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Rapid industrialization has led to the need of efficient alternate sources of energy at every sector starting from agricultural to commercial and from rural to urban areas. The renewable sources apart from wind, solar and tidal also include biomass. Biochar is one such product formed through pyrolysis at low temperature. This study has explored the possibilities of using briquettes made from biochar and cow-dung at various proportions for energy-intensive processes. 4 groups of samples were created, out of which, the one made with cow dung and biochar derived from mango peel showed the highest calorific value and carbon sequestration of around 7300.56 Kcal/kg and 31.8 mg/kg respectively. If commercialized, this study can be of major importance in not only suggesting a way to re-use agricultural waste products, but also in achieving climate change mitigation. Although there are many research works performed, literature specific to the use of briquettes made from biochar derived from mango peels is absent to date.

In this article the experimental research was performed to find the effects of Fish Methyl Ester (FME) blend and Di-Ethyl Ether (DEE) blends in a Diesel fuel. The preference of these FME and DEE additive were taken into the deliberation to reduce the level of the emission and increasing the engine performance. The research was carried out on a 4 S computerized single cylinder diesel engine with standard constant variables. For different fuels, the experiments were conducted at different brake powers. For each load the performance and emissions data were recorded. The output of the engine performance and emissions were analyzed. As compared to the other fuels and baseline fuel, the performance of the engine was observed to be improved for the FME20 + DEE10% fuel. It was also noticed that, from the results of emissions such as HC, CO and smoke opacity were reduce with mixture of DEE additive and FME20 blend. But the NOx has increased with addition of DEE additive. According to the results, it is suggested to use FME20 + DEE10% mixed fuel in diesel engines to improve performance and reduce emissions.

Heavy metals are perilous contaminations that may exist in marine, ground, modern and even treated waste waters. Defilement of watery situations by weighty metals is an overall ecological issue because of their poisonous impacts and their collection through the natural pecking order. Because of fast advancement of mechanical exercises lately, the degrees of weighty metals in water frameworks, which have considerably expanded after some time, will prompt unnecessary arrival of the hefty metals into nature. Thus, it's important to eliminate these metals from mechanical effluents before releasing watery squanders into condition. The present experimentation is aimed at removal of cobalt using gracilariacorticata red algae powder. The parameters varied are contact time, pH, sorbent size, dosage of sorbent, initial concentration and temperature. The kinetics studied arelagergren first order and pseudo second order. Isotherms varied are Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin. Optimization was carried out using Artificial neural networks and response surface methodology. The results were compared and are in good agreement.

Biodiesel is one of the promising alternative fuels for CI engines. Emission like carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons are less for biodiesel when compared to diesel. In this present work, an attempt was made to test the diesel engine with biodiesel and evaluate the results. The biodiesel was prepared using castor seed oil. Various properties of pure biodiesel and its diesel blends (20, 40, 60 and 80 by volume) are determined. The results are then compared with diesel and the calorific value (CV) of diesel was found to be higher than biodiesel. In contrast, viscosity and density are very near diesel values. The biodiesel with different blends was tested on a single cylinder naturally aspirated CI engine. The results indicate that at 75% load, 20% blend of diesel shown excellent brake thermal efficiency (BTE), which is 26.49% whereas the diesel at the same load gives 26.86% of BTE.

Tannery wastewater was considered as a heavily industrial wastewater with very high amount of wastewater discharged everyday but not well-treating. The tanning wastewater from producing process contains various high strength toxic chemicals which could do the inhibition for biological treatment process leading to low quality effluent. It is required to perform the pre-treatment process by physical–chemical treatment including coagulation and flocculation in order to reduce the content of toxic chemicals before biological treatment. This study focused on investigate on the performance of Poly Ferric Chloride (PFC) as a flocculant for flocculation process in tannery wastewater treatment due to its advantages which could apply in a wide range of industries to help remove materials suspended in water. The application of PFC was conducted in batch test to find the optimum conditions including pH, PFC dose, and rotation speed in term of treating tannery wastewater performance. In addition, a common flocculant polyaluminium chloride (PAC) was chosen to compare with PFC in term of treatment efficiency and cost effective. As the result, with 0.4 ml/l PFC, pH – 10.4 with 100 rpm spins, it reaches its efficient treatment COD process to 93,3%; NH4+ 90,4% and SO42- 79,2% with could easily promote a potential alternative flocculant with excellent performance but lower cost.

Surface active agent (surfactant) is the main ingredient in laundry detergent and other household cleaning agent. TWEEN20 is one of the nonionic surfactant which is widely used in detergent. Laundry effluent is one of the major contributor of domestic wastewater as laundering processes involves water-washing. Surfactant enters the environment when the effluents discharged into surface water and through sludge disposal on land. In order to protect the water bodies from any severe pollution, the effectiveness of high-energy ionizing radiation on decomposition of targeted surfactants, TWEEN20 from domestic laundry effluent at different operating condition were examined in this study. The experimental work was divided into two parts, part I verified the present of surfactants in laundry effluent using powdered and liquid detergents which will be collected from different sampling station. Whereas, part II involved the degradation of targeted pollutants by ionizing radiation technique. Two different type of laundry effluent was collected one using powdered detergent and another one using liquid detergent for fifteen days. Prior to irradiation, the characteristics of the water samples was analyzed in term of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), pH, and turbidity. Electron beam irradiation (EBI) was able to remove 100% of the TWEEN20 surfactant from laundry effluent for both liquid and powder detergent. The results obtained showed that electron beam irradiation is a very efficient and promising technology for the treatment of laundry effluent.

The energy demand for the world is rising rapidly and standard sources of energy are going to face the chances of exploitation. Uncontrolled emissions, huge price rise etc promotes the search for new substitute fuel in diesel engines. Processed form of palm oil(biodiesel) provides an attractive green alternative fuel to CI engines. Esters of vegetable oil have properties similar to that of conventional diesel fuel. Therefore biodiesel can be used to operate a diesel engine without further modification. The aim of the project is to make biodiesel from palm oil by Transesterification reaction. The acid value of palm oil was found to be 0.957 which enabled direct alkaline transesterification. The optimum catalyst concentration and alcohol concentration required for maximum yield were found as 2.5 wt% and 40 wt% of oil respectively. The properties of biodiesel produced were found to be comparable with that of ASTM biodiesel standards. The performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel were compared with diesel fuel by conducting load tests. Compared to diesel fuel, emissions from biodiesel powered engines are lower, therefore it serves as an eco-friendly fuel.

The improvement on biogas production from anaerobic digestion system requires a meticulous analysis in troubleshooting especially in the case of meltdown or failure. The involvement of rapidly mutated bio-organism is a major setback to instantly trace and correct the faults in the system. Fractional factorial design was applied in this study to improve the process troubleshooting in STP. It was performed using five control parameters including pH (A), total solid (TS), feedstock recirculation (FR), inoculum percentage (IP) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the biogas production. The results demonstrate that pH (6.0), TS (4.0%), feedstock recirculation (4%), inoculum percentage (33%) and sludge retention time (14 days) produced the highest yield of biogas. Four significant effects for the process passed the Bonferroni limit, with two interaction effects between CD (FR and IP) and BE (TS and HRT) with 19.59% and 11.36% percentage contribution. A strict yet suitable amount of inoculum, time, and substrate was acquired in the high-efficiency process. The rest were the main factors of E: HRT with 15.27% and A: pH with 12.69% contribution demonstrates the importance of contact time between microbe and substrate, and the process environment. The outcome from the study proves that, the improvement of process troubleshooting using factorial analysis is highly beneficial and useful to sustain an efficient digestion system.

In this study the performance and emission tests were conducted on single cylinder 4 S diesel engine using Honge biodiesel and Rice bran methyl ester (RBO) blend with diesel. Two samples of bio diesel blends 10R5H (10% RBO + 5% Honge + 85% Diesel) and 20R5H (20% RBO + 5% Honge + 75% Diesel) were prepared and tested at different injection pressures such as 180 bar, 200 bar and 220 bar at 16.5 compression ratio with varied load and the results are compared with diesel at 220 bar injection pressure. The test results showed that at full load, the brake thermal efficiency of 20R5H is 33.32% which is close to diesel i.e. 34.36%. Honge and Rice bran hybrid biodiesel blends at 220 bar injection pressure exhibited better performance and low emission than at 180 bar injection pressures except NOx. Hence, the 20R5H optimized fuel blend can be considered for a compression ignition engine without any modification.

The impact of blending diesel fuel with different ratios of methanol was investigated in a TD 212 laboratory internal combustion diesel engine which is a single-cylinder, four-strokes, and pneumatic cooling. The tested engine was fuelled by a diesel fuel blending with methanol in a volume percentage of 7, 14 and 21, and the results were compared with pure diesel fuel. To avoid a phase separation issue, 1% of 1-dodecanol was added into each blend. The engine was operated within a constant speed of 2000 rpm under three levels of torques 2, 4 and 6 N.m. The brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), engine effective power (Ne), brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and noise level of the tested engine as well as the exhaust temperature were evaluated. The results showed that blending diesel with methanol up to 14% improves the performance of the fuel through improving BSFC, Ne, BSEC, BTE, noise level, and decrease the exhaust temperature due to increase the oxygen content of the fuel resulted from adding methanol which also lowers the fuel density and viscosity. This lowering in the fuel density and viscosity decrease the noise level and improve the combustion rate of the fuel. Improving the combustion with lowering the exhaust temperature lead to decrease the formation of NOx components which are serious pollutants for the environment. The further increasing of methanol percentage negatively impacts the fuel consumption and engine efficiency due to methanol higher ignition temperature and latent heat of vaporization as well as its lower cetane number comparing with regular diesel fuel, which resulted in faulty ignition quality.

In this experiment, an emulsion of water with diesel along with surfactants was noted to be superior to diesel. Traits such as specific energy consumption, brake thermal efficiency, emission characteristics, pressure-crank angle statistics and heat release rate were measured. A 4S LHR coated Kirloskar engine was made to run with custom fuels and the efficiency was subjected to several rigorous tests. The piston head, bottom surface of the cylinder and the valve facing was glazed with Partially Stabilized Zirconia (PSZ). The samples taken into consideration were conventional diesel, Eucalyptus biodiesel 20% (E20) by volume with diesel, DWM 1 (94% diesel, 5% water and 1% surfactants), DWM 2 (89% diesel, 10% water and 1% surfactants) and DWM 3 (84% diesel, 15% water and 1% surfactants). DWM 3 surpassed all the other samples in overall efficiency.

Energy is a source that needed by human life and cannot be separated. Fossil fuel has historically been the world’s most used energy source. However, the source of energy from fossil fuels has decreased, so it necessary to develop alternative energy sources. One of the energy sources that can be used is biogas. Organic wastes such as tofu liquid waste (TLW) and cow dung can be used as a source of biogas energy, because these organic wastes are known to have high methane gas content. The purpose of this research is to determine the optimum temperature and pH during the process fermentation of biogas, the content of biogas compounds analyse, the theoretical calorific value of biogas, as well as the BOD, COD, and TSS content of organic waste before and after fermentation process. The biogas production takes place through anaerobic digestion for about 35 days. From the results of this study, the highest CH4 gas content was 90.351%. The result of theoretical biogas calorific value was 50148.932 kJ/kg for HHV and 46908.932 kJ/kg for LHV, temperature conditions in range of 25–30 °C and a pH value in the range of 7.0 to 8.0. Besides producing energy, the organic waste fermentation process can also reduce levels of organic pollutants BOD, COD, and TSS in the liquid waste used. The highest decrease in BOD, COD, and TSS levels were 97.52%; 91.12%; and 91.22%.

In this study, we examined the characteristics of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as a additional material in the mixture of concrete cubes. The additive material was collected from several sugarcane juice shop from Sathyamangalam and the bagasse get dried in sunlight for two days, sugarcane bagasse is burnt and ash is get collected and its chemical and physical properties was investigated. Sugarcane bagasse ash was replaced with cement in various proportions in the range of 5%–15% (Srinivasan and Sathiya, 2010) [1] . The SCBA mixed with cement and checked the quality tests on consistency and its time check on initial and final setting. The strength property due to compression of sugarcane bagasse ash concrete for different ratio was tested. The dumping of this material may cause environmental issues around the factories so the bagasse ash used as useful material. Therefore we decided to replace 10% in cement by sugarcane bagasse ash. The results of SCBA seem to be similar as concrete properties and replacement percentage could be increased and tested the performance of the concrete.

Today 85% of the world’s energy is caused by combustion of fossil fuels, although it is the lack of fossil and emissions fuels that influence countries in particular. Biodiesel is the promising alternative form of transport to fossil fuels. Biodiesel is obtained by using from transesterification processes. In this analysis, the performance, emission and combustion characteristics CI engine fueled with B20CFME (20% Chicken Fat Oil Methyl Ester (CFME) and 80% Diesel) biodiesel was investigated. SiO2 and NiO2 metal-based additives are introduced with the B20CFME, these additives acts with the vapours of water to form a hydroxyl and minimize the oxidation temperature by reacting with the carbon atoms. Experiment was done with a Kirloskar engine at 1500 rpm with a180bar injection pressure for various loading conditions. Results reveal that, for maximum loading condition BTE, HRR, and Peak Pressure for SiO2 shows +8.2%, +2.29% and 0.54% and NiO2 shows +6.11%, 1.6%, and +0.12% than diesel respectively. Meanwhile BSFC shows −13.4% and −10.63% for SiO2 and NiO2 biodiesel blends than diesel will be noted. The exhaust emission like NOx, CO and HC decreases as the addition of SiO2 by 89.82 ppm 16.6% and 16 ppm similarly and by adding NiO2 shows reduction in the emissions by 42.8 ppm, 14.28% and 15.3 ppm than diesel will be observed.

The function of oil used in large size transformers are cooling and insulation. Transformer oil must have certain properties like high dielectric strength, low viscosity, high flash point, very low moisture or water content, high specific resistance and many more. Petroleum based synthetic and mineral oil used over last few decades, which affects the environment because of their non-biodegradability characteristics. It can be overcome by using any liquid as coolant and insulation purpose in transformer, which should have all the basic properties of transformer oil and should be biodegradable. Due to several advantages, researchers focused on biodegradable and renewable alternative of mineral oil. Ester oil has been considered as a substitute of conventional petroleum based oil. Plants of soya, sunflower and rapeseed are the sources of natural ester oil which is substitute of mineral oil. A journey of different materials used for transformer oil have been presented. Different properties of transformer oils along with the causes of failure of insulation have also been discussed. Various Ester oils have been used as an alternative to mineral oils. Different Ester oils along with their properties are also discussed.

The treatment of graywater has attained priority to engineers as these wastewater have the ability to be reused for non-potable purposes. In the present study, the use of batch-scale electro-coagulation (EC) is proposed for real graywater treatment using Iron (Fe) electrodes. The optimization and modelling has been carried out by using response surface methodology (RSM). The impact of pH, applied voltage and electrolysis time on EC performance was evaluated by calculating the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD). The optimum pH, applied voltage and electrolysis time were 8.67, 13.78 V and 60 mins respectively. Under these optimum conditions, the percentage COD removal and energy consumption was 70.09% and 0.04782 kWh/ kg COD removed respectively. The accuracy and reliability of the data predicted and calculated has been verified by ANOVA tool.

Activated carbon prepared from agro-waste material i.e. green coconut shell and bamboo using ZnCl2 as an activation agent in an adsorption column (fixed bed) was studied for the treatment of textile industry effluent. The experiment with the fixed-bed column was performed by different process parameters such as 200, 400 and 600 mg/L as different initial concentration of dye, at different bed heights of 100 mm, 200 mm, and 300 mm, and 10, 15, and 20 mL/min as different flow rates. The findings demonstrated that both breakthrough and exhaust times increase, with the height of the bed being increased, but decrease with the concentration of the dye inlet. The breakthrough point was found to depend upon the bed height and flow rate. The maximum uptake capacity was obtained when a 200 mm bed depth was used at an inlet concentration of dye 200 mg/L with a flow rate of 15 mL/minute. It was observed that the bamboo activated carbon BAC has high carbon content, and has a high potential for dyes removal and may become capable substitutes for costly activated carbon. The adsorption capacities of BAC, GCSAC are at par with respect to each other, the overall process scheme may become economical as these materials are available as wastes and practically free of cost.

Rice husk are agricultural waste acquired through the rice remedy method, whilst rice husk is about 22% of the weight of rice. The waste is used as a gas in leaching steps to produce streams.25% of the size of husk is turned into particles acknowledged as rice husk waste (RHA), which is another waste. The physical and chemical characteristics of rice husk ash (RHA) are analyzed, as well as the strength of composite concrete containing the same ash. The properties of the fresh concrete were compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths including workability, flow, setting times. Notwithstanding consequences for the qualities by RHA and the water concrete proportion, the properties of RHA concrete were likewise differentiated and those of Portland cement concrete have control over and silica concrete. The test results show that RHA is highly pozzolonic at 5%,7.5%,10%,12.5% and15% and can be used in the production of high performance cement as an additional cementing material. Although the super plasticizer and the air work training admixture require a higher dose than control concrete and silica fume concrete, a satisfactory slump, air content and set time can be used in the production of RHA concrete. Compared to the control concrete, the compressive strength of RHA concrete was higher in various ages up to 7 days and 28 days.

Today, some of the major disadvantages of conventional palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment are that the process is time consuming, as well as space consuming. Besides, most of the recent photocatalyst still have a limitation that able to demonstrate their good performances only under sources of light. The visible-light-driven energy storage photocatalyst, which is tungsten trioxide (WO3), has been developed to overcome the limitations mentioned. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the comparative calcination temperature and the degradation of POME using WO3 as a photocatalyst in adsorption and photocatalytic processes under visible light irradiation. An eco-friendly WO3 photocatalyst was synthesized by coprecipitation method. Subsequently, the resulting WO3 was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to evaluate the significance of calcination temperature towards WO3. Furthermore, the adsorption activity of WO3 towards POME was investigated at different sources of ponds (cooling, anaerobic and aeration) throughout 300 min. This study reports on the efficiency of adsorption activity of WO3-400 °C towards pond aeration pollution, which showed that it was better than that in anaerobic and cooling ponds based on the chosen study criteria of color and suspended solid removal for the investigation of photocatalytic activity. Moreover, WO3 was proven to be able to conserve energy, where it was demonstrated that POME can still degrade consistently in darkness, with the highest color removal of approximately 48% was obtained. An extraordinary photocatalytic treatment with WO3 functioning simultaneously as the light harvesting and energy storage material is deemed as an efficient photocatalyst for POME in terms of decolorization and removal of suspended solid.

Production of geopolymer material, light-weight materials like Aerated Autoclaved Concrete block, chemically aerated geopolymer material, foamed concrete were developed at high alkaline solution concentration, high temperature and duration for heat curing and pressure which pose a challenge for commercial production. Present study focused on manufacturing sustainable and commercially viable geopolymer aerated block using alkaline foam being need of industry. Present study aims to produce cost effective aerated geopolymer foamed blocks by altering Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and cement content (i.e. 10% to 30% each) with reduced concentration of the Na-based alkaline solution (1–4 M). These Geopolymer Foam blocks were heat cured at 100 °C for 3-hour duration and tested to determine various mechanical properties such as compressive strength, water absorption, shrinkage analysis and durability properties followed by cost analysis of optimized sample. The experiments revealed optimum result (i.e. 4.8 MPa compressive strength) for 60% fly ash, 30% Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, 10% cement with 2 M alkaline solution providing cost efficiency. Analysis of developed Geopolymer Foam block proved that these blocks are cost effective solution compared to conventional clay brock and Aerated Autoclaved Concrete block. Maximum use of generated industrial waste with lower alkaline solution makes it commercially viable and environment friendly product.

Marine algal seaweeds are the underutilized bioresource i.e. food source, raw materials from industries, therapeutic application also. Seaweeds are the natural polysaccharides used in pharmaceutical preparation as tablets, as stabilizers, cosmetics and bioplastics packing industries. Raw materials such as sago, corn and food crops are used to produce green plastics these have low mechanical properties. Scientists have published alternative plastics by using red algae to produce biofuels. Eucheuma cottonii is the red algal crops use to produce plastics by filtration. Art carpus altilis and Calotropis gigantea are the red algae used to replace glycerol. Plastics are non-biodegradable and are toxin for human, animal and environment on the other hand bioplastics are degradable similar applications with plastics. Seaweeds are more efficient to produce bioplastics rather than plants, animals and other sources due to its high biomass from seaweeds are still on research. It less brittle, durable and is more resistant to microwave.

Effluents from wet processing of coffee industries pollute water bodies since the wastewater is released to the water bodies' vicinity. The wastes water from these industries affects the surface and groundwater. The study was initiated to treat wastewater effluent coming from the coffee industry in the specific area by using an anaerobic mixed culture of Pseudomonas fluorescence and Escherichia coli bacteria. The treatment reduced BOD5, COD, and TS from its initial concentration of 320.26 mg/l, 1261 mg/l, and 3545 mg/l to 58.37 mg/l, 152 mg/l, and 1198 mg/l, respectively. The study's treatment had reduced the BOD5 load up to 81.67%, the COD load up to 87.94%, and TS load up to 33.79% from the initial load using optimization of the treatment method. Therefore, it can be concluded that mixed culture bacteria of P. fluorescence and E. coli as a new effective treatment having the potential for BOD5, COD, and TS reduction from the effluent. The mixed culture of microorganisms can reduce the contaminants that made the approach cost-effective, time-saving compared with other results found by other studies without mixed culture. The microorganisms included in the study can be applied for the treatment of effluent containing multiple contaminants.

Clarify citrus fruit mosambi (sweet lime) juice demand were increased in non-seasoning and pandemic situation due to high content of vitamin C and for enhance immunity. Membrane separation is the unique process to clarify the raw juice and store it for prolonged duration at appropriate environments. Low permeates flux and high fouling rate with operating time is the major drawback in membrane separation process. Enhance permeates flux and fouling was improved by pretreatment of raw juice before membrane separation process. Common pretreatment namely, centrifugation and fining agent (single or combination of two) were applied previously for clarification of juice. Detailed studies for pretreatment of sweet lime juice were done individually. On the basis of these pretreatment method estimated the value of optimum rpm for centrifugation machine and dose concentration in fining agent pretreatment. At optimum conditions in different pretreatments process, membrane operation was coupled to achieve clarified juice from pretreatment juice. Dead end filtration cell (batch cell) with material of stainless steel at capacity of 1000 ml was used for clarification of juice. Polymeric (polyamide) membrane with average pore size 2.5 µm at operating pressure 69 kPa was used to conduct the experiment. Physicochemical properties of raw, pretreated and clarified juice were compared each other’s.

Water hyacinth is a free floating aquatic plant they were mainly available in tropical and sub-tropical region. These plants were treated as noxious and they were containing the highest growth characteristics. These plants many parts were affected the growth of other plants and also animals. Because of major negative causes all the countries considered these plant was a waste. So, presently the researchers focused on this hyacinth plant convert into some commercial aspect products and also ornamental items. The present review discuss the mechanical properties like tensile, flexural and impact compare to the other natural fibres and also discuss the various extraction process and composite production techniques of Eichhornia crassipes. Some recent research and developments were proved and yet to be produced to some successful commercial products made to the aquatic water hyacinth plant, because the outcome of these water hyacinth based products considered as the waste management concept.

The growth of world population and increasing of living standards have enhancing apparel utilization, and the production of canteen wastes. Canteen waste (CW), Cattle manure (CM) and the combination of CW and CM is anaerobically digested. The performance of codigestion with CW and CM were investigate the generation of methane from laboratory scale mini digester with a volume of 25 L is developed and experiments is conducted for a retention time of 40 days. The cattle manure is biomass slurry used as a co-substrate with CW. Maximum biogas and methane generation in 32nd day 0.33 m3, 36% respectively. While adding NaOH solution the alkalinity levels are reduced and enhance the biogas, methane percentage during the digestion. The codigestion of CW and CM is best method of produce methane and biogas.

Massive exploitation of fossil fuels and troubling environmental destruction is driving the researchers to learn of alternative fuels. Jatropha Curcas is one of the choices for ultimately fulfilling the specifications, aside from their negative aspects. In these line(s) preheated Jatropha straight vegetable oil SVO at 90 0C has been considered as a pilot fuel with supplementation of gaseous hydrogen by 5 percent of total energy, in order to overcome the demerits of using the direct use of Jatropha SVO in the selected engine. Single-cylinder, 4 Stroke, water-cooled, naturally aspired, constant speed, 7.35 kW power, in-direct injection (IDI) compression Ignition (CI) engine was selected for the experimentation with static advancement of injection timing to 220 bTDC. The influence of variation of injection pressures for the above said parameters on thermal performance, combustion characteristics and engine-out emissions were analysed. Injection pressure of 235 bar shows more reliable performance with a marginal penalty on emissions of NOx and HC, when compared to conventional diesel operation. Brake Thermal Efficiency of 31.76% was identified at 235 bar injection pressure which is 1.15% higher than the conventional diesel operation. The maximum cylinder pressure of 56.79 bar was recorded with an enhanced diffusion combustion phase of the differential heat release rate (DHRR). Smoke and CO were reduced to 27.4 HSU and 0.06 % by volume, which is 4.6 HSU and 0.01% by volume lesser than the conventional diesel operation. Whereas, NOx and HC were recorded as 492 ppm and 8 ppm at this optimised injection pressure which is marginally increased when compared to conventional diesel operation. In overall, advancing the static injection timing to 20, increasing the injection pressure to 235 bar for a 90 0C preheated Jatropha Curcas straight vegetable oil supplemented with gaseous hydrogen at 5 % of total energy shown better performance when compared to conventional diesel operation.

In this study, the alkali activated mortars (AAMs) were synthesized from waste ceramic tile powder (WCP), ground blast furnace slag (GBFS) and fly ash (FA). The effects of binder composition on the sustainability of AAMs were investigated. GBFS was replaced by FA at different percentages of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. In contrast, the WCP content of the binders was kept at 50% in all AAMs. Engineering properties like compressive strength, drying shrinkage and sulfuric acid resistance were evaluated in this study. From the study, the compressive strength of proposed mortar was found to be decreased with a higher content of FA in the alkali-activated matrix. Besides, AAMs with a higher content of FA demonstrated a lower drying shrinkage and better performance under sulfuric acid environments. Other than enhanced durability properties, a lower energy consumption, smaller carbon dioxide emissions, and cheaper production cost of proposed mortars were shown when GBFS was replaced by FA.

The article reviews the application of soil living bacteria in concrete. Formation of cracks and subsequent degradation in concrete are the critical durability phenomenon. For protection against cracking, the repair and regular maintenance by traditional methods are found to be costly. Taking notes from biomimicry and biotechnology in concrete from various literature, the role of bacteria on self-healing of cracks and the indirect benefits to strength and durability property of concrete were consolidated and presented. Amid the different microbial species investigated by researchers, bacillus sphaericus have shown greater precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with the cell concentration of 105 cells/ml. The hydrolysis of urea has shown a significant result in the precipitation of CaCO3. Thus, the conjunction of bacillus sphaericus with urea hydrolysis could be an optimum way for biomineralization of CaCO3. The shell life of microbes can be extended by encapsulation into the carrier materials (Eg: expanded clay, perlite etc). The large-scale production of bacterial concrete requires sophisticated laboratory for culturing of microbes and preparation of media. Due to these technical constraints, the application of novel bacterial concrete is at the laboratory level.

This work deals with the possible use of a renewable resource; the ash of walnut shell as partial replacement for cement to produce an economical and ecologically friendly cementinous binding material for cement, mortar and concrete. The agricultural waste; the walnut shell was processed and converted to ash in order to increase its pozzzolanic properties. The green ash is characterized and converted chemically to nanosilica to be incorporated later into cement contain the optimum content of the green pozzolanic admixture. A statistical method is used to narrow the number of experiments, followed by computational optimization to identify the optimal balance of the cementless additive and water/cement ratio on initial and final setting time, as well as modeling the influence of the variables on setting time. Reference samples of cement samples are prepared and evaluated for the purpose of comparison. The results obtained revealed that walnut shell ash act as green binder for partial replacement of cement, and the optimum content of walnut shell ash in cement which can retain the cement setting time is 22% wt. Also, the incorporation of nanosilica resulted in decrease of the setting time of (cement-walnut shell ash) fresh paste.

Because of increasing automobiles, power plants and factories, increasing of this automobiles, power plants produce the more emissions like CO, HC and NOx. So that the world is searching for the alternative fuel, which will not create any harm to the environment and also it would be less in cost. Biodiesel is one of the main solutions to the global energy crisis. In this present work studied the performances and emission characteristics of Tamarind Seed Oil Bio-diesel (TSO). Use of additives for better combustion characteristics to the biodiesel. The blends of Tamarind Seed oil (TSO) with the additives Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) are B10 + 20 PPM Al2O3, B20 + 20PPM Al2O3, B30 + 20 PPM Al2O3. This blends were analyzed and their performance and emissions characteristics compared with performance and emission characteristics of diesel. Tests were carried out over entire range of engine operation at varying conditions of load. The engine exhaust gas emissions are reduced with increase biodiesel concentration.

The low-grade iron ore generally contains goethite as the major iron phase mineral and kaolinite and other minerals as gangue minerals. During the beneficiation of low-grade iron ore, a lot of fines were generated during different unit operations. These fines report to the tailing pond for the settling of the particles. The presence of kaolinite and goethite minerals reduces the settling rate. Therefore, different flocculants are used to improve the settling rate in the tailings pond. This study highlights the utilization of different flocculants in the settling of Iron Ore Tailings slurry (IOTs) in a tailings pond. Performances of different flocculants such as polyacrylamide, guar gum, and alstafloc are used to study the efficiency of the settling behaviour of IOTs. The tests were performed with fixed doses of flocculant consumption, slurry concentration, and flocculant concentration. Rheological studies were also performed on the IOTs samples to determine the viscoelastic behaviour for specific applications. From the study, it has been observed that the use of polyacrylamide as a flocculant in IOTs results in faster settling of iron ore, leaving a clear supernatant.

In the critical stage of crisis in energy and growing atmospheric pollution, water diesel emulsified fuel with nanoparticles is represented as substitution fuel for diesel engines. In this investigation, emission and performance features of the diesel engine were assessed; when the engine was fuelled with water diesel emulsified fuel with different dosing levels (25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm) of silicon dioxide nanoparticles (Si-NP). The water portion was set as 10% by volume for every test fuel. The preparation of test fuels involved the ultrasonication technique with 20 kHz frequency. All the observations were regulated by adjusting the engine at 1500 RPM (speed) with 18 as a compression ratio. From the analysis, it was found that the test fuel 89D10W1S_50Si (89% diesel + 10% water + 1% SPAN 80 + 50 ppm of Si-NP) exhibited maximum increment in brake thermal efficiency with a minimum diminishment in brake specific fuel consumption. There was a remarkable decrement of 56.15% in nitrogen oxide (NOX) and 23.07% in smoke opacity emissions by 89D10W1S_50Si test fuel as compared to that of neat diesel. Therefore, as per the consequences of explorations, it can be concluded that the prepared fuel which consists of 50 ppm of dosing level of Si-NP with 10% of water diesel emulsified fuel could be selected as the optimal test fuel.

Industrial Development takes place in this century very fastly. During this development nobler of colors and dyes are used. These dyes are responsible for the various pollution like water, soil and other pollution. Mostly the industrial water was discharged into rivers, pods and other water bodies. To overcome this problem, it become necessary to remove these dyes from the industrial discharge. One of the solutions is that the industrial effluent must be treated before the discharge into other water bodies. We have developed the activated charcoal from the fruit peel of plant Hydnocarpus pentandra and used for the adsorption of Methylene Blue dye. Its activated charcoal shows the excellent adsorption for Methylene Blue dye. Around 90–95% of the dyes gets adsorbed over it. Thus, simple method from the of the fruit peel was developed. This is low cost, easy to prepare and have good efficiency. This may be used for the adsorption of various dyes.

The numerous advancements conducted experimentally to improve the efficiency of steam desalination systems to extract the essential oil from the peppermint plant are presented in this article. Peppermint oil is important for human life because of its health benefits. It is used in the medical sector and food industry as an herb and fragrance, respectively. In this study, two types of distillation systems, namely the solar distillation system and the electrical energy-based distillation system, are discussed. The major factors that lead to increased system efficiency, such as the mass flow rate of heat transfer fluid, inlet water flow rate to boiler and batch size of peppermint, are addressed.

The demand for energy is growing tremendously due to the modernization in every aspect of life, hence in order to meet the demands without any lag in the growth and development of the world, an alternative source of energy needs to be found. The best alternative would be biofuels which are extracted from organic compounds. Out of many different organic sources available, algae are one among them, which can be used to extract biofuel. Algae are aquatic organisms which are found in all types of water bodies. Also, algae are plentily available and can be easily cultivated, to be considered as one of the potential raw material for production of biodiesel in large scale. In this present research, an experimental setup was fabricated to produce the algae oil. The algae species used for this investigation was Spirogyra sp. Solvent extraction method was used to produce algae oil. The Soxhlet apparatus was used to carry out the solvent extraction process. The solvent type used for the present study was n-hexane, which is an organic non-polar solvent suitable for extracting lipid content from the biomass. From the experiment, it was found that the oil extraction from 100% dried algae and finer size of algae resulted in higher percentage of oil extraction. For algae of mass 50 g, the oil yielded was around 83% for solid to solvent ratio of 1:5, particle size of 0.322 μm, and reaction time was of 3 h. Also, the oil extracted from the algae is characterized to identify its suitability for using it as an alternative fuel in the IC engines. The characterization revealed that, the physiochemical properties were in permissible range in comparison with the standard diesel.

The current research work experimentally studied four strokes, single cylinder, eddy current dynamometer water cooled, variable compression ratio, diesel engine. The biodiesel derived from the cottonseed oil by the well-known transesterification process. The biodiesel-diesel blends B20 (0.8%diesel + 0.2% biodiesel), B50 (0.5diesel + 0.5%biodiesel) were mixed with aluminium oxide nanoparticles in different proportions of 50 ppm and 100 ppm by using ultrasonication process. The investigation carried out at constant speed of 1500 rpm and constant compression ratio of 18:1. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), CO2 and NOx, CO and HC Harmful gases were measured and collated to diesel fuel. It is observed that B20ANP100ppm blend provides desirable results in Emissions and performance characteristics compared to diesel. Improvement in brake thermal efficiency observed with B20ANP100ppm compared to diesel and brake specific fuel consumption of B20ANP100ppm slightly increased compared to diesel. CO, HC&CO2 emissions reduced by using cottonseed blends compared to diesel and small amount of NOx increased compared to diesel.

A typical combination of spiral wound ultra-filtration and spiral wound reverse-osmosis membranes were used to treat grey water obtained from washing machine discharge in order to recover the surfactant solution as well as water both of which could be reused for another couple of washes. The process leads to the separation of dirt and dust particles from the grey water using the UF process and later the surfactant solution and water is separated from the mixture using the reverse osmosis membrane. Various backwash and backwash-backflush methods were used to increase the membrane performance by decreasing the fouling problems which generally occurs in such types of membranes. These backwashing procedures were found to have enhanced the life of the membrane by cleaning the membranes. The TDS and turbidity of the solution mixtures were analyzed by conductivity meter and turbidity meter respectively and the results obtained from these instruments provided a good idea regarding the separation processes. The UF membranes could decrease the turbidity of a dirty mixture solution but allows the surfactant solution to pass though it which is finally treated using the RO membranes which could decrease both the turbidity and TDS of the solution. The experiment provides a comprehensive idea related to the treatment of grey water which could help in better waste water reuse as well as economic ways of reusing detergents for subsequent washes.

In textile dyeing and printing, fabric wettability plays a major role for good surface finish. Woven cotton fabrics contains starch, accumulated from sizing agents used for yarns which needs to be removed before coloration and finishing processes. The conventional method of removing the starch and making the cotton fabric ready for further steps is a wet chemical treatment that uses desizing, scouring, and bleaching agents in the process which has drawbacks of consumption of large amount of water and energy and pollution from effluents. The need for an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and energy-efficient desizing method is in the interest of the industry. During this study, the effect of atmospheric pressure plasma treatment on the enhancement of wettability and dyeing properties of cotton fabric was studied.

Although, various analyses have concerned an effect of various kind of biodiesel on engine, in this study, biodiesel production from Safflower oil through transesterification. methanol to oil (M: O) molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, time and stirring rate have been chosen to investigate their effect on biodiesel yield. The optimum conditions for 90% biodiesel yield have been achieved at M:O molar ratio of 16:1, 4 g of potassium hydroxide (KOH), Temperature of 60 °C, time of 4 h and stirring rate of 700 rpm. Different blends (B20, B30, and B40) of safflower biodiesel were prepared and investigate the engine performance and emissions when employing Safflower biodiesel and its blends. However, the outcome from the study depicted that BTE of B20 shows 33.63% which is closer to diesel (34.63%). The emissions CO, HC, smoke were considerably reduced using SAF biodiesel blended fuels than diesel fuel. Alongside the NOx emission has increased due to higher cetane number of SAF biodiesel fuels.

Calcium oxide nanoparticles obtained from biowaste through calcination process is used as nanoadditives in the blend of B20 (80%Diesel + 20%Waste cooking oil biodiesel). Performance and emission characteristics are examined for single cylinder four stroke, diesel engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer for loading. B20 blend of Waste cooking oil biodiesel is doped with calcium oxide nano particles in 5 quantities as 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 75 ppm, 10 ppm, and 125 ppm. Diesel has high brake thermal efficiency values among all the fuels blends with 125 ppm CaO nano additives. Diesel has the lowest NOx emissions and the blend with 125 ppm Cao Nano additives produced less NOx values among the blends. Carbon emissions are comparatively lesser for the biodiesel blends compared to diesel.

Biodiesel is a potential alternative fuel source that shows the importance of fossil fuels and helps to keep diesel engines in use for a long time. Numerous research works have shown that biodiesel suffers from its drawbacks, including high viscosity, low volatility, low heat value and high NOx emissions, although some features of biodiesel promote their use, such as CO2, HC, and PM reduce emissions. Some researchers have also noted that these impairments can be overcome with the help of additives and increasing the use of biodiesel. The reduction in harmful effects of emissions on the environment has attracted the attention of researchers towards biodiesel additives. In this work the conclusion of experimental works from different types of additives mixed with jatropha biodiesel is presented. Experimental work includes various nanoparticles such as aluminum (Al), copper (C), zinc oxide (ZnO), carbon nano tubes (CNT), graphene oxide (GO), graphene nanoplates (GNP), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) etc. In addition to jatropha biodiesel and blends, nano additives reduced the ignition delay period. The combustion process began early, and brake specific fuel consumption decreased as well as an increase in brake thermal efficiency. The effects of various types of biodiesel additives on controlled and uncontrolled emissions of combustion ignition engines have been noted. Their qualities and demerits are also discussed.

Different experiments were done to find better replacement for the diesel used in conventional engines. These experiments were executed in two similar phases but with meagre changes. The conventional fossil diesel is taken as the assessment fuel in both the phases. The first phase deals with water-emulsion and E20 green diesel as test samples. Whilst, on other part, the second phase deals with Eucalyptus-water emulsion and E20 biodiesel as test fuels. Various proportions of diesel-water emulsions were taken into account with their respective blends and their emission performance, combustion parameters and efficiency are analyzed and compared. From the analyses, it implies that the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) is nearly enough to the diesel-water emulsion, for the eucalyptus-water emulsion. Likewise, the emission parameters were diminished with eucalyptus in water emulsion when correlated with diesel-water emulsion. Henceforth, diesel-water emulsion proves to be a better fuel than conventional diesel. Nevertheless, the eucalyptus-water emulsion is found to be a convincing replacement fuel for E20 biodiesel.

In the present study, synthesis of bimetallic silver and copper nanoparticles was carried out using Moringa oleifera (drumstick) fruit pulp aqueous extracts and the antimicrobial activity was assessed using this method. They were characterized using UV–Visible spectra, FTIR spectra, Electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Antimicrobial activity was assessed by disc diffusion method. The size of the bimetallic nanoparticles formed was 9 nm. They showed a good zone of inhibition against pathogenic bacteria when compared to Ampicillin. Compared to other methods of synthesis, bimetallic particle synthesis was done using fruit extracts and these were found to show significant antimicrobial activity.

To investigate the effectiveness of advanced treatment methods such as Electro coagulation (EC) and advanced oxidation process (AOP) in order to minimize the Colour, concentration of chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand for the samples collected from textile dyeing waste water. Experiments carried out at lab scale model. The EC process was conducted by varying voltages such as 8 V, 10 V, 12 V, 14 V, 16 V and for duration of 60 mins each. AOP involves oxidation process in the wastewater using Fenton’s reagent (Fe2+/H2O2). The experiment was conducted at three different dosages such as 3 g + 30 ml, 4 g + 40 ml and 5 g + 50 ml of Fe2+ and H2O2. From the results obtained, the removal efficiency was determined by comparing the important parameters such as COD, BOD and Colour of treated water as well as untreated waste water. The obtained results from the treatments were in accordance with the standards given by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of India for textile wastewater discharge.

The aim of the article is to determine the effects of Sterculia Foetida Biodiesel (SFB) blend and Di-Methyl Carbonate (DMC) blends in a Diesel engine. The selection of these SFB and DMC was taken into the consideration to reduce emission levels and improving the performance. The experimental study was carried out on a 4 S single cylinder diesel engine with standard best constant variables and under different load conditions of diesel engine with SFB20 mixture and various propagation of DMC (for example 5%, 10% and 15%). After that, the engine performance and emissions output were analyzed. The use of SFB20 fuel can improve the performance of the engine. In addition, it is found that by adding DMC with SFB20 fuel the better results of BTE and BSFC were obtained as compared to SFB20 fuel and diesel baseline fuel. It can also be seen that the amount of DMC additive mixed in the SFB20 fuel will reduce emission results such as HC, CO and smoke opacity. However, NOx increases with the addition of DMC additives. The main reason for these results is presence of more O2, low viscosity and high volatility in the additive, which helps to increase the temperature during the combustion process.

As per the MNRE statistics, the current annual availability of biomass in India is estimated to be 500 million metric tons. Most of the biomass were just dumped, burnt or reused very little. This unexploited potential of biowastes can be converted to an energy rich fuel through hydrothermal processing. Among the hydro-processing techniques, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process converts biomass to produce a biofuel called biocrude oil, at temperatures between 200 and 370 °C and at high pressures between 4 and 20 MPa in a wet environment. With biocrude as main product, the process also yields solid residues, gas and other aqueous co-products which are again a source of fuel and chemicals. Paddy straw sample of moisture 8%, volatile content 55% and fixed carbon 39% was selected. Sample trial was conducted in HTL with operating conditions of temperature 275 °C, pressure of 10 MPa, catalyst loading of 1% K2CO3 and retention time of 40 min. The process yielded biocrude oil of about 120 ml along with char and aqueous co-products. This biocrude extracted can be directly combusted and used as marine fuel or can be upgraded to approach existing petro-fuels.

Anaerobic digestion is one of the main strategies for waste management that eliminates waste and produces biogas simultaneously. Biogas is an alternative source of renewable energy consisting mainly of methane and carbon dioxide. This is suitable for transport applications, energy production and cooking. The present study provides a comprehensive overview on biogas production enhancement techniques in anaerobic digestion from various biomass wastes. Co-digestion, two phase digestion, recirculation of slurry, thermal pretreatment, alkaline pretreatment, acid pretreatment, ultrasound pretreatment, hydrothermal pretreatment and milling pretreatment are some of the techniques used to improve the biogas production. Comparatively co-digestion significantly improves the biogas production than the other processes which gives the biogas production of 531 Lkg−1VS with 52% cow manure and 48% food wastes in a 30-day hydraulic retention period. Pre-treatment before anaerobic digestion increases the biogas yield, especially hydrothermal pretreatment of rice straw increases the yield of biogas from 140 to 315.9 Lkg−1VS. In addition, thermal and mechanical pretreatment of barley straw increases the biogas production by 40.8% and 50.2% respectively. Information on different biomass waste components is important for the efficient implementation of anaerobic digestion and maintaining the key parameters within the desired range will also boost the biogas production.

Requirement of concrete is increasing day by day as the construction activities are growing worldwide. As a result, there is a greater demand for the concrete ingredients, such as cement, sand and aggregates. Though, there is a requirement for making the cost-effective concrete, which has forced the researchers to identify alternative materials to costly cement and sand. Bagasse ash (BAH) and stone dust (SDT) can be an economical alternative to the cement and river sand, respectively. In this study, cement is partially replaced by BAH (10%), and natural sand by SDT in various proportions of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. Durability (DBY) test such as Rapid chloride permeability test (Rcpt) and Acid resistance test (Art) were performed to determine the various properties of concrete in the hardened state. Rcpt was conducted after 28 and 90 days of water curing. Acid resistance test was conducted on the specimens after 28 and 90 days of immersion into acids (hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4)). Test results revealed that the chloride permeability (CPY) of concrete decreased up to 10% replacement of cement by BAH and 40% replacement of sand by SDT (BS5 sample). Further increase in replacement levels, beyond 10% BAH and 40% SDT has resulted in increase of CPY of the concrete. Also, weight loss (WLS) and compressive strength loss (CsLS) of concrete were observed decreased steadily with the increase in percentage of the replacement materials (up to 10% replacement of cement by BAH and 40% replacement of sand by SDT (BS5 sample)), when specimens were subjected to hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid tests. Further increase in replacement levels beyond 10% BAH and 40% SDT has resulted in increased WLS and CsLS percentage of the concrete. Among the various proportions of alternative materials studied, the mix with 10% BAH and 40% SDT (BS5 sample) showed a better resistance to both hydrochloric and sulphuric acids attack and can be considered a suitable proportion for producing a cost-effective concrete.

This research project presents the results on a comparative study for the use of Cow dung Ash and Wood ash as partial replacement in the production of Fly ash brick. Cow dung are often wont to manufacture bricks which are eco-friendly and far cheaper. Cow dung ash is obtained by drying cow dung under sun then burning it. Huge amount of ash generation are causing waste disposal problems. Cow dung is employed as fuel for the domestic purpose, which generates solid waste as ash. Wood ash is that the inorganic and organic residue remaining after combustion of wood or unbleached wood fiber. The physical and chemical properties of wood ash vary significantly counting on many factors. Through this study an effort was made to match the properties of the ash brick adding the wood ash and cow dung ash as a partial replacement. The method of manufacturing traditional bricks from kiln is expensive and causes pollution. Using cow dung ash and Wood ash the pollution caused by the development materials are often decreased to a far extent. We used 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of Cow dung ash and Wood ash and therefore obtained maximum strength at 5% replacement of Cow Dung ash and 15% replacement of wood ash. Studies were done to acknowledge the properties of bricks using fly ash with partial replacement of cow dung ash and Wood ash. In this project we are trying to compare and study the effective properties of brick by introducing Cow dung ash and Wood ash as supplementary materials in the fly ash brick.

Although many bio-fuels (neat vegetable oils) including palm oil, were found suitable for diesel replacement in internal combustion engines, none of them ever tested so far had better performance than diesel and therefore bio-fuels are commercially not viable to date. Hence in this research work, a novel bio-fuel additive derived from naturally available herbal species known as Cissus quadrangularis (Vajravalli) has been proposed. This herbal juice in liquid form is added with palm oil in different volumetric proportions and is used as fuel to test the performance of single-cylinder, 4-stroke, compression-ignition water-cooled, direct-injection, variable compression ratio engine. The experimental results witness a significant advancement in the brake thermal efficiency of the engine operating with palm oil using Cissus quadrangularis as an additive when it is compared to neat palm oil fuel operation. At rated load with an engine compression ratio of 18, the fall in brake thermal efficiency for palm oil operation is 7% in comparison to diesel operation. This reduction in BTE has been improved to only 3% for 2V98P fuel. Also, there is a decrease in brake specific fuel consumption. Furthermore, the performance characteristics of 2V98P fuel are in close concurrence with diesel operation. The maximum mechanical efficiency obtained at rated load for palm oil, 1V99P, 2V98P, 3V97P, and 4V96P fuels is respectively 7%, 5.8%, 4.8%, 4%, and 3% greater than that of diesel. Also, the exhaust gas temperatures obtained for 2V98P, 3V97P, and 4V96P are less than that of diesel operation while for palm oil and 1V99P it is greater than that of diesel. The maximum BTE and minimum BSFC obtained for 2V98P fuel is 32.05% and 0.3255 kg/kWh respectively as against 32.8% and 0.3126 kg/kWh for the diesel operation at a rated load with a compression ratio of 20.