the growth of preantral follicles in vitro. Methods Preantral follicles were harvested from mouse ovaries, cultured in vitro for 11 days and randomly divided into 4 groups with separately adding 0μmol/L BPA, 1μl/ml DMSO, 4.5μmol/L BPA and 45μmol/L BPA as to form normal group, control group, 4.5μmol/L BPA group and 45μmol/L group. The growth and development of the follicles, oocytes and cumulus cells were observed. The percentages of antral follicles, denuded oocytes and the maturing rate of oocytes were calculated. The content of estradiol (E2) in the culture medium and the expressions of estrogen receptor (ER), growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF-9) and bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP-15) in oocytes were detected by ELISA, immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting. Results Compared with normal group, 45μmol/L BPA significantly reduced the percentage of antral follicles (10.1%), maturation rate of oocytes (60.0%), diameter of follicles and the thickness of the cumulus cell layers, but increased the rate of denuded oocytes (28.6%, P

Objective To investigate the effect of caprine testicular extract on the acrosomal formation of spermatids of lead-treated mice, and find a theoretical and experimental basis for further research on the effects of caprine testicular extract on the reproductive system. Methods The study was carried out on thirty male adult ICR mice, which were randomly assigned into control group, model group and treatment group (10 each). The testis-injury model was reproduced by intragastric administration of lead acetate (30mg/kg, 0.1ml/10g). Animals in treatment group received intragastric administration of lead acetate and intraabdominal injection of 0.5ml caprine testicular extract at the same time for 21days, and the mice in control group received the same amount of distilled water by intragastric administration and 0.5ml distilled water by intraabdominal injection. By the end of the experimental period, the mice were sacrificed. The testes were fixed by cardiac perfusion and processed for light microscopic examination. The acrosomal formation in round spermatids was observed by PAS staining. Results Compared with the control group, the acrosomal formation in model group was blocked. Acrosomal vesicle was incomplete, the membrane was shrunken, rough and fuzzy. The acrosomal formation in treatment group was similar to that of the control group. The structure of the acrosomal vesicle was complete and the membrane was smooth. Conclusion Administration of caprine testicular extract may protect the acrosomal formation of spermatids from lead poisoning, and the normal structure and function of the acrosome are preserved. Thus, indepth study of the effects of caprine testicular extract may contribute to the treatment of male infertility caused by heavy metal-induced testicular damage, and offer an effective protective measure for the lead-exposed males.