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Electric discharge machining (EDM) routehas capability of machining hard materials. Even intricate shapes can be machined by this process. Traditional machining routes develop machining issues like tool wear and pitiable surface finish. It can be overcome by the EDM process. The objective of this work is to prepare AA6351-10wt%Al2O3-5wt%Gr composites through stir casting process. The manufactured composites were machined via EDM route and their machining characteristics material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR) were studied via Taguchi process. The results display that for MRR current is the major influencing parameter and for SR voltage is the foremostpersuading parameter.

An attempt was made in this study to produce natural fiber-reinforced hybrid composite material using hand-layup method. Three different natural fibers were used to strengthen Kevlar/epoxy composites. Mechanical testing was performed to characterize the composites, namely tensile, flexural, impact and double shear. The results showed that Kevlar/epoxy hybrid composite has been reinforced by Aloevera and palm with superior mechanical properties relative to other hybrid composites. The tensile strength, flexural strength and load bearing capacity were increased by 50%, 14% and 54% respectively. Fiber breakage and matrix cracking were the dominant failure mechanism of composites in tensile testing. Matrix cracking and delamination have been the dominant failure mechanism in impact testing.

Aluminium is easily available low cost material but the emissivity of the aluminium is very low which is minimum 0.02 to maximum 0.54 for the pure level with different form like polished, highly polished, oxidized, un-oxidized and anodized conditions and different formations. So in this investigation focused to increase the emissivity of the Aluminium surface. There are number of methods and materials were available to reach the motive of this requirement among them coating method and 75Ni-25Cr alloy material considered for this experimental investigation. Square plates were considered and the corresponding temperatures measured with the help of thermocouples located on the particular point of the surface. The commonly used normal black body used as a reference surface for this investigation. There are increased radiant heat input create impact on the values surface which leads to identify the purpose of this material coating.

In present investigation, aluminium matrix composite reinforced with 15 wt% zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) particulates was fabricated through stir casting route. Electric discharge machining (EDM) was carried out to machine the produced composite using copper electrode. Pulse current, pulse on-time and pulse off-time were chosen as input parameters and surface roughness (SR) was considered as output machining performance characteristic. The experimental plan has been adopted by Box Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM). This technique was used to developed a mathematical model for analyze the machining performance characteristic. Furthermore, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to find out the effect of each machining parameter and their interactions on SR. It has been noticed that pulse current was the most predominant parameter on SR followed by pulse on-time. Finally, a confirmation test was carried out by recommended parameter settings and the error percentage was determined.

In general connecting rods are manufactured by using carbon steel; nowadays aluminium alloys are best alternative material to produce connecting rod. Aluminium alloys are less weight and absorb high impact strength since it is best suited for high speed engine in the bike. In this work focused on to analysis of three different aluminium alloy materials as AA2014, AA6061 and AA7075. FEA analysis was carried out through ANSYS software for selected three materials and von misses stress; shear stress and total deformation were obtained from ANSYS software. The analysis on various geometric forms of connecting rod such as solid type, shell type has been carried out using modelling package such as SOLIDWORKS and ANSYS software. The apt result has obtained from the analysis, the deformation and stiffness of each material clearly shows in the output of the analyzed images and also in theoretical calculation. Comparing with the three materials the AA2014 possess less weight and better stiffness.

Nowadays metal matrix composites (MMCs) playing an energetic role in engineering applications in the field of aerospace, automobile and structural despite of superior properties. The inclusion of various reinforcement into the metal matrix enhances the strength, hardness, stiffness and reduces the wear and density of the materials. This article made an effort to present the influence of various reinforcement such as B4C, TiC, SiC, WC, Cr3C2, Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, SiO2, MoO3, MoS2, AlN, Si3N4, ZrB2, TiB2 and Gr on the mechanical and tribological behavior of metal matrix. Foremost applications of various reinforcement with metal matrix are also emphasized in this work.

As the materials are indispensible, their demand always exists, but their supply is limited. In particularly, the supply of material is limited for specific applications. Light weight low strength applications are very wide. This investigation focuses the natural fibre hybrid with artificial fiber based hybrid composite preparation. The sisal fibre is used to prepare the composite with Textile-Grade Glass Fibers. The sisal fiber is here treated with specific concentration of malic acid in the distilled water. The composites synthesized with treated and untreated sisal fibres. The alternate fashion of horizontal and vertical is followed for fibres’ orientation. The bio epoxy is employed as matrix material with mix of hardener. The prepared composite are characterized by water absorbability, tensile properties, flexural properties and shock absorption capacities. The synthesized composites also characterized for dry and wet applications.

Surface engineering deals with the surface of the material and it was sub-discipline of materials science. Wear can be reduced by modifying the surface properties of solids by coating hard material or by use of lubricants. Friction surfacing is one of the surface coating method which gives better bonding on plane surfaces. In this work, iron plate was taken as substrate and stainless steel (SS) 304 was used as coating material. The experiment was conducted based on L9 orthogonal array. The parameters chosen for the experiment were rotational speed, axial load and traverse speed. The response values were hardness and maximum displacement in order to improve the wear, corrosion and bonding strength. The results were analyzed using Taguchi method to find the optimum machining parameters and to identify the effect of machining parameter for maximum hardness and displacement. ANOVA was employed to confirm the result obtained from Taguchi method. ANOVA was also used to identify the contribution percentage of each parameters.

Aluminium alloy AA2024 and AA6061 welding and its combinations have been consistently represented a respectable challenge for creators and expertise. The alloys 2024 and 6061 composites, especially heat-readable materials, are hard to bond by combination affixing systems. The different combination of welding, for example, AA2024 and AA6061 Alloy is a significant issue during FSW. In this article, the impact of Rotation speed; Travel Speed; and Different Diameter of Tool Pins of 2024 and 6061 alloy through FSW was examined by GRA (Grey Relational Analysis). The ANOVA was utilized to try out the preeminent significant travel speed of welding and speed of tool rotation influencing the responses. The essential and collaboration effect of data features on the ordinary responses are analyzed. The normal qualities and estimated qualities are truly close.

Additive Manufacturing is a pioneering and prevailing technology used for direct layer-by-layer fabrication of parts from a 3D computer model. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is the most common and simplest technique in 3D printing technology which engrossed many researchers, particularly those interested in its biomedical applications in custom-made implants, tissue and cell printing and the dental industry. Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the bio-degradable polymers which are now being extensively used by the researchers for biomedical applications. Various research was conducted on PLA to improves its properties by incorporating the nanofillers. Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) is one of the naturally occur nanofiller which is used to reinforce with PLA to improve its mechanical and biodegradability property. PLA/CNC has a hopeful probable for large-scale manufacture of green composites towards various applications, which include packaging and biomedical fields. In this research work, different samples of PLA/CNC composites were prepared with 1, 2, 5 and 10 wt% CNC as nanofillers. The thermal properties for the different samples of PLA/CNC bio-composite was studied. The results of Differential scanning calorimetry disclosed that there is a shift in the glass transition temperature and a variation in the melting temperatures. The results showed that the crystallinity of the polymer matrix got increased by the addition of Cellulose. 1% cellulose shows the highest cold crystallization peak when compared to the neat PLA. The single-screw extruder is used to obtain the PLA/CNC filament of 1.75 mm diameter. The fabricated PLA/CNC filament is fed into fused deposition modeling for fabricating 3D Printed specimens. The mechanical properties of the 3D printed bio-composites were evaluated. The results of the 3D printed samples show that there is an increase in tensile modulus for 1% CNC composites (4550 MPa) when compared with neat PLA (3030 MPa).

In the present work, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of generating shock waves through direct and confined ablation modes of plasma method of massive laser shock peening (MLSP) on surface integrity of cast dumbbell shaped and cylindrical cast specimens of commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) and to compare with those of untreated CP-Ti. The MLSP is usually performed in a massively peening mode to induce uniform compressive residual stress and surface deformation across the entire specimens. After MLSP, tensile testing was carried out to obtain the tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and percentage elongation. The microstructural and surface topography investigations of the laser shock peened material were carried out using digital, optical microscopy and SEM equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and XRD. The results show that laser shock peened with confined ablation make the surface of CP-Ti with improved change in microstructure, increase in tensile strength, microhardness (73.08%), surface roughness and compressive residual stresses (−420 MPa) which prolongs the mastication ability and dimensional stability of dental implant restorative materials.

Banana, Pineapple and Jute fiber were mixed with different combination of volume percentage by hand layup technique. For this investigation six types of combinations used. Banana fiber has 60% in all the combination and remaining 40% of fiber only shared with Pineapple fiber and Jute fiber for six different combinations and also each combination with three different (5 mm, 10 mm and 15 mm) thicknesses. The corresponding thermal analysis such as thermal conductivity and thermal resistance of six combination fiber composites were compared for the good thermal insulator for insulation applications.

In this paper the hydraulic and thermal constrain of the plate heat exchanger is optimized to enhance the sensitivity of the heat exchanger. In the proposed method the multi objective wale optimization (MOWO) is used for optimizing the parameter of the plate heat exchanger. In MOWO the parameters of the plate heat exchangers such as, horizontal port centre distance, vertical port centre distance, enlargement factor, port diameter, plate thickness, number of thermal plates and plate spacing are optimized to achieve better sensitivity. The thermal and hydraulic drop are consider as the objective function, in which the heat transfer is enhanced and the pressure drop is minimized by using MOWO. Then the proposed system is implemented using matlab and its performance are analysed. The obtained performance proves the effectiveness of the proposed system.

In this present work, Magnesium metal matrix composites reinforced by silicon carbide were synthesized and fabricated by means of powder metallurgy process. Magnesium powder with 0, 4, 8 & 12 wt% SiC was blended in ball mill for 10 min. Then the cold compaction was done by using compression machine was compressed pressure of 650Mpa at suitable die. The sintering method was performed at 500°and 670 °C and hold time of 30 min using microwave furnace and to achieve better result to sinter the Mg metal matrix composites. The microstructure, density, compressive strength and hardness of the resultant Magnesium-Silicon carbide composites were studied. It was observed that the 12 wt% Silicon carbide reinforcements lead to the improvement in mechanical properties such as high density, high hardness, high compressive strength and high impact strength. Moreover, the outcome exposed that the density, hardness, compressive strength and impact strength of the composite was obviously higher than that of the Cast Magnesium and mechanical properties was improved with higher amount of Silicon carbide reinforcement from 0 to 12 wt%.

The major purpose of the present study is to investigate and compare the characteristics of dissimilar joining of Ti-6Al-4V with AISI 4140 Medium carbon steel using diffusion bonding process and analysis of the temperature distribution and stress intensity with the help of ANSYS software. For the diffusion bonding the joint quality is based on the process parameters like time, temperature and pressure maintained during the process. Diffusion bonding experiments for Ti-6Al-4V with AISI 4140 Medium carbon steel was carried out by varying the Pressure 5 MPa, 10 MPa and 15 Mpa, temperature 750 °C, 800 °C and 850 °C also time 60 min, 90 min and 120 min. The diffusion bonded joints of the Ti-6Al-4V with AISI 4140 Medium carbon steel created and temperature distribution were done by ANSYS.

The current investigation was, to optimize the parameters for wire cut electric discharge machining (WCEDM) of Al7075 alloy based matrix composite. The Al7075 alloy incorporated with TiO2 (10 wt.%) particles was produced by stir casting process. Experiments were carried out by selecting the various WCEDM parameters like pulse current (amps), pulse on-time (µs) and pulse off-time (µs). A Taguchi coupled desirability function analysis was employed to determine the optimal parameters with an objective to maximize the material removal rate (MRR) and minimize the surface roughness (SR). The optimum level of WCEDM parameters were obtained by a largest value of composite desirability (dG). The optimal level of parameters obtained are pulse current at 160 amps, pulse on-time at 120 µs and pulse off-time at 50 µs. Moreover, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to indicate the significant effect of parameters to the output responses. The results observed that, pulse current and pulse on-time are the most impact factors to influence the combined output responses. The contour plot indicates that interaction of machining parameters on the desired output responses.

The current investigation is, to determine the optimum process variables on CNC turning operation of Be-Cu (C17200) alloy using grey relational approach (GRA). In GRA, optimum level of turning variables can be identified by the grey relational grade as the performance index. In present work, the three turning variables were chosen namely cutting speed (V1 = 800 rpm, V2 = 1000 rpm and V3 = 1200 rpm), feed rate (F1 = 0.10 mm/rev, F2 = 0.12 mm/rev and F3 = 0.14 mm/rev) and depth of cut (D1 = 0.8 mm, D2 = 1.0 mm and D3 = 1.2 mm) and the output responses such as material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR) were considered. A grey relational grade attained from the GRA was used to identify the optimum turning process variables on multi response characteristics with an objective to maximize the MRR and minimize the SR. Based on the grey relational grade, optimum level of turning variables was identified as V3F3D2 that is cutting speed at level 3 (1200 rpm), feed rate at level 3 (0.14 mm/rev) and depth of cut at level 2 (1.0 mm). The significant effect of each variable on response was determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA). From ANOVA result shows that cutting speed was the most significant factor on multi response characteristics followed by depth of cut. Finally, the verification test was performed to validate the experimental results.

An article of review formulates the fundamental standard and numerical approach of FSP. The quality of friction stir processed joint and methods can be enclosed by specialized analytical conditions. An audit about the use of reaction surface technique (RSM) in the advancement of systematic strategies is introduced. The hypothetical standards of RSM and ventures for its purpose are portrayed to explain peruses with this multivariate measurable method. Even the test plans like central composite design, three-level factorial and Box-Behnken) are thought about as far as qualities and productivity. Besides, ongoing references of their uses in friction stir processing are exhibited. The applying of multi response optimization attractive quality capacities in RSM and the utilization of artificial neural networks are additionally examined.

This work calculates the flow of stress of deforming metal as a function of temperature, strain and strain rate using a hybrid adaptive genetic algorithm and cuckoo search (ANN-AGCS) model. The flow behavior of material and the temperature variations in hot upsetting process are predicted by using the finite element analysis. To record the hot deformation performance through the force displacement. In this model to perform a hot non isothermal forging of a low carbon steel. A good decision is done between the predicted data and the measured results.

The DMR249A steel is uniquely developed by a high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel. In India, the steel is being used for the construction of Indian Aircraft Carrier and other shipyards. Develop the depth of penetration (DOP) and achieve in a single pass for gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process. The GTAW process is called activated flux gas tungsten arc welding (A-GTAW). Response surface methodology (RSM) and Taguchi technique are used for Design of experiments (DOE) approach. Depth of penetration in a single pass to optimize the welding parameters. The current, torch speed and arc gap are considered as an input variable. The DOP was considered as the response variable. To develop both optimization technique depends on the process parameters. To identified optimum process parameters were validated by bead on plate experiments. The RSM (D-optimal) and Taguchi optimization technique the DOP values are measured and predicted to the RMS error. Thus, RSM (D-optimal) was observed to predict optimized welding process parameters for achieving maximum DOP with better accuracy during A-GTAW process.

This paper discusses about the analysis of 49″ Earth Movers lock ring. This lock ring is made up of medium carbon steel (S43C) where the carbon present in the percentage of 0.4–0.46. Lock rings is the final piece of the assembly of Wheel and it holds the all components of the Wheel such as Flanges, Bead seat Ring, Rim base & Gutter. In order to work properly, the lock ring requires proper mating parts, so you must always ensure that the correct gutter section and bead seat band are used. In the 49″ inch EM Lock ring Stiffness is quite less due to diameter is large. While more than 4–5 times the lock ring is dissemble and assemble stiffness of the ring is reduced as result as air is being leak from the tire. To prevent this issue, it is planned to do the heat treatment analysis for the ring. By doing Hardening process the mechanical properties of the material is altered. The metal is heated up to 200 °C for 150 min then the metal is exposed to atmosphere for cooling process. After the Hardening process materials properties are checked by using Ansys Software. As the result of material stiffness is improved & have an ability to withstand for 10–15 times of assemble & dissemble.

In this research, Electric Discharge Machining parameters current, pulse on time and voltage were optimized for machining Aluminium7075-8%SiC composites. The composites were fabricated by stir casting route. The experiments were designed and carried out as per design of experiments approach using L9 Orthogonal Array. The response values selected in this research were surface roughness and material removal rate (MRR). Taguchi optimization technique was employed to identify the optimum parameter for minimum surface roughness and maximum MRR. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed to determine the ultimate contributing parameter for the response values. From this study, the optimum parameter for lower surface roughness was A3B2C1 and for higher MRR was A2B1C2.

Magnesium metal matrix composites are extremely attractive for application of light and strong materials in various industries. In the present work, Magnesium matrix composites reinforced by Al2O3 with different weight percent of particles were synthesized and fabricated by means of Stir casting process. The property of Al2O3 particle content with different weight percent of particles on the mechanical properties of the composites such as density, porosity, hardness and tensile strength were investigated. The microstructures of magnesium metal matrix composites were studied using scanning electron microscope. It showed the uniform distribution of Al2O3 in Mg metal matrix composites and bonded to the composites. The results show that the hardness and the tensile strength of the composites increased with increasing weight fraction of Al2O3 particles.

In the 21st century, the application of carbon nanotubes reinforced composite develop and offer the high specific stiffness and strength. In exacting, the outstanding properties of Carbon Nanotube have low density, elevated elastic modulus, excellent electrical and thermal properties suggest the progress of CNTs reinforced composites. The fabrication of CNTs reinforced composites based on interfacial relationships between carbon nanotubes and the matrix material it acting homogeneous distribution of CNTs in a matrix material. This paper showed a detailed report of process and properties of CNTs and their composites. We study the literature work on the processing and properties of CNTs in addition to development of mechanical and electrical properties of CNTs reinforced composites.

Electric erosion process is generally used for processing the metal matrix composites which have more applications in aerospace, aircraft and automobile sectors. Metal Matrix composites have attractive physical and mechanical properties like light weight, high specific modulus, highest strength and thermal stability. The present review is discussed about Electric erosion process and its input and output parameters such as Pulse on time, Pulse off time, Current, etc. on the material removal rate and surface roughness of the composites. This review paper also address the principle of electric erosion process and the impact of the surface properties of the processed composites.

Aluminium metal matrix composites have the abilities of sustaining the present demands of advanced engineering applications. The physical and mechanical properties that can be acquired with aluminium metal matrix has developing demand in aircraft, automotive and other industries owing to its light weight, high strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance and workability. More in recent times, particulate reinforced MMCs have concerned significant attention are preferable due to their low cost, constant properties and their skill to be like monolithic materials and characteristic isotropic properties. The potential of these materials is mostly reliant on on choosing the correct combination of reinforcing materials since most of the processing parameters are related with the reinforcing particulates. This article made an effort to review the reinforcing material ZrB2 used in the synthesis of aluminium metal matrix composite and the way it effects the mechanical, corrosion and wear performance of the materials.

Threaded fasteners, including all varieties of bolts, make our industrial, commercial, and even civil worlds possible, by providing simple, economic means to join an infinite variety of small parts together to create such large and useful objects as automobiles, airplanes, buildings, plows, looms, and printing presses .The vehicles used for heavy engineering applications often are large and most of it connected using bolted joints. These vehicles are used in constructions, demolitions or recycling and underground Mining operations. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the structural durability of joint considering the Slip factor and Shear factor. The effect of protective paintings on the parts that are connected is studied in the analysis. After finalizing the bolt design, the CAD model of the frame is obtained and FE model is created. FE model is created using the HyperMesh tool. The FE model after completion is given in Abaqus software for analysis. The computerized software facilitates for the quick design and FE model of the frame and gets the required results. The results obtained in Abaqus are taken and plotted in graphs and checked for failure.