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β-Bi 2 O 3 and Ni-incorporated β-Bi 2 O 3 nanoparticles with different Ni incorporating amounts (0, 2, and 4 at. wt. %) were successfully synthesized through a viable hydrothermal process. As-synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed by complementary analytical tools such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) for structural, microstructural, compositional, and spectral properties. The photocatalytic performance of synthesized nanoparticles was assessed by subjecting them to visible light irradiation and monitoring the decomposition of rhodamine-B dye. The findings demonstrated that the inclusion of Ni(4%) in β-Bi 2 O 3 nanoparticles significantly enhanced its photocatalytic activity compared to pristine β-Bi 2 O 3 which is desirable for environmental remediation. This improvement may be caused by increased generation of electron-hole (e−-h+) pairs, reduced recombination rate of these pairs, enhanced absorption of visible light, and a decreased band gap energy. To evaluate the specific capacitance characteristics of synthesized electrode materials, cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge, and electrochemical impedance analyses were conducted. The super capacitance activities of prepared electrode materials were observed in the order of Bi 2 O 3 < Ni(2%)-Bi 2 O 3 < Ni(4%)-Bi 2 O 3. Notably, Ni(4%)-Bi 2 O 3 nanocomposite exhibited higher supercapacitance, which can be attributed to the effective role of appropriate nickel incorporation in Bi 2 O 3. These results suggested that the incorporation of Ni(4%) into β-Bi 2 O 3 to form a nanocomposite showed greater capability as an effective electrode material for advanced energy storage devices, especially supercapacitors. Ni (0,2,4%) incorporated-Bi 2 O 3 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized and characterized through viable techniques. Ni (4%)- Bi 2 O 3 nanoparticles have shown enhanced visible light driven photocatalytic activity against organic dyes for environmental remediation. It also exhibited high supercapacitance desirable for high capacity electrode material employable in supercapacitors. [Display omitted] • Ag NPs-loaded brookite TiO 2 NWs supported on rGO sheets were produced hydrothermally. • Structure and morphology were evaluated by XRD, XPS and SEM/TEM. • Ag–TiO 2 /rGO nanohybrid exhibited an excellent light induced photocatalytic performance. • A suitable schematic mechanism was proposed for photocatalytic degradation of dye. • Ag–TiO 2 /rGO nanohybrid demonstrated fairly high electrochemical electrode material characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissimilar material (Al and steel) tubes have been successfully joined together using magnetic pulse welding technique by setting optimized parameters i.e., discharge voltage and standoff distance. The welded interface has revealed an irregular wavy morphology with melt pockets (max. width ∼20 μm) consisting of intermetallic compound embedded in elemental mixture. High resolution electron microscopy and compositional analysis through energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) have revealed the formation of 2–3 μm long rod-shaped Fe-Al intermetallic compound. Non-destructive ultrasonic C-scans of the sample welded at 15.5 kV discharge voltage and 1.25 mm air gap have indicated sound welds between the two materials depicting 80% joint integrity while considering the backwall reflection threshold at 50%. The corrosion behaviour at the weld interfaces has been investigated in aqueous solution of 3.5 wt. % NaCl using both potentiodynamic and immersion tests revealing the influence of the intermetallic compound layer on corrosion. [Display omitted] • Non-destructive ultrasonic C-Scan characterization of magnetic pulse welded Al-Steel tubes. • Weld interface consists of 10–20 μm thick melt pockets of Al-Fe intermetallic. • The IMC layer thickness at the interface is directly proportional to the heat input that accelerates the corrosion rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to synthesise aerogel and xerogel solids based on zirconia doped with cobalt using solgel procedure. The obtained nanoparticles (Zr doped Co-NPs) were further characterized with high resolution scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of Zr doped Co-NPs was assessed against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Our results revealed that synthesized Co/Zr aerogels have a regular spherically shaped, heavily aggregated as groups of clusters with nanometric sizes. Regarding the antibacterial properties, synthetized nanoparticles were found to more effective against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae with of inhibition zones reaching 15 mm at a concentration of 35 μg/mL.The same result was registered against Staphylococcus aureus strain at a higher concentration (45 μg/mL). However, no activity was observed against Enterococcus faecalis strain. The varied structure and morphologies of the tested nanomaterials influenced their antibacterial capabilities, since aerogel particles are dotted of spherical form and nanometric size. Whereas xerogels particles are nearly irregular in shape and larger in size. [Display omitted] • Aerogel has bactericide activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. • Xerogel that is completely inactive toward all the tested bacteria. • Aerogel has nano-scale spherical structure facilitating its penetration throw bacterial cell wall. • Xerogel particles have rocky and agglomerated aspect of large particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Au Sn/ZnO nanocatalyst was synthesized by a two-step synthetic approach in which Au Sn alloy bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) were incorporated into presynthesized ZnO in 1-butyl 3-methylimidazolium (BMIMBF 4) ionic liquid (IL) via combustion route. The structure, morphology, and optical properties of the above synthesized material were analysed by using various analytical techniques, including X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy Mapping (EDS), UV–vis Spectroscopy, Photoluminescence, Nitrogen Adsorption–Desorption, photoelectrochemical measurements and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The average particle size and the homogeneous distribution of Au Sn nanoparticle over the surface of ZnO was analyzed by using TEM. XPS analysis provides information regarding the elemental structure of individual species as well as the possible electronic interaction between the nanoparticles. The photocatalytic activity of the nanocatalyst was studied towards the degradation of organic contaminants such as rhodamine B dye, 2-chlorophenol, phenol, 2,4- dichlorophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol. After 90 min the complete degradation of Rhodamine B (95%) and phenol (94%) and its derivatives was achieved under visible irradiation. The high photoactivity of 3Au 1Sn/ZnO can be attributed to the combined effect of enhanced light absorption intensity, longer lifetime of electron-hole pair, lower electron-hole recombination rate, increased stability, higher surface area and the synergistic effect between the metal nanoparticles and support material. It is expected that our current work could open promising prospects for the utilization of Sn-based bimetallic system as a potential visible light photocatalyst for environmental applications. Image 1 • Au Sn incorporated in ZnO which was prepared by ionic liquid assisted SCS method. • Catalytic efficiency was studied towards the degradation of organic contaminants. • 3Au 1Sn/ZnO showed much higher efficiency with respect to other nanocatalyst. • Well-dispersed and intimate connected Au Sn can improve catalytic performance. • Enhanced light absorption and higher surface area plays major role in the activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modifications in the microstructure and optical properties of cobalt doped nickel oxide nanoparticles (Ni 1-x Co x O, x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.10) synthesized by co-precipitation method is reported here. X-ray diffraction, field emission electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and high resolution transmission electron microscopy techniques reveal successful incorporation of Co into the NiO lattice without compromising its intrinsic structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirms the compositional purity of the sample. The bandgap tuning of NiO is achieved by Co doping as confirmed by UV–visible absorption studies. Significant variation is observed in the luminescence intensity with Co doping. Surface oxygen vacancies and defects play a pivotal role in controlling the emission properties of NiO. This is the first report on the enhancement of PL intensity with Co doping of NiO nanoparticles. The modified spectral response of Co doped NiO is expected to have various optoelectronic applications. Image 10450 • Particle size modulation and increase in microstrain on doping of NiO with Co 2+ ions. • Tuning of bandgap on doping. • Emission bands give an insight into the defect structure. • First report on the enhancement of PL intensity with Co doping of NiO. • First comprehensive report for the characterization of Co doped of NiO nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytically active nanocomposites based on exfoliated at 550 °C graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (NS) modified by graphene oxide (GO) were synthesized taking the advantage of electrostatic attraction forces originating between oppositely charged NS and GO nanosheets. The process was based on mixing of aqueous suspensions of GO and NS, both having pH = 3, with the aim to set the negative surface charge to GO and positive charge to NS. High resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) and S/TEM with elemental mapping revealed that GO was surrounded by exfoliated carbon nitride and thus large number of heterojunctions was created. Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) confirmed that the separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes was more intense in GO/NS. Photocatalysis was used as a characterization method and indicated created heterojunction between GO and NS. The improved GO/NS photocatalytic degradation activity against the indigo carmine (IC) dye was observed as a result of higher production of superoxide radicals. Image 1 • GO/NS nanocomposites with various wt.% of GO were prepared. • Unconventional preparation was based on electrostatic attraction forces. • Optimal concentration of GO in GO/NS composite was 0.5 wt%. • 0.5GO/NS showed 2 times higher photocatalytic activity than exfoliated g-C 3 N 4. • Higher production of O 2.•— in the presence of GO/NS was observed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinel structured zinc ferrite (ZF) has been green synthesized using microwave-assisted solution combustion method. Toxic free Hibiscus leaves extract was used as a reducing agent in the synthesis process. Rietveld refinement analysis of high-resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirmed that the ZF has cubic spinel structure with the average crystallite size of 10.47 nm. Agglomerated spherical shapes were observed in green synthesized spinel ZF by scanning electron microscope. The estimated average particle size was found to be 11.52 nm by high resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging. The Zn, Fe and O are the main elements present in spinel ZF, analysed from energy dispersion X-ray analysis. Tetrahedral and octahedral lattice sites which are related to Zn–O and Fe–O bonds were identified by Fourier transform infra-red and Raman spectra. The estimated optical energy bandgap of spinel ZF is found to be 2.17 eV using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The Vibrating sample magnetometer results showed single domain superparamagnetic nature of spinel ZF at room temperature. In addition, antibacterial properties of spinel ZF were tested using agar dispersion and agar well diffusion methods on gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli DH5α, after 24 h the bacterial growth completely inhibited. [Display omitted] • Spinel zinc ferrite oxide (ZnFe 2 O 4) was successfully green synthesized using Hibiscus leaf extract as a stabilizing agent. • Spinel structure of ZnFe 2 O 4 explained by HR-XRD analysis. • Agglomerated particles are observed in spinel ZnFe 2 O 4. • The estimated optical energy bandgap of green synthesized spinel ZnFe 2 O 4 is 2.17 eV. • The spinel ZnFe 2 O 4 has good antibacterial properties against gram negative E. coli DH5α bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a study of the synthesis and characterization of molybdenum oxide nanostructures produced by laser ablation of solids in liquids (LASL). A high purity molybdenum target was ablated in deionized water using femtosecond laser pulses. We found that both nanoparticles and nanosheets composed of molybdenum oxide were formed. The colloid suspension optical absorbance changes with time, as the colloid ages it changes color; a blue shift is observed within a few days of aging. It results in a band gap increase from 2.55 eV up to 2.9 eV for nearly a month of aging, which we computed through the Tauc method. Raman characterization of the nanostructures shows that the synthesized material turns into a hydrated molybdenum oxide (MoO 3 · n H 2 O). This is consistent with the band gap evolution, which for early aging corresponds to MoO 3 to later achieve the band gap value of a hydrated molybdenum oxide. The nanostructures were also characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showing that the nanoparticles have a core-shell structure with a raspberry-like shell for medium and small nanoparticles and a smooth homogeneous shell for large nanoparticles. The size distribution peaks at 30–40 nm, with the smallest nanoparticles at 10 nm and the largest at 120 nm. The nanosheets are decorated by tiny nanoparticles. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images allowed measuring the interplanar distances at the nanosheets, we found the nanosheets are composed by the orthorhombic stable-phase α -MoO 3. SAED measurements confirmed the formation of this molybdenum oxide phase. An absorption band at 830 nm that develops in the few first days of aging of the colloid is of interest for photothermal therapy, which gives the reported nanostructures a good potential for biomedical applications. • Femtosecond laser ablation of solids in liquids for nanomaterials rapid synthesis. • Simultaneous nanoparticle and nanosheet molybdenum oxide laser synthesis. • Band gap modification after molybdenum oxide nanomaterials synthesis due to aging. • Transient plasmonic absorption band of the molybdenum oxide nanomaterials in the near infrared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycling palm oil fuel ash (POFA) into lucrative holey graphene nanosheets will not only save resources but will also prove to be a great solution to avoid the hazards of environmental pollution. The present research aims on studying the effects of temperature and ratio of potassium hydroxide (KOH) during the chemical activation reaction of POFA, resulting in porous graphene sheets with great scope in a variety of industrial applications. These two parameters were studied because of their major influence on the yield, surface area, porosity, and quality of the produced graphene sheets. Porous graphene sheets were prepared by optimizing different activation temperatures (700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C) and POFA to KOH impregnation ratios (1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5). The optimal conditions for producing the best POFA-derived holey graphene in terms of the number of layers, surface area, and porosity were found with impregnation ratio of 1:3 and at temperature of 800 °C. From scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analyses, it was found that the resulting few layer nanosheets have more uniform porosity at these optimized conditions. We found Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, pore volume and carbon percentage of 1506.64 m2/g, 0.88 cm3/g and 99% respectively which are comparable to the previous findings using other biomass sources. It was also found that a higher temperature and higher KOH ratio resulted into pore widening and increasing the surface area, but at temperatures beyond the optimized conditions, the surface area and pore volume were reduced due to more vigorous reactions, and volatilization, which led to pore destruction. The present work emphasizes that these parameters have major impact on POFA activation, and their optimisation resulted into good quality graphene nanosheets in a greener and sustainable way, which can be used for many applications including inexpensive energy-storage and water purification applications. [Display omitted] • Graphenic carbon nanosheets obtained from palm oil fuel ash via a simple method. • High surface area, high yield and clean edges obtained at optimized conditions. • Temperature of 800 °C and POFA/KOH ratio of 1:3 gives best product. • Much higher temperature and KOH ratio leads to aggressive reaction giving no product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide (TiO 2), neodymium (Nd3+) doped TiO 2 with the doping levels of 0.3% and 0.5% were synthesised by hydrothermal method and were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis diffused reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Ultraviolet X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Doping of Nd3+ ions have been created new surface energy states below the conduction band of TiO 2 which mediate the photoinjected electrons through TiO 2 network to external load without any impediment. The Fermilevel (E f) of TiO 2 was shifted to downward direction upon Nd3+ ion doping confirmed from UPS analysis. An enhanced photoconversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.7% was achieved for the device fabricated using 0.3% Nd3+ ion doped TiO 2 which is higher than that of the device with undoped TiO 2 (10.1%). The noticeable increment in the PCE was due to the reduced charge recombination, longer electron lifetime and improved charge injection form LUMO of the N719 dye to the CB of TiO 2. [Display omitted] • Doping of Nd3+ in TiO 2 created new surface states that mediate the photoinjected electrons without any impediment. • The Fermilevel (E f) of TiO 2 was shifted to a downward direction upon Nd3+ ion doping confirmed from UPS analysis. • Enhanced photoconversion efficiency of 10.7% was achieved for the device fabricated using 0.3% Nd3+ ion-doped TiO 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An aquatic plant, water hyacinth was used after modification with poly-aniline (PANI@WH) as an adsorbent for removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution. The effect of pH, time, dose and concentration on Cr (VI) removal was investigated following batch adsorption process. The adsorption of Cr (VI) on PANI@WH adsorbent followed Freundlich adsorption isotherm as well as pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Maximum adsorption capacity obtained by isotherm has been achieved as 31.45 mgg−1 at 323K. Adsorption of Cr (VI) proceeds through film diffusion rather than intra-particle diffusion. Thermodynamic studies suggested endothermic and spontaneous nature of adsorption due to positive enthalpy and negative Gibbs free energy values. On the basis of the value of mean free energy, Gibb's free energy of adsorption and activation energy obtained in the present investigation suggested that adsorption of Cr (VI) on polyaniline coated water hyacinth occurs through physical adsorption. Surface characterization studies such as Field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, Brunauer, Emmett and Teller surface area, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer, atomic force microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy illustrated adsorption mechanism of the adsorbent. The predicted % removal of Cr (VI) was obtain by response surface methodology model are compared with the experimental % removal of Cr (VI) obtained by batch adsorption process. Prepared composite adsorbent can be reused for several cycles and it gives 85% Cr (VI) removal efficiency even after 4th cycle which shows its good regeneration ability. [Display omitted] • PANI@WH is low cost adsorbent and offered 98.5% Cr (VI) removal. • Freundlich isotherm is followed by Cr(VI) adsorption on PANI@WH. • Cr (VI) adsorption on Cr(VI) on PANI@WH followed physical adsorption. • The adsorption of Cr(VI) on PANI@WH followed pseudo-second-order kinetic model. • FESEM,EDX, and XPS studies confirmed the adsorption of Cr(VI) on PANI@WH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports substantial coating of biocompatible polymer Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) of Lanthanum Strontium Manganese Oxide (LSMO) also called manganite, as a novel attempt, for magnetic Hyperthermia applications. Two series of manganite (La 1-x Sr x MnO 3) were synthesized through Citrate-gel technique choosing "x" as (0.3) and (0.33). X-ray diffraction (XRD) study has shown satisfactory phase formation of MNPs in accordance with the standard patterns. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was done to evaluate the effect of CMC on particles' morphology after coating. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has displayed successful attachment of CMC on the surface of MNPs and adsorbed coating amounts have been assessed through Thermogravimetric analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TGA/DSC). The coated LSMO were dispersed in Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS, pH = 7) as an innovative try, to see the potential of these mediators towards effective Hyperthermia applications in fluid form at a suitable frequency of the applied magnetic field. The CMC coated MNPs have achieved quite appreciable specific absorption rate (SAR) up to 225 W/g and intrinsic loss power (ILP); showing a positive sign for their possible usage in Hyperthermia therapy. [Display omitted] • Biocompatible CMC coating on La 1-x Sr x MnO 3 (x = 0.3 & 0.33). • CMC found to be suitable for encapsulating MNPs. • Appreciable magnetization by CMC coated MNPs. • Efficient heating of CMC coated NPs for Hyperthermia applications. • Significant SAR (225.4 W/g) when dispersed in PBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have attracted immense interest of the scientistific community due to their unique physico-chemical characteristics and applications in optoelectronic devices. Interface between TMDCs and the substrate plays a leading role in the performance and reliability of the devices. Swift heavy ion (SHI) irradiation is used as a most valuable tool for altering material's physical, chemical, structural, surface and interface properties in a controlled manner. In this work, characteristics of SHI irradiation caused defects in MoSe 2 sheets on different substrates were presented to study the role of the substrate on defect engineering of MoSe 2. Morphologies of the SHI induced latent tracks on MoSe 2 were detected by atomic force microscopy (AFM), which suggest that substrate plays a dominate role on determining the shape of the latent tracks on 2D TMDCs. Cross-section morphology of SHI irradiated MoSe 2 on different substrates was examined by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The lattice mismatch between MoSe 2 sheets and the substrate leads to different depths of the atomic mixing at their interface. Dependence of vibrational modes of MoSe 2 nanosheets on the substrates was studied by Raman spectroscopy and a counterbalance effect among the electron doping, charge localization and decoupling effect is expected to determining the shift of A 1g mode in SHI irradiated MoSe 2 sheets. Electrical properties degradation of the MoSe 2 field effect transistor (FET) confirms the SHI irradiation that cause charge localization. This study provides fundamental insights in understanding the influence of the substrate on defect engineering in TMDC materials and a practical guide on choosing the conditions to obtain certain parameters of irradiated TMDC materials. • Shape of latent tracks on MoSe 2 with a small thickness depends on the substrate. • Interface profile depends on the lattice mismatch between MoSe 2 and substrates. • Dependence of vibrational modes of MoSe 2 on the substrates is studied in detail. • Electrical property degradation confirms irradiation caused charge localization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study features structural and photometric aspects of a down-converted green emanating erbium (Er3+) activated nanophosphor synthesized via a versatile and environmentally benign urea aided solution combustion procedure. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern (PXRD) of optimal sample SrGd 1.96 Er 0.04 Al 2 O 7 studied qualitatively by employing the Rietveld refinement practice, disclosed the tetragonal crystal phase with space group 14/mmm (139), consisting grains of size 50.03 nm. Surface morphology and grain size of nanopowders were well investigated by electron microscopy practices like scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). SEM micrograph gave clear insight that Er3+ doped nanophosphors possess slightly agglomerated particles with pores, voids and cracks due to high pressure breakout of gases while combustion synthesis. TEM and SEM images revealed the size of nanoparticles in the ambit of 40–60 nm which was in coherence with that obtained from the scherrer's equation, while the inter-fringes distance corresponding to diffraction plane (116) was calculated to be 0.27 nm from the HRTEM image. The desired nanophosphor showed brilliant green emission with an intense peak at 551 nm attributed to 4S 3/2 → 4I 15/2 transition of Er3+ ions, as analyzed through photoluminescent (PL) emission spectra monitored via near ultraviolet excitation wavelength (381 nm) with an optimal doping concentration of 2.0 mol%. Advanced photometric features like CIE color coordinates (0.3017, 0.6043), CCT (6032K), and color purity (76.52%) confirmed their green glow and are found to be in harmony with standard green emission. The study offers a luminous cool green emanating component for the fabrication of WLEDs and advanced optoelectronic appliances. [Display omitted] • SrGd 2 Al 2 O 7 :Er3+ nanophosphors were prepared via combustion procedure. • Absolute crystal phase was analyzed using XRD assisted Rietveld Refinement technique. • The new down-converted nanophosphors exhibit excellent green luminescence. • CIE chromaticity co-ordinates, CCT and color purity were inspected thoroughly. • Potential candidate for cool WLEDs, lasers and optical sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work focuses on accessing the potential aptitude of the rare-earth-doped Gadolinium oxide (Gd 2 O 3) nanoparticles as a function of dopant concentrations with biological entities in aqueous media. A series of Pr@Gd 2 O 3 NPs were synthesized by fast and economically viable microwave-assisted methodology. Various high end techniques such as high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometric studies, thermal gravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were employed to characterize the prepared particles. The optical, magnetic and thermal properties of Pr-doped Gd 2 O 3 (doping percentage = 5, 10 and 15%) were scrutinized in relationship with their optical band gap, spectroscopic properties, defect states and thermal stability. In order to access the effect of different concentrations of dopant on the biocompatibility of Gd 2 O 3 , in vitro biocompatibility studies on the bacterial and fungal stains have been performed. These variables were on the basis of dopant amount (5, 10 and 15% of Pr) and initial concentration (10, 50, 100 ppm). The outcomes of in-vitro blood compatibility assay showed the biocompatible aptitude of effect of Pr@Gd 2 O 3 NPs as a function of initial concentration ranging from 10, 50, 100 ppm. The relative effect on the chromosomal aberrations in root meristems of A. cepa shown the reduction of 20%, 23%, 8% in mitotic index (MI), correlative mitotic index (CMI) and index of phase (PI) values with increase in Pr doping amount. The high biocompatibility was observed for 10 ppm of Pr@Gd 2 O 3 NPs. Collectively; the outcomes of the present study exemplify the various properties of Pr@Gd 2 O 3 NPs with potential biomedical efficacies. [Display omitted] • Synthesis of Pr@Gd 2 O 3 NPs through a fast, simple, facile and ecologically friendly microwave assisted technique. • Plausible effect of doping on optical, magnetic and thermal properties of Pr@Gd 2 O 3 NPs. • Evaluating alternations in toxicological effects with doping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed phase molybdenum oxide (mp-MoO 3) nanocomposite (NC) along with hexagonal (h-MoO 3) and orthorhombic (o-MoO 3) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized via easy and cost-effective internal combustion method using water/ethanol mixture, water, and methanol solvents. The formation mechanisms of h-MoO 3 , o-MoO 3 , and mp-MoO 3 have been investigated using different physical methods such as XRD (X-ray diffraction), FTIR (fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), FESEM (field emission scanning electron microscopy), HRTEM (high resolution transmission electron microscopy, and SAED (selected area electron diffraction). The potential of prepared NPs and NC on the adsorptive removal of methylene blue (MB) was investigated through the adsorption batch process with variation in the adsorbent dosage, pH, and temperature of the solution. The confirmation of dye adsorption over adsorbent surfaces has been elucidated by employing FTIR and FESEM after the adsorption process. The influence of different NPs and NC on the adsorption efficiency indicates the possibility of physical, chemical as well as electrostatic interaction between adsorbent-adsorbate interface. Thermodynamical parameters were calculated and analyzed for the validity of the adsorption phenomenon. Various kinetic study models such as pseudo-first-order (PFO), pseudo-second-order (PSO), and Intra-particle diffusion (IPD) were fitted to the experimental data to explore the rate-controlling step and for understanding the adsorption mechanism. The mp-MoO 3 NC was observed to have the best adsorption efficiency as well as a better adsorption rate. Therefore synthesized mp-MoO 3 NC showed great potential for dye adsorption and would be seen as the futuristic adsorbent materials for sustainable water treatment technology. • Mixed phase molybdenum oxide (mp-MoO 3) has been synthesized using internal combustion method using urea as a fuel. • The mp-MoO 3 possesses higher methylene blue adsorption efficiency as compared to hexagonal (h-MoO 3) and orthorhombic (o-MoO 3). • The adsorption efficiency was attributed to the improved surface charge, surface area and increased porosity in the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) based heterostructures were prepared by oxygen plasma treatment and atomic layer deposition (ALD) of TiO 2 carried on MWCNTs. Different TiO 2 structures (island, granular and continuous forms) on the nanotubes were obtained by varying the processing parameters. Chemical inertness of MWCNTs led to the ALD of TiO 2 in an island form. Oxygen plasma treatment ensured deposition of a continuous TiO 2 film, 5 nm in thickness. A granular form of TiO 2 was obtained on oxygen plasma treated MWCNTs using shorter duration of Ti-precursor pulse. Different imaging modes in high resolution transmission electron microscopy visualized TiO 2 nanostructures and defects in MWCNT walls. The latter were also confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The morphology of TiO 2 and oxygen plasma treatment of the MWCNTs highly affected the NO 2 sensing behavior of chemiresistive heterostructure sensors at room and elevated temperatures. All investigated sensors exhibited a decrease in the resistance upon exposure to NO 2 gas which implies a p-type sensor response. The granular TiO 2 /MWCNTs heterostructure showed the highest response towards NO 2 gas as compared to the island and continuous forms. [Display omitted] • Manipulating the duration of the Ti-precursor pulse in ALD influence the TiO2 morphology on MWCNTs. • Nanoscopic characterization of MWCNT/TiO2 heterostructures by HR-TEM, HAADF, STEM-EDX. • Oxygen plasma treatment and TiO2 morphology affect the NO2 sensing behavior. • Engineered TiO2 in granular form on oxygen plasma treated MWCNTs exhibits highest response towards NO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Formation and structuring of the product phases of solid state reactions between nickel and silicon carbide were evidenced by high resolution electron microscopy (HREM), as well as by high angle annular dark field scanning transmission technique (HAADF-STEM) allowing the element-sensitive Z-contrast. The observed preferential orientation relationships between precipitated graphite and δ-Ni2Si as well as between the silicide and the 6H-silicon carbide substrate could be explained by epitaxial relations between the corresponding phases. The diffusion-related mechanisms of the carbon precipitation were investigated in the framework of density functional theory (DFT), yielding information on the diffusion barriers and preferential diffusion directions of carbon atoms in δ-Ni2Si. The calculated driving forces for solution and precipitation of carbon within the silicide phase are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: SnO2 nanorods were synthesized via annealing precursor powders prepared in the three surfactant nonyl phenyl polyoxyetheylene (5) ether (NP5)/surfactant nonyl phenyl polyoxyetheylene (9) ether (NP9) (NP5:NP9=1:1) inverse microemulsions (IμE). The three IμE contained KH4B, SnCl4, and NaCl, respectively. SnO2 twins were obtained by calcining precursors, which were produced by grinding mixtures of SnCl2·2H2O, Na2CO3, and NaCl in the NP5/NP9 (NP5:NP9=1:1). The as-prepared samples are investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), energy-dispersed X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), and infrared absorption spectra (IR). It has been found that there are oxygen vacancies on the surface of nanorods, which lead to the broadened IR peaks of nanorods. In addition, the formation mechanism of SnO2 nanorods and twins is discussed in detail. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) have the potential to act as heat sources in magnetic hyperthermia. The key parameter for this application is the specific absorption rate (SAR), which must be as large as possible in order to optimize the hyperthermia treatment. We applied a Plackett-Burman fractional factorial design to investigate the effect of total iron concentration, ammonia concentration, reaction temperature, sonication time and percentage of ethanol in the aqueous media on the properties of iron oxide MNPs. Characterization techniques included total iron content, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Dynamic Magnetization. The reaction pathway in the coprecipitation reaction depended on the initial Fe concentration. Samples synthesized from 0.220 mol L−1 Fe yielded magnetite and metastable precipitates of iron oxyhydroxides. An initial solution made up of 0.110 mol L−1 total Fe and either 0.90 or 1.20 mol L−1 NH 3(aq) led to the formation of magnetite nanoparticles. Sonication of the reaction media promoted a phase transformation of metastable oxyhydroxides to crystalline magnetite, the development of crystallinity, and the increase of specific absorption rate under dynamic magnetization. [Display omitted] • The coprecipitation pathway depended on the initial concentration of Fe. • SAR was highest for samples obtained from 0.110 mol L−1 Fe, in 0.90 mol L−1 NH 3(aq) , sonicated for 1 h. • Sonication of the reaction mixture boosted phase transformation to magnetite. • Fractional factorial designs are a powerful tool for steering the synthesis of Fe 3 O 4 MNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clean and low-cost preparation of advanced materials for green energy storage applications is a critical step towards sustainable development. Here, the rapid modification of CoO in molten salt is proposed as a low-cost approach for the scalable preparation of Co-based oxides with enhanced Li-storage performance. The phase evolution of CoO upon molten salt treatment is investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy, N 2 adsorption–desorption and Raman spectroscopy. The molten salt treatment of CoO under dry and humid Ar atmosphere leads to the formation of dual-phase structured CoO/Co 3 O 4 and Li 0.065 Co 0.935 O, respectively. High resolution transmission electron microscopy and fast Fourier transform analysis of samples after Li insertion and extraction process confirm the formation of nanostructured Co-Li 2 O. The Co phase formed from CoO/Co 3 O 4 and Li 0.065 Co 0.935 O is found to have hexagonal close packed (hcp) and face central cubic (fcc) structure, respectively. The Li-storage performances of these materials are correlated to their structural/microstructural characteristics. This article presents a simple, scalable and environmentally-friendly approach for modification of Co-oxide materials for lithium ion battery anode applications. • Potentially sustainable modification of CoO in high-temperature molten salts. • Molten sat formation of Li 0.065 Co 0.935 O in humid atmosphere and mechanisms. • Preparation of dual-phase structured CoO/Co 3 O 4 in dry atmosphere and mechanisms. • Correlation between structural/morphological features and Li-storage performance. • Formation of nanostructured hybrid Co-Li 2 O with cubic- or hexagonal-Co. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Synthesis of metallic Zn nanoparticles through bio-reduction methods is reported for the first time. The structure, shape and size of the nanoparticles are critically controlled through the pH used in the sample preparation. High resolution electron microscopy was used in order to determine the structure of individual nanoparticles. Formation of quantum dots and the efficiency of ion reduction in the synthesis process are studied through the optical absorption in colloids. The structure and stability of the Zn clusters (up to 4000 atoms) were determined through the calculation of minimum energy configurations using molecular and quantum mechanics approximations and image simulation. The structure of the obtained nanoparticles was preferentially hexagonal, although multiple twinned and fcc-like structures were identified. The size controlled synthesis of small nanoparticles in the quantum-dot range was demonstrated successfully. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: SiC fibre reinforced copper matrix composites are candidate materials for heat sinks in future fusion reactors, as they combine high thermal conductivity and high mechanical strength for operating temperatures of up to 550°C under neutron irradiation. To improve their properties via interlayer design, titanium as coupling agent was deposited on carbon-coated SiC fibres by magnetron sputtering, followed by a copper deposition using electroplating. After a heat treatment at 550°C for the formation of TiC and the reduction of porosity, the wrapped fibres were packed in a copper capsule and hot-isostatically pressed at 650°C to form a composite. The interlayer between fibre and matrix was characterised by high-resolution and analytical transmission electron microscopy and by push-out tests. During the heat treatment, the titanium completely reacts with the carbon coating of the fibre, forming TiC which enhances the bonding between the SiC fibre and the copper matrix. The resulting bonding strength is about 10-fold higher for composites with titanium interlayers compared to those without such layers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The structure and porosity of carbon black (CB) grades determine the ultimate applications of these most industrially used members of carbon materials. Hence, one uses complimentary methods to investigate these features for two conductive CB grades in order to understand their effects on the electric properties of polymeric nanocomposites. The mean particle size, the aggregate structure and voids morphology are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) whereas high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) reveals the ordering of the graphitic layers inside a CB particle as well as particles interconnections. The specific surface, voids size distribution and specific voids volume are studied using nitrogen adsorption, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermoporosimety and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry. This comparative study revealed a relatively smaller particle size, higher specific surface and specific volume with more disorder graphitic layers in Ketjenblack EC600JD than in Printex XE2. Finally, one presents the effect of such structural and porosity differences on the electric conductivity of nanocomposites made of these two grades. Image 1 • SEM and HRTEM of two conductive carbon black grades. • Nitrogen adsoption, BET and NL-DFT for porosity features. • DSC Thermoprosimetry and NMR relaxometry. • Correlation of structural and porosity features to electric conductivity of carbon black polymeric nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the results of structural, morphological, and optical analysis of Cu core Ag shell (Cu c Ag s) nanoparticles (NPs) and Cu c Ag s polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanocomposite (NC) films. Further their application for colorimetric cyanide (CN‾) sensing has been demonstrated. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) confirmed the growth of Cu c Ag s NPs. Morphological investigations have been performed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Cu c Ag s NPs and Cu c Ag s PVA NC films have been used for colorimetric CN‾ sensing in water. Cu c Ag s NPs show good sensitivity and selectivity for CN‾ ion among other related anions with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.15 μM. The potential application of Cu c Ag s NPs for the detection of CN‾ in apricot seed extract has also been explored. Further, UV–visible analysis reveals that NC containing 1.6 wt% Cu c Ag s NPs completely blocks the UV region of electromagnetic spectrum. Image 1 • Cu c Ag s NPs and Cu c Ag s PVA NC have been used for colorimetric sensing of toxic CN‾ ion. • The Cu c Ag s NPs showed good sensitivity for CN‾ with LOD of 0.15 μM. • Applicability of Cu c Ag s NPs for detection of CN‾ in apricot seeds extract with LOD of 0.19 μM has been demonstrated. • NC films with 1.6 wt% Cu c Ag s NPs block UV radiations, thus can be used as UV blocker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, we designed a novel nanocluster (PTCA/Capt-AgNC) with a remarkably enhanced fluorescence, photostability and water solubility. This green fluorescent nanocluster with dimension of ~ 2–4 nm was characterized by UV–Vis, Fourier transformed infrared, Raman, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies; X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction techniques. It was observed that the incorporation of a tiny amount of 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic acid (PTCA) into captopril (Capt) protected silver nanocluster (Capt-AgNCs) resulted in the increase of PLQY by several orders of magnitude compared to PTCA and Capt-AgNCs. The PL studies indicated that the material has high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY ~ 0.25) in comparison to the previously reported Capt-AgNCs. Fluorescence intensity of PTCA/Capt-AgNCs was quenched upon addition of various concentrations of dopamine. Selectivity in fluorescence quenching was evaluated with structurally similar bio-molecules such as l -cysteine and urea. Time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the average fluorescence lifetime of the nanocluster was reduced strikingly upon addition of dopamine in comparison to that with l -cysteine and urea which clearly indicated the selectivity and sensitivity. Density functional theory calculations were performed to investigate the PL enhancement and quenching mechanisms. We believe that strategy reported in the present study could be adopted for designing highly efficient biosensors. Image 1 • Novel nanocluster (PTCA/Capt-AgNC) with high fluorescence intensity, water solubility and photo-stability are reported. • A new strategy to incorporate organic semiconductor into AgNC was demonstrated to enhance the fluorescence intensity. • The materials showed exceptional selectivity and sensitivity towards sensing of dopamine. • Mechanism of PL quenching was proposed using DFT, time resolved fluorescence and Raman spectroscopic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study was conducted to reveal the effects of microalloying with Ti + Nb + V on the hydrogen permeation and damage behaviors of the 22MnB5 hot stamping steel. For 22MnB5, the hydrogen-induced blisters preferentially originated from grain boundaries and further propagated into cracks, which can be greatly suppressed by adding Ti + Nb + V. This can be attributed to the microalloying-induced increasing of binding energy and irreversible traps including nano-sized carbides, fined grains, as well as low angle grain boundaries, as confirmed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron back-scattered diffraction determinations. The hydrogen diffusion coefficient of 1.67 × 10−5 cm s−1 was thus obtained for the Ti + Nb + V added microalloyed 22MnB5, which is approximately four times lower than that for 22MnB5. Furthermore, a reasonable model was proposed to illustrate the improvements of hydrogen diffusion and hydrogen damage in the hot stamping steels. Image 1 • Hydrogen diffusivity of material-2 is four times lower than that of material-1. • Blisters originate from grain boundaries and further propagete into cracks. • Suppressed hydrogen-induced damage is obtained by adding Ti + Nb + V in 22MnB5. • A model is proposed to illustrate the suppression of hydrogen-induced damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports the electrochemical performance of flexible graphene-based supercapacitors (SCs) fabricated with Ag/TiO 2 and Ag/N-doped TiO 2 nanocomposites. According to the analysis by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the Ag-TiO 2 and Ag-N-TiO 2 nanocomposites are formed by porous quasi-spherical TiO 2 nanoparticles with sizes of 27 ± 1 nm and 24 ± 1 nm, respectively. In addition, the pore size distribution was obtained for both nanocomposites and found that the Ag-TiO 2 and Ag-N-TiO 2 nanocomposites have 73% and 83% of pores with sizes in the range of 1–20 nm, respectively. Thus, doping with N, increased the content of pores by 10% in the Ag-TiO 2 nanocomposites. The electrochemical performance of the SCs was also evaluated, and we found that devices made with Ag/TiO 2 (Ag-Ti/SC) and Ag/N-doped TiO 2 (Ag-N-Ti/SC) presented 9-62 times more capacitance and energy density than the SCs made without TiO 2 nanocomposites. The anode electrodes coated by the Ag/TiO 2 and Ag/N-doped TiO 2 nanocomposites were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, optical absorbance and Fourier transform infrared techniques, and found carboxylic groups, oxygen vacancies, Ag0/Ag+/Ag3+ and Ti3+/Ti4+ species. All those species acted as redox centers to store charge by Faradaic reactions. Moreover, the use of the Ag/N-doped TiO 2 nanocomposite in the SCs caused a stabilization of the output voltage (1.91 V). To the best of our knowledge, this last value of output voltage is the highest value reported for titania based SCs so far. Thus, the presence of Ag/TiO 2 doped with N into the SCs prolonged the discharge times and produced a battery-like behavior. This last effect could be useful for the development of competitive and attractive graphene-based batteries. Image 1 • Flexible graphene supercapacitos (SCs) were fabricated with Ag/TiO 2 nanocomposites. • The introduction of Ag/TiO 2 nanocomposites enhanced the capacitance 9-62 times. • The presence of Ag/TiO 2 nanocomposites into the SCs produced a stabilization of voltage. • The device made with Ag/TiO 2 doped with N produced an outstanding output voltage of 1.91 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports new optical properties of niobium oxide (Nb 2 O 5) nanoparticles made in the form of nanogel synthesized by an ex-situ wet chemistry method. We studied the structural properties, inorganic/organic binding energy, nanoparticle crystallinity, and second harmonic generation optical properties, by means of X-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and second harmonic generation microscopy. Results showed dark/bright field images of the nanogel, Nb 2 O 5 nanoparticles of ~7 nm, Fast Fourier Transform (FFTs) diffractograms, oxidation states of Nb5+, 4+, 3+, 2+, 1+, and 0, binding energies (C 1s) of nanogel, and SHG non-linear properties at 450 nm, and fluorescence at 710 nm, related to blue and green colors of the synthesized nanogel of Nb 2 O 5 nanoparticles, respectively • Nanogel of niobium oxide (Nb2O5) nanoparticles. • Properties of second harmonic generation. • Nonlinear optical properties useful for further applications in air/water treatment, and nanomedicine, just to mention a few. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocomposite CdS/HTiNbO 5 photocatalysts with application in the visible-light region of spectrum were synthesized via modified precipitation method using HTiNbO 5 nanosheet as a subject material and CdS as an object material. The phase identification, morphologies and composites of the as-prepared photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Laser Raman spectra, High resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and another. Both photocatalytic activity and stability of the photocatalysts were evaluated by degradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation. These nanocomposite photocatalysts exhibit a higher activity than single-phase photocatalysts. The optimal CdS/HTiNbO 5 nanocomposite shows the highest degradation rate of 0.024 min−1 with 10 wt% CdS content, which is about 8.9 and 7.3 times that of pure HTiNbO 5 nanosheet and CdS, respectively. A possible mechanism for enhanced photocatalytic activity is discussed. Image 1 • A facile in situ precipitation process is proposed to synthesize visible-light response CdS/HTiNbO 5 nanocomposites. • CdS/HTiNbO 5 nanocomposites show high photocatalytic activities for visible-light degradation of methylene blue. • Heterojunction interface is formed to boost the transfer of photo-generated electrons from CdS to HTiNbO 5 nanosheet. • A possible enhanced photocatalytic reaction mechanism is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum sulfate nanoparticles (ASNPs) were synthesized using Hemigraphis colorata leaf extract with minimal use of corrosive solvents. The material was characterized by Fourier Transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction studies (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and zeta potential analysis. We were able to suggest a probable mechanism for the formation of ASNPs. Coagulation efficiency of ASNPs for Congo red dye solution was explored under various constraints like coagulant dosage, initial concentration, pH, temperature, presence of inorganic ions and settling time. 140 mgL−1 of ASNPs removed 99.5% of Congo red dye (100 mgL−1) from the solution. The variation in pH of the solution in the range 3–9 and the increase in temperature from 30 °C to 70 °C did not affect the efficiency of the nanocoagulant. It was observed that the generated sludge settled within 30 min and SVI was found to be 31 mLg−1.The nano coagulant can be reused up to five cycles of coagulation. Low dosage, consistent efficiency, easy sludge management, reusability along with cost-effectiveness makes phytogenic ASNPs a potential coagulant for removal of Congo red. • ASNPs of ~13 nm was synthesized using aq. leaf extract of Hemigraphis colorata. • Most probable mechanism is suggested for the formation of ASNPs. • ASNPs is an efficient nano coagulant for Congo red dye from aqueous solutions. • 99.5% efficiency with140 mgL−1 for 100 mgL−1dye solution of pH7 at RT. • Efficiency of ASNPs remains unaltered with pH, temperature, ionic interferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe x O y nanoparticles have been prepared by hydrothermal technique in the absence and presence of 5% polymer blend of PVA/PVP as structure-directing agent. The as-prepared nanoparticles have been characterized by powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet visible light spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). TEM, and HRTEM results revealed that the as-prepared nanoparticles were single crystalline and had semi-spherical morphology. Also, the results revealed that the presence of the polymer blend served as a structural controlling agent as the presence of the polymer blend produced Fe 3 O 4 (magnetite) nanoparticles selectively rather than γ-Fe 2 O 3 (maghemite) nanoparticles. The reasons behind the impact of polymer blend were investigated. This method represents a facile and polymorphs-selective synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles for different applications. Image 1069524 • Fe x O y nanoparticles had been prepared by hydrothermal technique. • Presence of the PVA/PVP served as a structural directing agent. • PVA/PVP selectively produced magnetite NPs selectively rather than maghemite NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An environment-friendly approach for the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/nickel oxide nanocomposites (RGO/NiO NCs) was done in a microwave via in-situ co-precipitation and hydrothermal mode. A non-toxic aqueous phytoextract was used as a reducing cum stabilizing agent. X-ray diffraction, Raman spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the chemical structure of the NCs. The morphological studies were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and energy disperse X-ray. The optical study was verified by UV–visible absorption spectroscopy. The photo-degradation activity was performed at visible light by exposing the methylene blue (MB) dye solution along with the NCs. Experimental result reveals the improved photo-catalytic activity of the NCs towards the photo-degradation of MB (93%) compare to pure NiO NPs (65%) and RGO (negligible). In the nanocomposites, the electronic charge transfer takes place superficially from NiO nanoparticles (NPs) to RGO, effectively delays the electron-hole pair (e − -h + ) recombination effect and increases the decomposition rate of the dye solution to some greater extent. The antibacterial activity of the NCs shows impressive potentiality in different culture media contrast with its constituent. • ➢ One step in-situ RGO/NiO nanocomposites has been synthesized adopting green route. • Psidium guajava L (guava) leaf extract is used as green reducing agent which is low cost and eco-friendly. • The nanocomposites shows better photocatalytic activity compared to NiO NPs and RGO. • Antibacterial activity of the nanocomposites is enhanced with respect to RGO and NiO NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis of 1-butyl 3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ionic liquid (IL) assisted rare earth samarium oxide nanoparticles (NPs) was done using Andrographis paniculata leaves extract by hydrothermal method. The crystallinity, particle size and morphology of the IL assisted Samarium oxide (IL-Sm 2 O 3) NPs were studied by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The average particle sizes of 30–50 nm were identified by SEM and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analyses. The chemical elements and states with their corresponding binding energy values on the prepared IL-Sm 2 O 3 NPs were identified by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The various functional groups such as Sm–O and COO− were identified by FTIR and laser Raman spectroscopy. The optical behaviors of IL-Sm 2 O 3 NPs were characterized by UV–Vis and photoluminescence studies. The positive biological activities of IL-Sm 2 O 3 NPs were proved from antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory studies. The anti-inflammatory activity was detected using bovine serum and EGG albumin denaturation assay at different concentrations with standard drugs. It was found that the antioxidant activity of IL assisted Sm 2 O 3 NPs has a higher impact than the antioxidant activity of Vitamin C. Image 1043 • The samarium oxide nanoparticles were prepared in Andrographis panculata leaves extract by hydrothermal method. • The synthesized NPs have body-centered cubic structure confirmed by SEM and TEM analysis. • The chemical elements and states confirmed by XPS and EDX spectroscopy. • Biomedical applications were analyzed by antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. • The IL-Sm 2 O 3 nano particles have higher inhibition rate to the standard amikacin against E. coli and S. aureus bacterial systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese oxide nanofoam has been prepared by pulsed laser deposition, from a metallic Mn target in a 5 Torr pressure O 2 buffer atmosphere. The as-prepared samples were heat-treated at different temperatures (300 °C–500 °C) in air. Both as-deposited and heat-treated samples have a high porosity foam-like morphology, as shown by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy. High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy revealed that the nanofoam is composed by linked nanoparticles with slight crystallization and growth of the nanoparticles due to heat-treatment, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, Raman Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. These techniques also showed a variable oxide composition upon heat treatment. The supercapacitive properties of manganese oxide nanofoam treated at 300 °C exhibited a specific capacitance higher than 1000 F/g, in the 0 to +1.0 V potential range. After heat treatment at 400 °C and 500 °C, the specific capacitance decreased compared to that of the 300 °C treated sample. An increase of about 130% in the initial capacitance was obtained after 500 cycles for this sample. However, it decreases to one third of the maximum value after 5000 cycles. The results shows that the obtained manganese oxide nanofoam has very high specific capacitance but need to improve the cycle stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, synthesis of pure cobalt oxide and Ni-doped cobalt oxide nano particles by microwave irradiation method and their characterization was analyzed and reported. These nano particles were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) and energy dispersive spectrum (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The powder X-ray diffraction pattern showed the cubic phase structure with crystalline size of 36 nm, 25 nm, 17 nm, 26 nm. It is also confirmed by TEM morphological analysis. UV–vis NIR spectral analysis shows optical band gap decreases and shifted from E g = 5.57 eV–3.71 eV due to doping of Ni. Fluorescence spectrum shows emission wavelength at 625 nm that indicates a strong red shift. The antibacterial activity of the samples infers that among all the samples the 20% nickel doped cobalt oxide nano particles possess better activity. Image 1010 • XRD revealed the crystallite sizes of pure and Ni -Co 3 O 4 nanostructure. • FT-IR revealed the functional groups and formation of Ni-Co 3 O 4 nano particles. • TEM morphology Ni-Co 3 O 4 conformed spherical and cubic shape particles. • UV-vis NIR spectral analysis shows optical band gap value decreases E g = 5.57 eV to 3.71 eV due to doping of Ni. • Antibacterial activities shows better activity of 20 wt% Nickel doped cobalt oxide nano particles inhibit growth suitable for nano antibiotic application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the fabrication of mesoporous nanostructures through low-cost synthesis methods and their utilization as potential sensing elements has fascinated remarkable attention in the field of chemiresistive-type of gas sensors. In this regard, a simple room temperature solid-state reaction approach towards bismuth oxyiodide nanoflakes (BiOI NFs) for the application of C 2 H 5 OH gas sensors is described herein. The crystal structure, surface morphology, elemental composition, and surface area characteristics of as-synthesized BiOI are studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman/FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, respectively. Structural, elemental, and morphological investigation supports to tetragonal configuration of solid-state mediated BiOI together with irregular-shaped nanoflakes-type surface morphology. Surface area analysis confirmed that the BiOI NFs are mesoporous in character with a specific surface area of 17.8510 m2/g. Gas sensing results demonstrated that the as-fabricated BiOI NFs sensors are responsive towards C 2 H 5 OH @265 °C with good response reproducibility/stability. BiOI NFs sensor exhibit maximum response of 27% towards 1000 ppm C 2 H 5 OH @265 °C. The effect of working temperature and various C 2 H 5 OH concentrations (10–1000 ppm) on the response performance of BiOI NFs sensor was carried out thoroughly and described. Additionally, a solid-state reaction mechanism and plausible C 2 H 5 OH gas sensing mechanism of BiOI NFs is discussed. The proposed low-cost room temperature solid-state reaction method presents a stimulating way for the rapid synthesis of mesoporous nanopowders for the application of chemiresistive-type of gas sensors. Image 10854 • Room temperature rapid solid-state reaction approach of BiOI NFs. • Solid-state growth and reaction mechanism of BiOI is proposed. • As-fabricated BiOI NFs sensors are responsive towards C 2 H 5 OH @265 °C. • BiOI NFs sensor exhibit reasonable response reproducibility with complete recovery. • Plausible C 2 H 5 OH gas sensing mechanism of BiOI NFs sensor is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc Sulphide thin films have been fabricated on glass substrate via chemical bath deposition technique using zinc acetate, thiourea as the precursor of zinc and sulfur and ammonia for varying pH. The X-Ray diffraction patterns indicate the nanocrytalline nature of the films with broadening of diffraction peaks. Effective Mass Approximation, Scherrer Method and Williamson-Hall plots have been employed for determining crystallite size. The calculated crystallite sizes correlate well with the estimated crystallite sizes from High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy images. The HRTEM images show clear lattice fringes of nanocrystallites overlapping each other with random orientations. The elastic properties such as lattice strain, stress and energy density of ZnS thin films have been calculated from the modified form of Williamson-Hall analysis namely Uniform Deformation Model, Uniform Stress Deformation Model, and Uniform Deformation Energy Density Model. The Scanning Electron Microscope images indicate the granular texture of synthesized ZnS thin film at pH 9.6 and coagulation of granules into larger one with increase of pH. The results reveal the obvious effect of ammonia concentration on the optical properties, crystallite size, elastic properties and morphology of the surface of the films. • ZnS thin films have been synthesized using CBD technique at different pH. • X-ray diffraction study confirms the nanocrystalline nature of the ZnS thin films. • Lattice strain increases with increase of pH. • SEM images confirm inhomogeneous surface morphology with increase of pH. • HRTEM images confirm the formation of nanocrystallites of dimension 2–4 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure and mechanical/chemical performance of particle abrasives in polishing slurries play an important role in chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) processes. In the present paper, the CeO 2 -based novel abrasive particles containing dendritic mesoporous silica (D-mSiO 2) cores and nano-sized CeO 2 shells present potential applications in high-efficiency and defect-free CMP, resulting from their special mechanical and/or chemical characteristics. The D-mSiO 2 cores of composites were prepared via a modified biphase stratification approach, and the nano-sized CeO 2 particles were coated via an in-situ chemical precipitation technique. The composition and structure of as-synthesized samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, and nitrogen sorption-desorption measurements. The effect of the core category for the CeO 2 -based composite particles on oxide-CMP performance was evaluated in termers of material removal rate (MRR) and root-mean-square (RMS) roughness (determined by atomic force microscopy). Experimental results indicated that the as-obtained D-mSiO 2 /CeO 2 abrasives exhibited a comparable RMS roughness (0.18 ± 0.02 nm) with respect to the polystyrene/CeO 2 abrasives (0.15 ± 0.02 nm) with polymer cores. However, the MRR of the D-mSiO 2 /CeO 2 abrasives (85 nm/min) was three times larger than that of the PS/CeO 2 abrasives (26 nm/min). The enhanced polishing efficiency may be attributed to the differences of the mechanical behavior and surface atom structure of the nano-sized CeO 2 particles of the composites after treatment by high-temperature calcination. The improved oxide-CMP behavior of D-mSiO 2 /CeO 2 composite particles may result from the spring-like effect coming from the elastic component of the cores, and the enhanced surface hardness and tribo-chemical activity of CeO 2 particles in the shells. • The novel ceria composites containing dendritic meso-silica cores were fabricated. • The sub-100 nm core-shell abrasives were introduced into CMP applications. • The composite abrasives contributed to superior oxide-CMP performance. • The removal rate was related to the ceria surface hardness and tribochemical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new multiferroic is derived from GdMnO 3 (GMO), CoFe 2 O 4 (CFO) and TiO 2 in the nanocomposite phase. Here the good dielectric properties of GMO and TiO 2 including the multiferroicity of GMO below ~13 K along with the magnetic ordering of CFO are exploited to develop the desired nanocomposite system. The nanocomposite of [(GdMnO 3) 0.7 (CoFe 2 O 4) 0.3 0.5 [TiO 2 0.5 (GMO-CFO@TO) was obtained from chemical preparation route. Detailed investigations of structural and morphology are carried out by analyzing the X-ray diffractograms and pictures recorded during high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Dielectric behavior like dielectric strength, loss tangent etc. of the nanocomposite system are drastically improved compared to each component. The amalgamation of three phases destroys the center of inversion symmetry, which is not applicable in case of an individual component. The improved dielectric behavior, introduction of magnetic ordering by CFO, the lack of center of inversion symmetry together with the high strain in the lattice helps to achieve the nanocomposite multiferroic at room temperature. • [(GdMnO 3) 0.7 (CoFe 2 O 4) 0.3 0.5 [TiO 2 0.5 exhibits room temperature multiferroicity. • Presence of TiO 2 matrix helps to introduce RT ferroelectric polarization. • Dielectric behaviour of the nanocomposite is drastically improved. • Magnetoelectric coupling of the nanocomposite is observed at RT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cobalt orthosilicate ceramic powder was fabricated successfully by using self-combustion of the modified gel in the presence of tartaric acid and glycine fuels. Violet coloring agent was obtained after the calcination of the obtained powder at 800°C, 850°C and 900 °C. The synthesized ceramic samples were investigated by thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Field Emission scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. CIE-L*a*b* standard technique was utilized for the determination of color coordinates of the calcined products. Besides, the values of solar reflectance of the prepared samples were examined by using JIS standard method and band gaps of the calcined samples were determined. The synthesized ceramic samples show that the blue color on glaze while a violet color appeared on paint and polymer. Image 1 • Violet inorganic pigment was successfully synthesized by sol gel auto-combustion synthesis using glycine and tartaric fuels. • Obtained samples characterized by using different tools. • Color and solar reflectance of samples were determined. • The designed pigments have a blue color on ceramic glaze while violet color appeared on polymer matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu-SBA-15 catalysts were synthesized hydrothermally under acidic and slightly higher acidic conditions via solid separation by either gel filtration or evaporation. XRD (X-ray diffraction) patterns and HRTEM (high resolution transmission electron microscopy) images showed that metal loading caused little changes in the ordered structure of SBA-15. Characteristic structural SBA-15's bonds and acid sites were observed in FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrums and synthesis under high pH was created changes in the ranges of silica and silanol groups. Copper incorporation created enhancements more in Lewis acid sites. Metal loading under severe acidic synthesis conditions resulted in improvements in the ordered structure in addition to increases in wall thickness while rise in its concentration caused little structural deterioration. Synthesis with slightly higher acidic conditions although gave a little higher d 100 diffraction, caused little broadening of peak. Positive effects in copper incorporation success by separation through evaporation were supported by XRD, HRTEM images, SEM/MAP (scanning electron microscopy/mapping) and ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy) analyses results; however its accumulation on pore walls did more worsening of textural properties. Formation of CuO, Cu 2 O and Cu 3 Si species after evaporation separation was observed with XRD, XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and UV–Vis DR (UV–visible diffuse reflectance) analyses. • Cu-SBA-15 catalysts were successfully synthesized via one pot synthesis. • Most of the structural features of SBA-15 are retained after copper loading. • Slightly high pH media and gel separation by evaporation increased copper loading success. • Copper oxides with different valence, metallic copper and copper-silica phases were formed within the SBA-15 matrix. • Brønsted and Lewis acid sites were raised by copper loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly crystalline Ag 3 PO 4 particles were synthesized using a simple ion exchange method and cast in situ on nanocellulose (NC) sheets. The as-synthesized bulk powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emissions scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and UV–visible photospectroscopy. XRD studies confirmed formation of highly oriented Ag 3 PO 4. The size of the synthesized particles ranged between 70 and 280 nm with a statistical mean value of 140 nm. Silver quantum dots sparingly dispersed in the composite were also observed. Visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance of the obtained Ag 3 PO 4 /NC composite was investigated by monitoring the degradation of methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) as typical organic dye molecules both in deionised and raw wastewater matrix. The results demonstrate that Ag 3 PO 4 /NC has high photocatalytic degradation of MB and MO under visible light and also in complex matrix. The photocatalytic mechanism of the Ag 3 PO 4 /NC composite material was proposed and discussed. Image 1 • Facile insitu casting synthesis of Ag 3 PO 4 /nanocellulose composite. • High performance photocatalytic activity under natural sunlight in wastewater matrix. • Traces of Ag quantum dots observed dispersed in the composite. • Nanocellulose, is an excellent biodegradable scaffold for dispersing Ag 3 PO 4. • Fairly good photocatalytic activity in complex matrix that contains other organic constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]