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This study aims to evaluate the pork meat quality after ultrasonic brining at different frequencies, thereby providing a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of ultrasound marination on meat. The texture profile analysis showed that ultrasonic curing at various frequencies significantly improved the textural properties of samples, especially at 26.8 kHz, resulting in a reduction of tenderness, hardness, and chewiness values by 44%, 43%, and 44%, respectively. The cooking loss of samples marinated by ultrasound decreased from 27% without ultrasonic treatment to 22%, indicating a significant improvement in water-holding capacity, while the changes in pH had only a subtle impact on pork quality. Meanwhile, the color of pork became more rosy hue due to decreased L ⁎ values and increased a ⁎ values, which was mainly attributed to an elevated proportion of oxymyoglobin and reduced metmyoglobin content. Additionally, ultrasonic marination did not exert a negative impact on the oxidation of pork protein and lipids. After roasting, samples marinated by ultrasound exhibited a significantly higher abundance of volatile flavor compounds compared to static marinated meat (with an increase of 16 flavor substances) and fresh pork (with an increase of 24 flavor substances), demonstrating the efficacy of ultrasonic marination in enhancing the overall flavor and taste profile of pork. Consequently, the application of ultrasonic technology holds great potential for the "home kitchen type" rapid marination. [Display omitted] • Ultrasonic curing improved the textural properties of pork, especially at 26.8 kHz. • Ultrasonic curing enhanced the water holding capacity of pork without pH changes. • The vibrant red color of ultrasound cured pork was related to the increase of MbO 2. • There was no obvious oxidation of pork protein and lipid during ultrasonic curing. • Samples cured by ultrasound showed a higher abundance of volatile flavor compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the flavor variations in four different fresh pork cuts (longissimus thoracis , LT; trapezius muscle, TM; hamstring muscle, HM; Pork Belly, PB) from Chalu black pigs (ten castrated boars) using multi-omics techniques. The research also explored the influence of muscle fiber type on the flavor profiles of these cuts. Results from quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) indicated significant differences in muscle fiber type across the four pork cuts in various anatomical locations. Each cut exhibited distinctive volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profiles, with HM displaying a sweet and fruity green flavor, LT showcasing a fatty and nutty taste, PB presenting a fresh, citrusy, and green flavor, and TM offering a floral and bitter note. Variations in fatty acid carbon number and saturation were observed among the cuts, with HM, LT, and PB being rich in fatty acids with C16–18, C19–21, and 3 double bonds, respectively. The metabolites specific to each cut were found to play key roles in different metabolic pathways, such as protein-related pathways for HM, arginine biosynthesis for LT, lysine biosynthesis for PB, and D-arginine and D-ornithine metabolism for TM. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with amino acid metabolism for HM, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis for LT, and cellular aromatic compound organization for PB. Notably, HM and PB displayed unique flavor characteristics, while TM exhibited relatively neutral features. The study also identified correlations among VOCs, muscle fiber type, lipids, metabolites, and gene patterns specific to each cut, highlighting the complex interplay of factors influencing pork flavor. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavor is the sensory impression sensed by taste and smell buds and is a leading factor determining the meat quality and purchasing decision of the consumer. Meat flavor is characteristic of volatiles produced as a result of reactions of non-volatile components that are induced thermally. The water soluble compounds having low molecular weight and meat lipids are important precursors of cooked meat flavor. The Maillard reaction, lipid oxidation, and vitamin degradation are leading reactions during cooking which develop meat flavor from uncooked meat with little aroma and bloody taste. The pre-slaughter and postmortem factors like animal breed, sex, age, feed, aging and cooking conditions contribute to flavor development of cooked meat. The objective of this review is to highlight the flavor chemistry, meat flavor precursors and factors affecting meat flavor precursors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Flavor is an important contributor to consumer acceptability of meat, our objective was to characterize the impact of species-specific fat/lean sources, fat level, degree of doneness and muscle color are on pork and beef flavor. Three separate experiments were conducted. Patties were formulated differently for each experiment in order to evaluate the desired variables. Experiment. 1: Flavor from combination patties (same species lean/fat or combination of species lean/fat) was not impacted by degree of doneness (66°C vs. 71°C). Beef flavor was highest in samples made with beef lean, regardless of species fat type. Pork flavor was highest in samples made with pork lean and had higher flavor intensity scores. Experiment. 2: Beef flavor was not increased in all-beef patties formulated with higher fat levels. Pork patties formulated with higher fat content increased pork flavor. Experiment. 3: All-beef and all-pork patties formulated with light or dark lean did not impact flavor in either species. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Irradiating fresh meat, even at low doses, can result in off-odors and flavors which have been described as rotten egg, bloody, fishy, barbecued corn, burnt, sulfur, metallic, alcohol or acetic acid. The odors vary with the type of meat, temperature during irradiation, oxygen exposure during and/or after the irradiation process, packaging and presence of antioxidative substances. Irradiation can induce formation of isooctane-soluble carbonyl compounds in the lipid fraction and low molecular weight, acid-soluble carbonyls in the protein fraction of meat. Increasing irradiation dose increases these compounds however, cooking reduces them. Among the volatile components, 1-heptene and 1-nonene are influenced most by irradiation dose, and aldehydes (propanal, pentanal, hexanal) are influenced most by packaging type (aerobic vs vacuum). Sulfur-containing volatiles formed from sulfur-containing compounds (primarily amino acids) also contribute to irradiation odor. Dimethyltrisulfide is one of the most potent off-odor compounds, contributing fishy, putrid odors, followed by bismethylthiomethane (sulfurous). Reducing the temperature during the irradiation process reduces the effects on odor/flavor because free radical generation and dispersion are reduced. Ultimately, radiolysis of water into free radical species (yph name="rad" />H, H30+, ) may be the initiators of both lipid oxidation breakdown products and sulfur-containing volatiles responsible for irradiation odor. Methods to decrease the detrimental effects of irradiation include oxygen exclusion (vacuum packaging), replacement with inert gases (nitrogen), addition of protective agents (antioxidants), and post-irradiation storage to allow flavor to return to near-normal levels (re-packaging or double packaging in oxygen permeable film). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]