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The expansive soil has serious impact due to its unstable volumetric behaviour when it undergoes seasonal variations. In order to utilise the problematic expansive soil for any kind of work it needs to alter the behaviour of soil by stabilisation using addition of admixtures. From the economical point of view using industrial waste materials is the cost-effective technique. In this work the selection of industrial waste materials which comes from tile manufacturing such as Tile Waste Powder (TWP) and Foundry Sand (FS) outcome of metal casting industries as an admixture. The Tiles Waste Powder has the nature to improve the compaction behaviour of expansive soil because of its high lime content and Foundry sand are used to develop the strength behaviour of problematic soil due to the presence rich silica content. In this paper, untreated soil got treated using the different proportions such as 5,10, 15,20 and 25% of Tile waste powder and their corresponding the compaction and strength characteristics of the soil sample were determined under different curing periods. Also the tests have been conducted for optimum percentage of tile waste mixed along with varying percentage of Foundry Sand (4, 6, 8, 10 and 12%) in soil sample. The results was obtained from the standard proctor test, UCC and CBR test and it further analysis shows that the increasing the proportion of TWP rises the peak strength of the treated soil up to 20% for the maximum 28 days curing. Also, from the result analysis for the combination of FS and TWP by optimum percentage of Tiles Waste Powder (20%) with 12% of Foundry sand shows the increment in the strength characteristics of soil. The TWP and Foundry Sand can be effectively used in stabilization works in order to utilise the waste by effective minimization of disposal problems.

Conventional materials are used extensively for construction of road pavements which can one day lead to its’ depletion. Expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads which are lightweight cellular plastic polymeric material is an excellent alternative material along with industrial wastes like fly ash and bottom ash that can be for the construction of flexible road pavements. This study describes the engineering behavior of EPS beads as a geo-material of different combinations with fly ash (FA), bottom ash (BA) and expansive soils (ES). Laboratory tests including compaction test were performed on samples of various proportions of EPS beads of EPS beads + Fly ash (EFA), EPS beads + Bottom ash (EBA), and EPS beads + Expansive soil (EES) to calculate the optimum value of addition of EPS beads to EFA, EBA and EES samples that would provide the highest strength to it. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value and other strength parameters were calculated for optimal mixes of EFA, EBA and EES samples. Optimum size of EPS beads size was considered as 1 mm. Results of laboratory study suggest that addition of 0.5% EPS beads by weight to fly ash, bottom ash and expansive soil enhances its shear and bearing characteristics. Numerical simulations were carried out on PLAXIS 2D for optimal mixes of EFA, EBA and EES pavement blocks to check its behavior and suitability as a replacement of granular sub-base (GSB) layer materials in flexible pavement. Pavement design charts were also prepared to present a comparison between conventional and EPS composite pavements. The results of numerical analysis suggest that EFA and EBA can replace maximum 21.33% and an average of 12.25% of total thickness of conventional GSB layer. Cost analysis of overall road pavement showed that EFA, EBA and EES can reduce maximum overall costs up to 12.87%, 12.09% and 10.56% respectively when replaced with conventional GSB layer materials of the road pavement.

Soil is only materials which is easily available on the earth and used in many purposes in construction of structure. Soil stabilization varies a great deal and improves the bearing capacity and maintenance. Increased higher resistance values, reduced plasticity, lower permeability, reduced pavement thickness, elimination of excavation, and importing new materials are all advantages of soil stabilization. The Present study has been carried out for stabilization of locally available clayey soil with varying percentages of Fly ash and Jute Fibers. The Characterization of materials is being followed with the sample preparation and mechanical testing such as Standard Proctor Test, Un-confined Compression Testing and California Bearing Ration Test. The Modied Samples have showcase a considerable improvement in the engineering properties of soil. There after conclusion, Practical applications and Future Scope of study concludes the outcomes and suggestion from the study.

The management and disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) in many countries has changed significantly. To overcome the risk to environment and humans, landfills are designed and constructed to dump the waste in the ground and covered with soil, vegetation to protect the environment. Engineered landfills are provided with various liner systems. Liners used in the landfill acts as a barrier to water, leachate and other liquid materials. Liners also protect the ground from solute concentration. In the present study, compacted clay liners of various thicknesses are used. A numerical model of a landfill with the clay liner is designed and analysis is performed using GeoStudio software. In this software CTRAN/W module is used for contaminant transport analysis. From the landfill at different radial distances three bore holes are provided with varying depths respectively, also clay liner thicknesses of 0.5 m, 1.0 m, 1.5 m. Tests on the soil like standard proctor test and hydraulic conductivity tests are conducted. Results shows, with the increase in liner thickness, time taken by the contaminant transport to reach bore wells increases. Results also show the rate of variation in concentration of the leachate at each bore well in certain time period.

Soil stabilization is a process of altering the properties of soil by physical or chemical means. It leads to improvement of engineering quality of soil such as density, permeability, bearing capacity, shear strength etc. Soil stabilization can be easily achieved by means of certain chemicals or physical processes such as by using cement, lime, fly ash etc but here we will try to use plastic wastes for this purpose. By using this product, we can make use of plastics which always lies around our environment to pollute it. Use of plastics is increasing in day to day life and our society is strongly attracted towards it but the disposal of such a huge mass is impossible and if possible creates land pollution like problems. We can also save a lot of Cement, Lime, Fly ash which was supposed to be used in soil stabilization and can now be used in some other construction purposes. A series of tests were carried out on soil to check the improvement in engineering properties like standard proctor test, unconfined compression test and California bearing ratio test. We can have three benefits from this project like utilization of natural resources, Economy and waste management. Thus a waste thought to be harmful and dangerous to our society can now be converted to a boon to our society.

Researchers globally due to little cost and effective results in engineering applications frequently use the waste material. Every year millions of ton of waste like Fly ash, lime, gypsum had generated from the kilns. In addition, mainly in this research focused on application of Silty Sand, Which have been produced on very large scale along the dam site, A huge amount of the this sand went for dumping to the nearby site. The dumping of Fly ash from industries near habitable areas poses environmental threats like air pollution, water contamination and affects biodiversity. This empirical investigation mainly focused on utilization of waste material like Silty sand, Lime and Gypsum to replace Fly ash in different mixes. In this research different mix have prepared by addition of Silty sand, Lime and gypsum to the voluminous weight of Fly ash, and silty sand have added in four different percentage of mixes to replace Fly ash by 10, 20, 30 and 40% by weight. Following tests have conducted standard proctor test and unconfined compressive strength test and final the result of test reveals that by addition of 10% of silty sand and the samples and cured by burlap method Unconfined compressive strength have highest i.e. 64.58 KPa with 56 days curing period.

Some soils cannot withstand heavy loads due to significantly low California Bearing Ratio and shear strength. So, to reduce this problem treatment of soil is needed to be done using different stabilizers like furnace slag, fly ash, limestone fines, bitumen, plastic waste etc. It is defined as the process for improving the properties of the soil either providing physical or chemical treatments and by blending and mixing of some other materials with the soil. It helps in controlling the shrink-swell properties of soil and also improves the shear strength properties and the capacity of soil to support the loads. This paper is aimed at providing soil stabilization using the waste plastic. The main motive of this research is to evaluate the result of incorporating waste plastic bottles on the geotechnical properties of soil. Various percentages of waste plastic bottles (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) added in the soil sample and sequel the engineering properties of soil. For this, various laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples like Unconfined Compressive Strength, California Bearing Ratio, and Proctor Test etc. and compared with the soil samples without any plastic waste. The outcome of the study showed that addition of the waste plastic bottles have positive effect on the soil properties which promotes the re-use of waste plastic from industry in an economical and environmentally friendly way and it will also help with the disposal problem of these plastic wastes on some extend.

In emerging countries like India, foundation extension and advancement request building destinations with soils of predominant attributes as execution of structure fundamentally relies upon the soil conditions. Particularly while raising the structure on feeble soils like expansive soils, it needs most extreme consideration since it terribly influences the execution of the structure by demonstrating high volume change with impact of water content. In order to make the unfortunate expansive soils to achieve geotechnical engineering design requirements, the process of soil stabilization can be applied to improve the strength characteristics of these soils. This study boons the investigation into the improvement of strength characteristics of expansive soils using wollastonite powder as an additive which is naturally available to reduce the cost and other environmental effects. The influence of varying percentages of wollastonite powder in strength increment is observed based on unconfined compression test conducted on two expansive soils with compaction characteristics at varying preserving days of 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. From the compaction test, it was detected that Maximum Dry-density was decreased whereas Optimum Moisture content of soils increased with increase in dosage of admixture. The Unconfined compressive strength values of soils treated with WP increased up on addition of 12.5% wollastonite powder then, a slight decrease was observed. However, this value was higher than the untreated soil up on 15% addition of wollastonite powder. Peak stress was observed to 393.6% and 253.9% as compared to untreated soils on addition of 12.5% wollastonite powder at 28 days of curing. Thus, the results showed that, wollastonite powder was effective additive for soil, which could boost stability and condense the cost of process in addition to improve strength and properties.

Peat land covers a large portion of the total land area in Malaysia and several other countries throughout the world. The Malaysian state of Sarawak has the most peat land area nationally. Peat is considered a problematic type of soil due to its high compressibility, high moisture content, high organic matter and low shear strength. As a form of stabilization, it is suggested to combine palm oil fuel ash (POFA) with peat. This study investigated the engineering properties of these composite matrices in terms of the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Standard Proctor test values. Results showed that the dry density of the peat samples increased with the increase in POFA content. The POFA-peat composites showed an increase of 4 times the untreated peat value. Also, CBR values for these composites increased from 31 to 42 fold, in comparison with untreated peat. The peat-POFA CBR values are rated as good materials for the purpose of road base or subbase construction.

In the construction field, various stabilization techniques prevail that deploy diverse natural and synthetic materials. In the present study, the viability of utilizing sisal fibre (SF) and waste material, i.e. rice husk ash (RHA) on the properties of lateritic soil for construction of roadways have been investigated. Different geotechnical tests like Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test, Compaction test and preliminary test are being performed on the 21 samples with different proportions prepared for the research work. It has been determined that the maximum dry density (MDD) is found to be 1.94 mg/m3 for the virgin soil at 20% RHA and 30% SF content and decreased to 1.70 mg/m3 when RHA and SF content were 0% and 30% respectively. Also, there was an increment of 116 kN/m2 for virgin soil to 145 kN/m2 when SF and RHA content were 40% & 10% respectively; even there was an increment of optimum moisture content (OMC) from 10.83% to 20.83% at 0% RHA and 30% sisal fibre content. Hence, the admixtures reinforced with soil will enhance the engineering properties of lateritic soil and providing an economical as well as eco-friendly method of soil stabilization.

In the Indian subcontinent, some soils possess significantly low California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and shear strength. Such soils cannot withstand heavy loads. So, to overcome such problems treatment of soil is needed to be done using different stabilizers like furnace slag, limestone fines, bitumen, etc. However, some of these materials have problems with seasonal variations and flakiness behavior. Hence, instability of the foundation of buildings and subgrade of roads may occur. So, we need to look up for new additive materials including modern wastes. This review paper is aimed at providing two solutions, the first one is towards a comparative study of modern wastes like glass powder, plastic, and e-waste in soil stabilization and the other one is with the disposal problem of these wastes. For this various laboratory test results on soil like Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), CBR, Proctor Test (PT), etc. were studied and compared by analyzing the known test results of the previous research studies.

A lot of innovative methods are being explored and a few of them are successfully executed in construction activities. A strong road network is also a fundamental prerequisite for the complete growth of productive regions. The strength and quality of the pavements are greatly affected by sub-grades and embankments. Though they're nice for these purposes, they do not seem to be suitable for laying roads. Suitable building techniques and dynamic design approaches are to be implemented on such soils. The soil was first stabilized with Prosopis Julifoira Ash at a ratio of 2, 4, 6, and 8 percent during this work. Sieve analysis, Specific gravity test, Atterberg limits, Compaction test, CBR test, and Permeability test, Unconfined Compression test were carried out. The optimum proportion of JF Ash was found out to be 8% from the CBR results. The optimum proportion of Prosopis Julifora ash with soil was found out to be 5%. The optimum proportion of Prosopis Julifora Ash mix was used to design the pavement as per IRC37 -2001 Thus we aim to improve the stability or bearing capacity of the soil by the addition of suitable stabilizing agents. Soil stabilization refers to the physical, physicochemical treatment which improves the engineering properties of soil. IRC 37-2001 was used to designing the flexible pavement.

This study aims to investigate the use of such fibre materials in geotechnical applications and evaluate the impacts of various properties of black cotton soil. In India's central and western parts, black cotton soil is found and usually contains higher proportions of calcium and magnesium carbonates. Due to low bearing capacity and settlement, the geotechnical engineer undertakes numerous problems constructing the foundations due to clayey soil. To solve these problems, researchers concentrated on improving soil strength by adding fibre, lime, etc. In this analysis, various tests were carried out on black cotton soils such as Atterberg’s Limits, Compaction test, Unconfined Compressive Strength, California Bearing Ratio and Shear test with different % of polypropylene fibre (i.e. 0, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%) and constant 4% and 6% of basalt fibre and lime. The addition of hybrid fibre and lime decreases the optimum water content and capacity for swelling and improves the soil's strength and dry density.

Burning paddy remains after harvesting by the farmers not only degrades the soil quality but also affects the physical and engineering properties of soil. The aim of this study is to quantify the phenomenal alterations in quality of soil attributable to stubble burnings by farmers in the district of Amritsar in Punjab state, India. A set of samples were collected from three locations randomly chosen within the study area and appropriate laboratory tests were carried out on eight soil property indicators. To quantify changes in the engineering properties of the soil, standard proctor test, direct shear test and unconfined compression tests were performed on the soil samples. In this study, some substantial changes were observed in liquid limit, plastic limit, optimum moisture content and specific gravity in the post stubble burning. Liquid limit, plastic limit and optimum moisture content of soil reduced in all the areas whereas, specific gravity decreased in some areas and remained virtually unchanged in one. The results also illustrate decline of direct shear test where cohesion of soil decreased by 5.68KN/m2 and angle of internal friction increased by 0.80° whereas, dry density was changed by + 0.95KN/m3. In unconfined compression test, compressive strength of soil was changed by + 2.5KN/m2 after stubble burning. From the observations it can be concluded that stubble burning not only puts adverse effect on the index properties of soil but also the engineering properties change considerably. We recommend geoscientists to think of the radical change in the index and engineering properties of soil related to the reduction of soil fertility.

The groundwater pollution arising from the leaking of leachate at landfill liner is one of the alarming phenomena nowadays. In order to reduce the environmental pollution, a good landfill bottom line is needed. Natural compacted clay is normally selected to construct landfill bottom liner because of their low permeability that prevents the penetration of leachate through the soil thus reaching the groundwater. However, the shortage of natural kaolin has made the researcher seek for other alternative material. In this study, the properties measured are on kaolin which is as one of the mineral clays and mixed with nano-kaolin. The four samples used are 0% nano kaolin mixed with kaolin, 1% of nano-kaolin with kaolin, 2% of nano- kaolin with kaolin and 3% of nano kaolin with kaolin. These four samples were tested on atterberg limit test, shrinkage limit test, specific gravity test, compaction test and hydraulic conductivity. After that, the real practices can be developed after obtaining the result from the entire test. In addition, this study also attempts to compare the performance of adding nanokaolin into kaolin at different percentages. The result will determine the performance of hydraulic conductivity use of kaolin mixed with nanokaolin.

Expansive soils are problematic due to their poor shear strength, bearing capacity, permeability, and high compressibility. In this paper, investigation was carried out on the effects of stabilizing a soil having poor geotechnical properties with Eko Soil (ES) enzyme to find its application for use as highway embankment construction. The ES was found best agent as a stabilizer to improve the Atterbergs’ Limit and hence plasticity index (PI) of expansive soil (C) as well as the unconfined compressive Strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of the same. Laboratory tests were performed with different percentages of ES, ranging from 1% to 6%. After satisfying result of PI, compaction test have performed on expansive soil with all combinations and found their respective optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry densities (MDD). The OMC in each combination were used to prepared UCS and CBR samples and tested after 7, 28, 45 and 90 days curing. The Atterberg’s limit, OMC, MDD, UCS and CBR of ES stabilized Expansive Soil found more reliable at 4% ES and 28 days curing period. The values of CBR and UCS get an enhancement of 347% and 334% respectively.