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Macaranga sp. is one of the alternative sources of wood fibers in pulp and paper industries. It can produce pulp with high strength which is classified as long wood fibers. Based on these characters, cellulose derived from Macaranga sp. trees has potentials as a raw material for production of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). The principles of fabrication of CNFs are separation and purification. In this work, non-mechanical treatment was used to produce CNFs with diameters of 340 nm. Macaranga hypoleuca pulp was successfully prepared using the combined procedures (i.e. pretreatment, alkali treatment, and acid hydrolysis). Each fabrication step has effects on characters of the fibers. Morphology and fiber properties were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy (chemical component analysis), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

Increasing in the energy demand there is a need of alternate fuels. The main important aspects of biodiesel are biodegradable, renewable energy resources. In current scenario many researcher are inventing new methods and idea of preparing biodiesel products. In this papers its explains candlenut biodiesel mixed with different proportions of cerium oxides (CeO2) nanoparticles in variable compression ratio engine. The main purpose of adding the nanoparticles is to enhance the better combustion and good emission characteristics in a diesel engine. The candlenut biodiesel blends of B20 and B40 is mixed with cerium oxides nanoparticles at 25 ppm added to the blended fuel to find out performances and emission levels in the diesel engine. The results show improvement in the carbon monoxide of B40 whereas B20 there is slight reduction in the Nox, HC& smoke opacity.

The removal of phosphates from surface water is crucial to avoid water pollution problems such as eutrophication and algae blooms. There are many established methods that normally used to remove phosphates such as by chemical precipitation, biological processes and physicochemical by sedimentation. On the other hand, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is recognised as an efficient phosphorus (P) binder in lake sediment which contribute to the permanent burial of P in the sediments. Therefore, this paper studies the potential of raw cockle shells (RCS), calcined cockle shells (CCS), raw chicken bone (RCB) and calcined chicken bone (CCB) in phosphates removal from aqueous solutions. The collected chicken bone waste and cockle shells waste were washed, boiled, sundried and oven dried for raw sample and calcinated at high temperature for calcined sample before been grinded into granular size between 1 and 2 mm. The dosage of 0.1 g, 0.2 g, 0.3 g, 0.4 g, 0.5 g, 0.6 g, 0.7 g, 0.8 g, 0.9 g and 1.0 g of the adsorbent were applied into the artificially prepared phosphate solution. The result indicated that the maximum removal of phosphate was achieved at 0.1 g (90.02% phosphate removal) for CCS, 0.2 g (58.78% phosphate removal) for RCB, 0.1 g (30.40% removal efficiency) for CCB and 0.1 g (26.69% removal efficiency) for RCS. As a general conclusion, phosphate species seem to be efficiently removed from solutions using cockle shell compared to chicken bone as natural adsorbent. In addition, the waste from the adsorption process can be recycle and used as fertilizer for acidic soils.

Sustainable approach is needed to find an alternative precursor for carbon fiber. The resources should be low in cost with properties comparable to the present precursor. Malaysia as the second largest producer of palm oil produced hundred million tons of waste especially oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) from its plantation. The extraction of its lignin from biomass is a challenge as it binds together with cellulose and hemicellulose to form a complex network. Hence, phenol under subcritical conditions has the potential to shorten the reaction time to dissolve relatively high molecular weight compounds without catalyst. This study aimed to determine the effect of temperature (260–300 °C), reaction time (1–10 min), and solid loading (6 and 10 g) towards ash, volatile and carbon content of the lignin obtained from EFB under subcritical phenol conditions. Highest carbon content in the lignin (43.7%) was achieved at 260 °C, 1 min, and 10 g while its ash and volatile content were 23.5% and 0.3% respectively. The correlation of these properties is discussed in this paper to understand its suitability as a precursor for carbon fiber production.

This paper deals with the usage of fibrous fermentation residue as raw material for sustainable composites. At the moment this plant-based biomass is not used for industrial applications. The material was ground and mixed with two different bio-based epoxy resins and a petroleum-based one for comparison. Two different particle volume ratios were tested to get an impression about the behavior of the residue in a composite. First results show that it is possible to produce completely impregnated residue composites. The properties of the composite show a high potential of this material for lifestyle products and furniture sector.

Production of biodiesel is a renewable and pollution free source but it increases co-product i.e. crude glycerol. This paper demonstrates applications of the side product in an efficient and cost effective manner. The crude glycerol hence produced can be utilized in varied industries and can be used as precursor for the production of various products having better economic significance. The majority of crude glycerol is used as feedstock for production of other value-added chemicals. The utilization of glycerol in production of Glycerol trinitrate, Tartronic acid and Glyceric acid has been reported successfully.

Organic pollutants such as dyes and phenolic compound are extensively used in the textile, paper, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, paint, leather, food, plastic, and etc. industries contributed to severe environmental contamination especially water pollutions. Every year, more than 7 × 105 metric tonnes of synthetic dyes are generated, and above 100,000 of dyes commercially available that have been reported. The textile wastewater discharge approximately 15% from the whole world production of dyes, with consume almost 97% of local dye wastewater are generated by the food, chemical, and textile industries. Yet, the bulk left–over dyes produced during dyeing and finishing process are released to the environment either with or without any further remediation, that might reflect to serious issue arises as these wastewater flow into natural waterbodies, due to the dyes are toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. Dyes are also harm to human body for examples, dysfunction of kidney, reproductive system, liver, brain and central nervous system. Other than that, even little amount of dyes such as below 1 ppm can be seen clearly in receiving waterbodies whereas can block sunlight from penetrate and prohibit the photosynthesis process of aquatic plants. Therefore, this review article are focusses on the source of organic pollutants such as dyes and phenolic compound that are presence in water or wastewater.

The study presented here shows the influence of River Sand, M-sand and Admixtures on the properties of concrete which were analyzed. The effect of admixture content on concrete properties was evaluated with two types of admixtures independently. Metakaolin (MK) content was varied at 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% whereas Waste Paper Sludge Ash (WPSA) content was varied from 0%, 6%, 12% and 18%. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the compressive strength, permeability and sorptivity of concrete when both admixtures (MK+WPSA) were varied simultaneously. The relationship between the concrete properties and level of materials added was derived using a Face Centered Central Composite Design with three levels and three factors. Based on desirable properties obtained in experimental part of the study, the factors considered in the design was M-Sand (0%, 50%, 100%), MK (0%, 5%, 10%), WPSA (0%, 6%, 12%). From the experimentally obtained data, prediction models based on regression analysis were developed which enables the establishment of response contours showing the interaction between the different parameters investigated. The contour plots were overlaid to distinguish the combination of proportions that gives ideal performance of concrete for water-repellency and strength

In the present study, continuous wave fiber laser of 400W capacity with CNC controller is used for the cladding operation. SS316 +WS2+Cr powder mixture is taken as clad materials and SS316 of 5 mm thick plate as substrate materials. A homogeneous powder mixture is pasted over the substrate surface and laser beam is scanned by imparting motion to the XY table to get required cross-section area of the clad surface. By adjusting the (±) z–axis of working table the required size of spot diameter (divergence of laser beam) is obtained. For getting the required scan cross-section area, a CNC programmed was built with the help of SINUMERIK 828D SIEMENS controller. A gas chamber made of perpesx sheet having quartz window with different gas purging facility is used to creating required working environment. The laser beam is passed through a quartz window and strike on the surface of the powder layer. Various input process parameters were consider during the experiment such as laser power: 100-200 W, scanning speed: 500-1000 mm/min, % v/v composition of WS2: 5-15 and % v/v composition of Cr: 10 considered as variable process parameters and laser spot diameter: 0.4 mm, hatching gap: 0.2 mm, powder layer thickness: 0.7 mm. The prepared clad specimens were cut with the help of wire-EDM machine for characterization purpose. Then the sectioned specimens were polished using emery paper of different grit size followed by diamond paste polishing to get mirror finishing. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) (Model: Supra 55, Make: Zeiss, Germany) was used to study the microstructure and to do the elemental analysis. X- Ray diffraction (XRD) technique was used for phase analysis. The diffraction angle (2θ) was kept in the range of 20°-120° to detect the range of chemical compounds formed during the laser cladding process. From XRD analysis, it is can be observed that different intermetallic compounds were formed during laser cladding operation such as WS2, FeS2, FeS, CrS. The micro-hardness of the sectioned surface was measured along the clad depth using a Vickers micro hardness tester (Model: Economet VH-1 MD, Make: Chennai Metco, India). The dry sliding wear behaviour of the clad samples was analysed using a pin on disk tribometer (Make-DOCUM, India, Model: TR 201LE). The wear tests were conducted at an angular speed of 500 rpm at a radial distance of 60 mm. A dead load of 3kgf was maintained during the test for a period of 10 minutes

The present study is concerned with the comparative study of mango leather under different packaging conditions for maintaining better nutritional characteristics. The purpose of this study is to analyse the composition of mango leather and observe the shelf life of the product under sustainable packaging circumstances. The mango leathers are stored under four different packaging condition (a) 200 gauge high density polyethylene (HDPE), (b) 260 gauge Metallised polyethylene terephthalate (MET PET) (c) 200 gauge Low density polyethylene (LDPE), (d) biodegradable paper pouch (PP). Processed mango leathers have been analysed for proximate composition and vitamin C, total carotenes and sensory attributes. MET PET has been found the best packaging material for mango leather to retain its quality characteristics for 6 month of storage at 30±5°C

The current state of the oil refining industry requires obtaining high-quality products that meet environmental requirements. An important issue is the deep processing of oil, as well as the use of oil waste as a raw material. The paper is devoted to study of the influence of various technological parameters during delayed coking of tar on the yield and physicochemical properties of hydrocarbon fuel components and solid-phase product - petroleum coke. As raw materials tar obtained from the Kumkol deposit (Kazakhstan) was applied. Heavy oil residues were coked at a temperature of 510 °C and an overpressure of 0.5 MPa in a laboratory coking unit. It was found that the group hydrocarbon composition of gasoline fraction is consisting mainly from isoparaffin (22.04%) and naphtenic compounds (22.15%), kerosene fraction from paraffin (19.42%) and isoparaffin (25.79%) and diesel fraction composition comprise paraffin (26.04). Raman scattering at 1165 cm−1 belong to CC aromatic and C = C region and indicates a high crystallinity of the coke structure. Coke is obtained with more developed specific surface 6.76 m2/g. The volume of the liquid product is 12.06 g (60.3%) and gas evolution amounted 5%.

The use of concrete in the construction industry is never ending and so are their complementary ill effects. Thus, they should be handled within the stipulated time and in a sustainable manner. The major idea of the present research work is to assess the strength parameters of the concrete specimens made by inducing bacteria along with a suitable cement replacing substance. Therefore, the use of sustainable strategies like inducing bacterial culture into the concrete mix can act as an active support for both nature as well as the economy of construction industries. There are many substitutes which are used for replacing cement. In this paper, control concrete, concrete made by replacing cement with 8% of Micronized Biomass Silica (MBS) and bacteria induced concrete are compared. The bacteria used is Bacillus Sphaericus and is mixed in the concrete specimens at different levels of 10ml, 20ml, 30ml. M60 grade high strength concrete is casted in the form of cubes and cylinders and their compressive strength and split tensile strength at the age of 7and 28 days are compared with that of conventional concrete. From the test results, it was concluded that, specimens with 20ml bacteria and 8% MBS showed optimum results. Hence, this combination of bacteria and MBS would not only increase strength but also help the concrete against moisture and other harmful particles.

Current paper studies the renewable energy of Camelina sativa biodiesel fuel which is having new fuel properties. Here Camelina sativa seed oil and Pongamia with equal proportions was used in the form of blends at various proportions with diesel. The blending ratios were taken as 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% respectively, used as fuel in a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. Further the engine emissions of different fuel usage have been investigated. The results shows that SFC increased by 3.5% and brake thermal efficiency is decreased by 6%. The biodiesel reduced carbon monoxide by 5% compared to diesel, hydrocarbon emissions decreased by 4.1%.

Global warming caused due to CO2 emissions is increasing at an alarming rate. Cement production is known to contribute ∼7% of global CO2 emissions. Efforts are being made to minimize the emission of CO2 per tonne of clinker from the present rate of 0.86 t/t clinker to 0.35 t/t by 2050. Many steps are being taken to achieve the above mentioned target. Around 60% of the total CO2 emitted during cement manufacture is due to calcination process. Thus it is evident that use of a non carbonate lime bearing raw material for cement manufacture can drastically reduce the CO2 emission. In this paper we have systematically studied of wollastonite minerals were used in different ratio. Mix designs were prepared using 1–5% wollastonite by replacing limestone content in the raw mix. A control sample was also designed without using wollastonite mineral. The results of the mineralogical analysis showed that the clinker phases with wollastonite at 1400 °C were comparable to the control clinker at 1450 °C.

The safe and sound disposal of vegetable market waste (VMW) is a major concern of India today. VMW is being produced in millions of tonnes in urban areas, which are often deposited in dumpsites, left untreated, or burned in open fires. A potential remedy for these waste disposal and high fuel dependence on wood as fuel is the conversion of this biomass into high-density briquettes. This paper presents an experimental exploration of fuel properties of bio-briquettes made from a combination of VMW and sawdust (SD). In the present work, binary briquettes have been made from VMW in combination with SD in a ratio of 25, 50, 75, and 100% by weight using bentonite clay as a binder. Furthermore, a comparative study between the VMW based biomass briquettes with firewood, coal, and conventional sawdust briquettes are also included in this study. Raw green vegetable wastes were collected from markets and were kept for open sun drying. The dried matter was then transformed into a pulverized form and eventually converted to briquettes. The percentage of moisture content, percentage volatile matter content, ash content percentage, fixed carbon content, and calorific values of the briquettes were investigated. The results showed that the composite briquettes had improved combustion characteristics like higher calorific value and more volatile matter content compared with pure VMW briquettes. The percentage volatile matter content of VMW briquette enhanced from 71.72% to 83.2% for the composite briquette of VMW and SD with the highest percentage at the proportion 25:75 (VMW: SD). The calorific value of bio-briquettes ranges from 14.002 to 15.721 MJ/kg and the highest heating value was obtained for the composite briquette of VMW and SD with proportion 25:75. Even though lignin contents of vegetable market waste were lesser (3.23–5.51%) compared to other ligno-cellulosic biomass, good quality biomass briquettes were produced.

Today biodiesel is another form of fuel for diesel engine because of reducing the cost of petroleum fuel, fast depletion of petroleum stores and the habitat degradation by exhaust emissions from automotive engines. Using Lemongrass oil (LGO) & diesel blends this proposed paper is performed. Direct injection, Air cooled, Mono cylinder engine which is operated in 1500 rpm using Lemongrass biodiesel oil and it’s amalgamated with diesel fuel at different ratios (20%, 40% & 60% volume/volume percentage) with different loads. The performance and emission characteristics of Lemongrass oil and its blends are compared with those of diesel fuel. The output for the thermal efficiency of LGO20 is 0.36% upper than diesel fuel and it is higher than other blends. The exhaust gas emissions namely Carbon monoxide (CO), Smoke opacity for LGO20 & unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC) were considerably lowered by 36%, 25% & 14% in comparison with diesel fuel at entire load or full load. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission were raised by 7.6% and 21% for LGO20 and the smoke opacity was decreased by 36% for LGO20 at full load when compared with diesel fuel.

Chicken eggshell was used as catalyst in this experiment in order to obtain the optimum conditions to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil. There are two type of catalyst were used which are calcined and un-calcined chicken eggshell. The parameters that involved in this study are methanol to oil molar ratio (8:1, 12:1, 16:1 and 20:1) and catalyst dosage (9.09 g/L @ 1 wt%, 27.28 g/L @ 3 wt%, 45.47 g/L @ 5 wt% and 90.94 g/L @ 10 wt%). The characterization of the catalyst was also being discussed in this paper as well as the optimization conditions data that obtained from this study.

The present investigation deals with the study on production, characterization of milkscum biodiesel followed by performance and emission characteristics analysis of a CI engine fuelled with milk scum biodiesel blends. The investigation was carried out in three stages, characterization of milk scum oil to examine its reasonableness as feedstock for biodiesel production and utilization as an alternative fuel for CI engines. The fuel properties of biodiesel synthesized from milk scum oil were found to be within the specified ASTM D6751 standards. The engine performance characteristics such as brake thermal efficiency decreased by 18.2%, brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) is increased by 18.2% by comparing B60 blend with Diesel. Emission characteristics such as Carbon monoxide (CO) reduced by 50% and unburnt hydrocarbons (UBHC) reduced by 6.8% whereas the NOx emission was increased by 33.4% at 2.7 kW load. From the experimental results discovered that milk scum biodiesel could be a promising elective fuel with desirable properties with better performance and emission characteristics.

Gracilaria edulis, marine red seaweed was harvested from the coastal area of South Tamil Nadu, Rameswaram and was evaluated for the adsorption of Malachite Green. The algal biomass which is used as the adsorbent was pretreated for the activation of the binding sites on its surface. The environmental factors for the degradation process involve the pH (4–8), Biomass concentration (1 to 5 g/L), Dye concentration (10 to 20%), Time (120–180 min), Temperature (30–40 °C), and agitation-static were evaluated using Minitab 18 software. For the optimization process, the statistical techniques Plackett–Burman Design (PBD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approaches were used. Plackett-Burman Design was performed for Malachite Green (MG) gave twelve trials and resulted in three significant parameters such as pH, temperature, and dye concentration. RSM was further used to determine the optimum parameters for the degradation. The maximum decolorization of Malachite Green was attained at pH = 4.5, dye concentration = 17, Temperature = 37 °C.

An emulsion is one of the problems that often occur in oil production activities. Emulsions happen when water is produced with oil. The presence of emulsions in crude oil makes it difficult for crude oil to be processed and the quality of the oil does not become good because it causes water to be contained in crude oil. An effort to overcome is to use a demulsifier. This study aims to test the demulsifier from corn oil. It will be processed with the saponification process to become a demulsifier. KOH and glycerin are used as additives in the saponification process. The substances found in corn oil are palmitic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, linolenic acid, and oleic acid. In the demulsification process used three various demulsifiers. There are commercial demulsifier (DK), green demulsifier 1 (DG1), green demulsifier 2 (DG2). Green demulsifier 1 and green demulsifier 2 are demulsifiers mixture by corn oil process, whereas the commercial demulsifier is chemical used to in the field. Demulsifier derived from corn oil are expected to have the ability to separate water from oil better than commercial demulsifiers. Demulsifier testing is done using the bottle test method. The test was carried out for 180 min and carried out observations every 30 min. The bottle test method was carried out using a water bath. Demulsifiers made from natural ingredients have better abilities than commercial demulsifiers. The best test results by the green demulsifier at 80 °C with a concentration of 5 ml separated 39 ml of water. While the commercial demulsifier with a concentration of 5 ml separates 32 ml of water. So demulsifier made from corn oil is more effective in separating water than commercial demulsifiers.

According to current scenario, Biodiesel is one of the alternate & sustainable type of conventional fuel. In Today’s World, Researchers are working to other to overcome the problem of oil depletion’s per my Research Animal fat is taken as an alternation source of Energy resource. Because, animal fat is converted into Biodiesel & then blended with diesel in various proportions such as B20, B40 & B60. When animal fat in blended with diesel fuel in various compression Engine (VCR) we will get the complete analysis of combustion and emission characteristics of Biodiesel. From the result, it is concluded that Brake Thermal Efficiency is increased with increase in injection pressure with the emission parameters such as carbon monoxide (C0), Hydro Carbons (HC) so that smoke capacity reduces for B40.Whereas, Blended fuels such as Oxides of Nitrogen (Nox) is slightly. Increased about 10% than diesel at fuel load, condition. Finally, it is concluded that, animal fat Biodiesel can be used as biodiesel in Engine without any modifications.

The project works deal with the bio-diesel which formed from the Mahua oil by esterifications and follow by the transesterifications. The kinetic study of optimizes the research of Mahua oil Methyl Ester was taken at various parameters as methanol % of surplus alcohol, reactions time and oil molar ratio, concentrations of acid channel and temperature. The output shows that the 4.2% H2SO4, 0.35% alcohol ratio, 1.15 h reactions time and the temperature of 60 0C is optimal condition to the esterifications. The most favorable condition to the production of the bio-diesel is 2.2% sodium Methoxide, 0.1% alcohol oil ratio, 1.15 h reactions time, 60 0C of temperature and 140% excess alcohol the best condition to the tranesterifications. In this work, the investigation is taken to revision then performances, emissions and combustions properties of mahua Methyl ester. The output was checked by diesel and chosen mahua methyl ester as fuel blend. The setup having single cylinder forced water cooled C.I engine is utilized. At first, engine is run by methyl ester mixed by the volume basis and the corresponding reading is taken. The results are taken entire series of engine operations for different load condition. The performance parameters of engine are like SFC, exhaust gas emissions, break thermal efficiency were cheap with raise in bio-diesel concentrations.

Presently, wastewater treatment using chemical coagulants has been major concern due to production of sludge in large volume, high costs and health effects. Thus, the use of plant-based coagulants has captivated researchers to overcome these problems. This study describes the effect of pH on coagulation process by using of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) peel as coagulant. The coagulant from jackfruit peel was prepared by extraction method using distilled water. Synthetic sewage was used in this study to imitate medium strength domestic wastewater. Jar test experiment was carried out and the pH of wastewater was varied using hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. After treated, the turbidity of the wastewater was measured to determine the percentage of reduction. The coagulant extracts were characterized using FTIR and zeta potential. It was observed that the jackfruit peel extract works the best as a coagulant at pH 2. Jackfruit peel coagulant can be used as primary treatment of the wastewater and believed to be an environmentally friendly alternative.

Torrefaction process is related to pyrolysis treatment in an inert atmosphere which is employed to improve the chemical and physical properties of biomass/solid fuels for energy generation. In present study, mustard crop residue (MCR) which is an abundantly available lignocellulosic waste was torrefied at three different temperatures (200 °C, 250 °C, and 300 °C) for three different residence time (30, 45, and 60 min). Mass yield, energy yield, high heating value, elemental composition, ash content, and volatile matter content of raw and torrefied MCR are computed. The functional behavior and combustion characteristics of raw and torrefied MCR was studied by Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrometry (FTIR). The mass and energy yield of torrefied MCR were found to decrease with an increase in torrefaction temperature and residence time. Elemental analysis of torrefied MCR showed an increase in weight percentage of carbon with increase in temperature and residence time of torrefaction due to release of oxygen congaing volatiles. The high heating value was found to upgrade from 16.92 MJ kg−1 for raw MCR to 21.93 MJ kg−1 of torrefied MCR at higher torrefaction temperature and time. FTIR analysis confirmed that hydroxyl group content decreased due to release of H2O, CO, and CO2. Therefore, torrefaction is found to be an effective treatment process for improving physicochemical properties of MCR.

A field study of “Olive oil mills” was carried out using a questionnaire, In order to evaluate discharge and impact of their by-products on receiving middle (Soil, water). This study treated the trituration units (location, type), the quantities of by-products (pomace olive and the Olive Oil Mill Wastewaters) and the final destinations of discharges by each process of extraction of olive oil. The survey reveals that olive oil production in eastern Morocco produced the huge amounts of liquid effluents over 150.000 (T/companion) in a short period (2–3 month). More than 71% of OOMW is stored in unsealed storage basins, but the rest is discharged without prior treatment into rivers and streams (14%), sewage system (14), and 1% for irrigation-cultivated fields. In the absence of a healthy and sustainable management, all of these practices have negative impacts on receiving waters (soil, water) by the generation of eutrophication phenomena, limitation the of self-purification phenomena, dysfunction of sewage treatment plant, and consequently on the fauna and flora (antimicrobial effect and phytotoxicity).

A simulation model of high ash Indian coal based Fluidized Bed Gasifier has been developed using Aspen Plus simulation software and the predicted results were validated against the experimental data available in literature for three different types of coals having different ash content which was as high as 48.9%. The hydrodynamic parameters as well as reaction kinetics were both adapted from standard literature data. To complete the gasification modeling, various unit operation blocks available in Aspen Plus was used. The three different coal samples which consisted of different proximate and ultimate analysis values was used for the simulation. Parameters such as steam to coal ratio and temperature were varied while the coal feed rate and air to coal (A/C) ratio were kept constant throughout the simulation process as per the standard literature data. The model predicted very well in determining the final synthesis gas compositions. The simulation experiment also yielded various more critical information which otherwise was not found in the followed literature. The simulation shows that the production of H2 increases with higher steam to coal ratio but follows a decreasing trend after a certain temperature while the amount of CO and CH4 was found to increase with temperature but follows a slight average decreasing trend on increasing the steam to coal ratio. The amount of CO2 formed was found to have increased in the temperature range of 750–950°C which further decreased with the increasing temperature. The carbon conversion efficiency was also found to have increased with increasing temperature as well as steam to coal ratio.

Deployment of sustainable resources has become blooming in the eco-friendly research field. Asian Palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer) is nature’s perennial gift and called as “tree of life” due to the usage of this tree in all the aspects of a self-reliant lifestyle of the community. Borassus flabellifer is an official tree of Tamil Nadu and it has a lot of nutritive and nutraceutical values that are well studied and reported. In the present study, this palm fruit pulp extract was utilized in designing the fluorescent sensors for the detection of metal ions through UV–visible and fluorescence spectral techniques. The fully ripened palm fruit pulp was extracted in the DMSO solvent which showed a green fluorescence under short UV in the presence of Fe2+ ions. It showed a strong fluorescence emission at 420 nm in the presence of Fe2+ ions and a reasonable fluorescence emission for Cd2+ ion when excited at 320 nm. The palm fruit extract contains a mixture of different organic compounds with different functional groups. The integrated binding sites present in the compounds of palm fruit were responsible for the fluorescence emission towards Cd2+ and Fe2+ ions. This revealed that the Palmyra palm fruit extract acts as a turn ON fluorescent sensor for selective and sensitive detection of Fe2+ ions.

Biodiesels are becoming famous as an elective fuel due to their emission qualities. But still, there are some issues with the exhaust emission from biodiesel. The emission like CO, HC and CO2 reduces with biodiesel, but the NOx outflow increases with biodiesel. The present study involves the application of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to diminish NOx. The J20 (20% blend of Jatropha biodiesel) is utilised as a fuel in a CI engine for this investigation. The emissions like CO, HC, CO2 and NOx and 20% EGR are noted down at 10% and 20% EGR. The load is varied from 0% to 100%. The NOx is reduced significantly, but the CO, CO2, HC and smoke increases on applying Exhaust Gas recirculation (EGR).

The biomass is one of the best renewable energy sources for extracting syngas which is used for bio ethanol production. As compared to other renewable sources such as solar, wind and hydro, biomass gives CO2 and H2 which is mainly used for bio ethanol production. The thermo chemical and biological methods are two different conversion technology available for bio ethanol production. The major steps involved in entire process are syngas extraction from biomass, syngas cleaning and fermentation of syngas using microorganism and various type of reactor under specified condition of temperature, pressure and pH. The optimum temperature range for mesophilic microorganisms are 37 to 40 °C while for thermophilic microorganism it ranges 55 to 80 °C. The microorganisms of clostridium family are giving good yield of bio ethanol. The hybrid platform for gasification syngas fermentation can produce more bio-ethanol by using biomass components as compared to the biochemical conversion routes. The use of hybrid system for syngas fermentation process will takes place at mild temperature and pressures. It also avoids the use of expensive pre-treatment process and enzymes. The entire study concludes the possible routes for bio ethanol production from syngas using fermentation technology.

At the copper-smelting plant of JSC Almalyk MMC, technological solutions are formed containing valuable components in copper production. This article presents the pilot tests of the technology for processing technical solutions of copper production using ozonation. As a result of studies on the oxidation of impurities in wastewater, the process parameters were determined - ozone consumption, process duration, pH, and process temperature, which made it possible to purify and return wastewater to production also receive a sludge of metal compounds. Based on the results obtained, a technology for ozonation of copper production wastewater has been developed. The developed technology was recommended for implementation at JSC Almalyk MMC.

Microalgae is one of the most important sources of green hydrocarbons and it is likely to reduce dependence on fossil fuels due to the high percentage fats of microalgae, and also has a rapid growth rate and consumes the carbon dioxide in large quantities. Besides, the cultivation of microalgae does not require arable land. This short review aims to explain the suitability of microalgae as a biofuel source depending on the content of lipids, and catalytic chemical processes to convert the crude oil of microalgae into biofuels by using different types of modified HZSM-5 zeolites. Also, this review sheds light on the different methods to modify HZSM-5 zeolite toward enhancing the selectivity of cracking and deoxygenation processes by using modified HZSM-5 zeolite with rare earth metals.

There is an increasing concern over the production of huge volume of toxic sludge from the usage of inorganic conventional coagulant (alum) specifically for the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME). As such, there have been many research on greener coagulant in order to tackle the issue. In this study, Moringa oleifera extracted from salt (MOS) was utilised to evaluate its promising function as a coagulant. Turbidity, colour, chemical oxygen demand (COD) percentage reduction and sludge volume index (SVI) as a function of Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) dosage, volume of MOS, types of salt and salt concentration were measured. POME treated with MOS had turbidity, colour, COD removal and SVI up to 51%, 50%, 65% and 148 mL/g, respectively under the following optimum conditions: 3 wt% MOS, 60 mL/L of MOS, and MOS extracted with 0.5 M calcium chloride (CaCl2) salt. Notably, 78% of SVI was reduced in comparison to M. oleifera seed (without extraction) and 94% lesser when compared to alum. The current research demonstrated that MOS can be applied as an alternative to conventional coagulant for POME treatment.

The simultaneous digestion of two or more organic substrate in anoxic conditions is a proven strategy for optimizing anaerobic digestion (AD) efficiency, likewise, the maintenance of process temperature within the biocatalytic range of AD processes is critical for process stabilization. However, challenges with yield and process stability yet presents major bottlenecks for bio-digester designs specifically for low-income households due to characteristic limitations in feed profile and constant exposure to natural elements and fluctuations in weather conditions. In this study, knowledge of common advantages of co-digestion of kitchen wastes and animal manure; nutrient balancing for improved microbial growth and activity, augmentation of substrate characteristics, was combined with household digester design modification (with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) cover) for an improved, yet techno-feasible process. Low-cost, durable LDPE commonly used for its greenhouse heating function was explored here for sustaining bio-methane production from organic feeds in and at household digester conditions. Food wastes (KW) was co-digested with cow manure (CW) in a modular anaerobic digester with and without LDPE cover. Findings showed the optimum feed blend: KW to CW, 3:1 produced the highest amount of biogas over a hydraulic retention time of 30 days and organic loading rate of 4.41 kgVS/L/day. The co-digestion runs suggested significant synergy across runs while mono-digestion of KW failed due to acidification. Fed-batch codigestion of the substrates in the LDPE modified digester resulted in a significant increase in methane content of produced biogas with proof of slurry temperature within the mesophilic range (29–44 °C) across the 3-month study time.

Due to increasing automobiles, power plants and factories, increasing of this automobiles, power plants produce the more emissions like CO, HC and NOx. So that the world is searching for the alternative fuel, which will not create any harm to the environment and also it would be less in cost. Biodiesel is one of the main solutions to the global energy crisis. In this present work studied the performances and emission characteristics of watermelon Seed Oil Bio-diesel (WSO). Use of additives for better combustion characteristics to the biodiesel. The blends of Watermelon Seed oil (WSO) with the additives Aluminum oxide are B10 + 20 PPM CeO2, B20 + 20PPM CeO2, B30 + 20 PPM CeO2. This blends were analyzed and their performance and emissions characteristics compared with performance and emission characteristics of diesel. Tests were carried out over entire range of engine operation at varying conditions of load. The engine exhaust gas emissions are reduced with increase biodiesel concentration.

The present work is intended to investigate the effect of nanoparticle on the properties of traditional lubricant SAE 20 W40 and an eco-friendly oil - Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO). Over the decade, researchers have shown an interest in the use of nano-fluids because of its undue advantages such as reliability, durability, and increase in machinery life. Nanolubricants with varied concentrations of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles with base engine oil SAE 20 W40 and VCO have been developed. The effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on physio-chemical properties of engine oil SAE 20 W40 and VCO have been determined. This work provides a thoughtful requirement for developing the new nanolubricant with better physio-chemical properties. The physio-chemical study has been done for both SAE20W40 and eco-friendly oil (VCO) using TiO2 nanoadditives. Results obtained from the experiments are analyzed and compared with the physical properties of base Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO).

Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (ScBA) is a waste material widely used in concrete industry. It can be used as partial replacement of cement in concrete mixes and can be a suitable alternative in preparation of concrete mixes due to its good pozzolanic properties. In order to examine the characteristics, composition and morphology of bagasse ash, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of ScBA were performed. In order to optimize the percent replacement of cement by ScBA, the cement has been partially replaced by ScBA in proportions of 0%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by weight in concrete mixes. The various outcomes of replacement by ScBA have been analyzed through evaluation of different properties like workability (WkA), compressive (CS) and split tensile strength (STS) for 7 days, 28 days, 90 days and 180 days. A durability property of concrete was also evaluated by the method of sulphate resistance. The results further reveal that the CS of concrete mix was relatively higher at 10% replacement of cement by ScBA and was observed decreasing beyond 10% replacement. It was also found that addition of ScBA in the replacement percentage significantly enhanced the sulphate resistance. The minimum strength loss obtained were 1.24% and 5.02% for 90 days and 180 day at 10% ScBA replacement. The results indicate that ScBA is a pozzolanic material possessing good binder properties and can potentially be used in concrete mixes as a partial replacement of costly cement.

The present research proposes the investigation of environmentally-safe fossil fuels and its performance on the diesel engine. The rising consumption rate of fossil fuel leads to enhance air deterioration levels of the environment. In the present study, research on Karanja methyl esters, Kusum methyl esters, and Mahua methyl esters with different blending ratios has been carried out as fuel for agriculture-based DI diesel engine. Kusum methyl esters blends shows better thermal efficiency at full load as well as part load (2 kW to 3 kW). KUB10. KUB20 show better Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and Brake Power (BP) among all tested fuels and almost equal to that of diesel fuel without any modification. Among the test blends of KUB10 shows lesser BSFC, 52 gm/kWh at full engine load condition. Overall Kusum biodiesel blend (KUB10) shows better performance in terms of thermal efficiency, fuel consumption per kilowatt (BSFC) and brake power. With the blending of Kusum biodiesel (KUM40), the viscosity increased up to 3.35 cSt resulting in better performance on the diesel engine.

With the growing population, agriculture productivity is increasing due to the high demand for food, which in turn produces a large amount of agricultural waste. Pyrolysis of crop residues is one of the suitable options to produce biochar and can be utilized as a fuel. In the present study, the slow pyrolysis of rice straw was carried out at four temperatures, 300 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C. It was observed that biochar yield decreases (57.87–35.63%) with an increase in the process temperature. The physiochemical properties such as fixed carbon (43.91–57.63%), heating value (16.59–19.69 MJ/kg), carbon (63.77–85.13%) in biochar increases with temperature. Burning of rice straw (3Mt/year) emits the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission of about 10,953 (CO2e) Gg/year, while the combustion of biochar produced from rice straw at different temperatures emits the emission in the range of 2131–3239 (CO2e) Gg/year. The electricity generation potential analysis for produced biochars was carried out with two different power plant efficiency 25 and 30%. The electricity potential for power plant efficiency 25% and 30% was observed in the range of 1.2–1.82 TWh and 1.44–2.18 TWh, respectively.

Electricity has become a most important parameter for developing countries to improve their growth rate. On an average in India power generation is contributed using coal as fuel up to 75.9%. Higher the calorific value, higher would be the heat liberated from the coal, thus resulting in higher steam generation, which would contribute to increase in power generation. In this article experimental attempt has been made to study the performance of coal used in Indian thermal power plant in terms of calorific value and ash content. Coal used in Chandrapur super thermal power station was blended with charcoal of Prosopis Juliflora in proportion of 100, 80, 60, 40 and 20 percentage. Preparation of coal was also differentiate by crushing the coal manually and using ball miller. Result shows that blending coal with charcoal of Prosopis Juliflora showed increase in calorific value and decrease in ash content.

This study aims to examine the biodegradation behavior of cuprammonium rayon (CR) with added coffee grounds (CRW) for the sustainable development goals of new products. Biodegradation tests of CRW and CR without coffee grounds (CRWO) were conducted for a 4-week test time. The results show that the respective mass rates of CRW and CRWO at the 4-week test time were 2% and 8%, respectively, implying that the mass rate of CR was affected by the microbial degradation at the CR–coffee ground interface.

The world cannot imagine without an automobile. But the emissions of the vehicles are at an undesirable level. The present work investigates the effect of engine performance and emissions in a single-cylinder four-stroke variable compression ratio (VCR), diesel engine using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), diesel, and CIME (Calophyllum Inophyllum methyl esters) blends. Biodiesel has a higher viscosity, lower calorific value than mineral diesel, and it is used as a blend in diesel up to a certain percentage because of its drawbacks. But biodiesel usage in IC engines significantly reduces emissions and exhaust gas temperature. In the present work, an attempt has been made to use biodiesel blend with hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) in the engine. Biodiesel was blended with Hydrogen, and oxygen-rich additive H2O2 at 5, 10, 15 percentages and was tested and compared with biodiesel (B100) and diesel. The test results show that the engine fueled with biodiesel and H2O2 blend improves engine performance and decreases the NO and CO Emissions compared with biodiesel (B100). The 10% H2O2 blend has performed near to diesel.

India is the largest producer of sugar in the world and thereby produces tremendous amount of bagasse. Sugar industries utilize the bagasse to recover energy and the waste byproduct commonly termed as sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) is discarded in landfills that impacts the environment at large. The SBA primarily contains calcium oxides, silica and aluminium ion that has the potential for developing sustainable building material. This study aims to find the effect of the industrial byproducts, micro silica (MS) and SBA on the durability and strength properties of M40 grade of concrete. In this study, the cement was partially substituted with varying percentages of SBA while MS was replaced by 10% of weight of cement. The durability of the blended concrete against sulphate and chloride attack was assessed by immersing the cured concrete cubes in 5% diluted (v/v) acids (sulfuric and hydrochloric). The loss in weight of the concrete cubes and compressive strength was examined at the end of 56 days and 90 days distinctly in both the acids. The blended concrete gives optimal resistance to sulphate and chloride attack when cement is replaced in the concrete with 10% SBA and 10% MS by weight.

This research investigates the effect of coal bottom ash (CBA) content as partial sand replacement on workability and compressive strength of palm oil clinker lightweight concrete. Five types of mixes consisting 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% CBA as sand replacement were used. Specimens were water cured until the testing age. Compressive strength and water absorption test were conducted at 28 days. Inclusion of 10% CBA produces concrete with the targeted strength. However, excessive use of CBA at 40% should be avoided as it results in significant strength reduction.

The present experiment is carried out to study the effect excess cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on four-stroke, single-cylinder, air-cooled direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The biodiesel used is 100% JOME (Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester). Here jatropha oil methyl ester fuel is transesterified to reduce the viscosity as per ASTM standard. The experiment is conducted by different BMEP with a constant speed of 1500 rpm. An Extensive level of EGR (up to 75%) was used to achieve lower emissions. Experimental results were showed a reduction in NOx higher rate compares to another emission. Exhaust gas Emissions of hydrocarbons, Nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide was measured using gas analyzer. Thermocouple mounted on tailpipe is used to observed the exhaust gas temperature. The calculated thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions are compared with diesel. Reduction in NOx was 62.5% at 75% EGR at 50% load was observed but hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide emissions are increased with rising of EGR percentage.

Unconditional extraction of fossil fuels on one side and exponential demand with minimum emissions makes the researchers think for alternative fuels. Schleichera Oleosa is one such alternative fuel whose physicochemical properties are at par with conventional diesel and also having more than 40% saturated free fatty acids recommended to make use of its biodiesel blends 10% (SO BD10), 20% (SO BD20) and 30% (SO BD30) with conventional diesel. Moreover, tested these blends in a single cylinder, 4 stoke, 7.35 kW, 1000 rpm constant speed, water cooled, natural aspirated, vertical lister, oil engine for its feasibility. Performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and brake specific energy consumption and emissions like NOx, Smoke, CO and HC were examined. SO BD30 shown better performance at par with diesel operation when compared to all other blended environments. Performance parameters like: brake thermal efficiency of 28.90%, brake specific energy consumption of 12.45 MJ/kW-hr were recorded, which are near by the conventional diesel operation. With respect to emissions, oxides of Nitrogen of 462 ppm, Smoke with 32 HSU, Carbon Monoxide with 0.32% by volume and unburned Hydrocarbon of 8 ppm were measured. Oxides of Nitrogen was reduced when comparing to conventional diesel operation. Smoke was remain same, whereas carbon monoxide and unburned Hydrocarbons were slightly higher than the conventional petro-diesel operation.

Over the year’s world has seen a noteworthy rise in pollution and diminution in fossil fuels as a consequence biodiesel was thought of an auxiliary fuel which could turn down the usage of conventional fossil fuels. The value of FFA in Gossypium (cotton) seed oil to be 1.8% retrieved from titration result. Therefore, single stage transesterification phenomena were used for biodiesel production. Cottonseed crude oil (800 ml) was heated beforehand to 131°F, methanol (molar ratio 9:1) and KOH pellets (4% wt.) were mixed to form potassium methoxide which is a strong caustic. Biodiesel formed was washed once for the removal of any impurities of glycerin. The yield of the result was found to be 93%.Even after considerable edge over the conventional fuel, biodiesel is facing an adverse response because of its poor stability and tendency to get oxidized with the time. Fire point is an important indicator which indicates the tendency of a fuel to support combustion. In this work, efforts have been taken to study the impact of additives like antioxidants and metal adulterants on the fire point of cottonseed biofuel.

The present study aims to explore the use of poultry and domestic waste to produce the biogas. The current rate of diesel consumption is quite high while taking into account the gas emissions and the fast depletion of non-renewable fuel sources. The study conducted is about adding a certain optimal amount of bio-gas from the poultry waste to the gas mixture from the carburettor to reduce the fuel consumption. The greatest biogas generation potential for the dairy animal’s excrement and poultry dropping blend is in the request of 25% CD + 75% PL, >50% CD + 50% PL, >00% CD + 100% PL. The two-composition mixture of 20% and 30% biogas with air shows that the amount of diesel consumption is reduced. The highest reduction at 20% biogas and at zero load stands at 29% less diesel consumption and 30% biogas mixture and at zero load, 37.5% fuel reduction.

Diesel engines are commonly known for its high-power output and high performance. However, the rise in energy consumption, the gradual depletion of petroleum fuels and compliance with strict emission regulations are of great interest to researchers to produce alternative fuels from renewable energy resources. Of all the different alternative fuels, vegetable oil replaces traditional diesel fuels. The transesterification process is frequently used in the process of extracting biodiesel from vegetable oils. In this process, triglycerides are converted into monoglycerides using alcohol and a catalyst at a specific reaction temperature. In this experimental work, pongamia and mahua oil having a higher composition of Palmitic and oleic fatty acids are used to extract biodiesel through a transesterification using methanol and KOH catalyst. Since the combustion process in diesel engine is very complicated because of heterogeneous spray combustion. The physiochemical properties of biodiesel vary when compared to diesel fuel. It is essential to study the influence of Palmitic and oleic fatty acids on combustion parameters of diesel engines. Palmitic and oleic acids are the main fatty acids of pongamia and mahua biodiesel. This was the key inspiration for this research to understand and examine the combustion behaviour of CI engines fuelled with methyl ester containing a higher composition of Palmitic and oleic acid mixture. The experiment was performed with a diesel engine for diesel and pongamia and mahua biodiesel blends (PME25, PME50, PME75 and PME) as a fuel. The combustion parameters namely, in-cylinder pressure, the MRPR, HRR, cumulative HRR, ID and CD were evaluated. It was observed that the ID and the MRPR reduced for biodiesel than diesel due to higher cetane number of biodiesel blends showing a smoother operation of the engine. The longer combustion duration was detected for all methyl ester blends, resulting in poor engine performance for biodiesel blends.

Assessment of Pozzolonic activity of certain industrial waste is important due to an increasing need of cementitious material. This study was undertaken to widen the scope of using pozzolanic waste like fly ash and bagasse ash as a supplement to cement. Sugarcane bagasse ash (BA) is a solid waste obtained from the cogeneration combustion boilers in sugar industry and fly ash (FA) is a waste product generated during coal combustion in thermal power plants. The present study is an attempt to determine the pozzolanic activity of BA and FA. Physical properties such as particle size, surface area and specific gravity of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), Sugarcane bagasse ash and fly ash were determined using HORIBA zeta analyzer, BET surface area analyzer and Standard Le-chatelier flask respectively. The chemical composition of OPC, BA and FA was obtained using X-ray florescence (XRF) and the mineralogical analysis was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Frattini test was conducted to determine hydroxyl ion (OH–) concentration and calcium ion concentration (Ca+2) which is represented through solubility curve. Strength activity index (SAI) was based on the compressive strength test performed on mortar cube specimen which were cast by partial replacement of cement with bagasse ash and fly ash at 10, 20 and 30 percent by weight. The SAI for both BA and FA blended cement mortar was determined after 3, 7, and 28 days of curing and the results compared. The physical and chemical properties of FA and BA meet the requirements as a Pozzolonic material, based on the mineralogical analysis and strength activity index, blending OPC with 20 percent FA or 10 percent BA is beneficial.

We are running out of crude oil resources, biodiesel is a promising alternative. However, the usage of biodiesel and its blends are associated with problems in atomization of fuel. The main reason is the high viscosity of oils extracted from green matter. The viscosity of oils is inversely proportional to temperature i.e. as temperature increases the viscosity decreases. Present study discusses the effects of preheated biodiesel and its blends on the performance and emissions of diesel engines. The supply of preheated biodiesel increases thermal efficiency (7.3%) and decreases CO, HC emissions but result in increase in NOx emissions.