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This article presents index of various articles published in the periodical "Marriage and Family Life." Some of the topics included are: Differences in Sex Questions of Adolescent Boys and Girls, Family Culture Patterns and Delinquent-Type Behavior, Academic Achievement of College Students Before and After Marriage, Continuity and Change in the Transmission of Adaptive Patterns over Two Generations, The Marital Adjustment and Marital Role Definitions of Husbands of Working and Nonworking Wives, Fertility and Birth Control Among Low Income Chinese Families in Hong Kong, Vasectomy as a Preferred Method of Birth Control: A Preliminary Investigation, Sociopsychological Characteristics of Patients Obtaining Vasectomies from Urologists, New Orientations on Marital Maladjustment, The Measurement and Bases of Family Power: A Rejoinder, The Measurement and Bases of Family Power: An Overview, Interracial Marriage in California, Differences in Sex Questions of Adolescent Boys and Girls, and others.

This article critically appraises David M. Heer's review of the literature on the measurement of family power in the May, 1963, issue of "Marriage and Family Living," which provides a valuable critique of the diverse methods which have been employed. With respect to the bases of family power, Heer suggests that the effect of premarital ideology may "be merely temporary and at a later stage of the marriage the ideology would be increasingly adjusted in response to the actual possibilities for power within the family." Heer lists "the chief resources which the wife contributes to her husband as her personal attractiveness and the adequate performance of her various roles as mother to the children, homemaker, hostess, sex partner, and understanding companion. Heer misinterprets the data when he states that the power of the husband reaches its low point during the "unlaunched" period and recovers subsequently during the postparental period. However, Heer's emphasis on economic resources alone is too narrow.

This article discusses the economics of American family. The family purpose, economically speaking, is the achievement and maintenance of a standard of living. The division of labor within a family to attain that end varies from family to family, from income group to income group, from urban to rural community, and within a single family it varies during the life-span of the group from early marriage to retirement. The labor associated with the procurement of a standard of living, however, has changed drastically in the past half-century. So far as the goods we live with are concerned, the family is no longer a production unit. The main wage earner of a family, for example, may work on an assembly line producing one small part of an automobile, while his wife works in a cannery or an office. And if there are teenage children in the family, the son may be holding down a part-time job in a supermarket or the daughter may be earning by baby-sitting several nights a week. From the point of view of consumer economics, the individual failure of a family to spend wisely has market significance to the degree that failure has contributed to bad practices, has rewarded the inefficient, dishonest, high-priced or low-quality product.

This article analyzes the future of American family through sociological kaleidoscope. Furthermore, this article deals first with the argument that the family as one knows it is becoming obsolete, and with some recent changes in social structure which are contributing to this apparent obsolescence. Second there is a discussion of value conflicts and of future societal development given continued pre-eminence of materialistic values. Finally there is consideration of bases for anticipating a value revolution which would facilitate renewed commitment to family relationships. Barrington Moore, in his provocative "Thoughts of the Future of the Family" protests "obsolete and barbaric features" as "the obligation to give affection as a duty to a particular set of persons on account of the accident of birth," "the exploitation of socially sanctioned demands for gratitude, when the existing social situation no longer generates any genuine feeling of warmth." It must be admitted that the family is undergoing changes, both within itself and in relation to the rest of society which tend significantly to weaken its solidarity. At least four of these changes may be mentioned: 1) loss of functions; 2) increased personal mobility within society; 3) the decline of status ascription and the increase in status achievement; and 4) the ascendancy of materialistic values.

In this article, the author tries to examine the role of a marriage counselor, specially in assessing whether a counselor should recommend for divorce or not. The marriage counselor can not objectively aid a couple in considering the possible wisdom of a divorce unless he can recognize the multifaceted factors operating in the destructive influences of marital conflict upon children and upon adults themselves. The general assumption, re-enforced by pilot research, has been that the divorced person is likely to be misunderstood, displaced, and unhappy; that the woman is likely to have particular difficulty in finding a mate if she has children; and that, in general, the divorced person is a poor bet for marital success. Some of the studies indicate a high mortality rate for remarriages and a high rate of dissatisfaction with the new marriages that do survive. One more significant problem caused by divorce of parents is suggested to be the problem of child delinquency. Based on various researches, it is suggested that about 60 percent people experience the socio-psychic problems of divorce and remarriages on their own and they rarely seek counseling for the matter.

This article discusses the psychosocial structural pattern of American families with assessing the influence of mass communication on them. Change is supposed to be the most persistent element with which both specialists in family relations and the operators of the mass media must deal. But the imperatives, whether of motivation or circumstance, which guide family relations specialists and broadcasters are neither necessarily consonant not necessarily contrary. They are simply different. Over 90 per cent of all American families have one or more television sets. People use their sets on an average of between five and six hours per day, per family. These facts alone testify to televisions widespread popularity and utility. Popular approval of television cuts across all lines such as education, age, sex, rural-urban, and socio-economic. There is an imperative inherent in television to serve the needs of a total society, including the legitimate needs of minority groupings within the society. If a society is to be served, however, its attention must first be engaged the attention: of the uneducated as well as of the educated; of the old as well as the young; and also of the uninterested as well as the interested.

This article, based on a study, intended to explore the continuity and change in the transmission of adaptive patterns in family life over two generations. The systematic investigation of the family as an interacting unit has received increasing attention over the past ten years. During this period, primary emphasis has shifted from the mother-child relationship to recognition of the formative influences provided by the father and other family members. The conceptualization of the family as a functioning group has also focused interest on the group process and its effect on family relationships. Tradition has been considered as the most significant factor in family-influenced personality development. But the intracultural family studies have almost neglected this perception. Materials for the present study were collected as a part of a pilot project aimed at developing methods best suited to investigating the transfer of behavior patterns within the family. The non-clinical family used in this study is having a mother and father, fraternal twin girls, and a boy. The study reports the systematic comparison of the twins with their parents and maternal aunt. The selection of the aunt was based on the observation that the adaptive patterns originating in the mothers family rather than the father's were most significant for the twins development. Most of the observations of patterns and individual behaviors are found in agreement with psychoanalytic theories.

This article describes two studies, out of total five, which were done on analyzing child spacing patterns and orientation. Some new data are added with these previous researches of this family phenomena. Those five studies were made in Utah County, Utah, during the late 1930's; in Tippecanoe County, Indiana, during the early 1950's; in Defiance County, Ohio, during the middle 1950's; in Copenhagen, Denmark, during the late 1950's; and in Salt Lake and Utah Counties, Utah, during the early 1960's. The research method, now known as "record linkage," was pioneered and partially developed by this series of investigatiofis. It consists of matching certain sets of records so that identifiable couples can be studied longitudinally according to the listed data as well as new data revealed via the matching process. In this research, marriage, birth, and divorce records have been used. A total of eighteen summary points have been made based on these studies. Some of these points suggest: that overall spacing intervals vary directly with order of birth and inversely with number of children in the family; that most married couples commence their families relatively soon after the wedding; that some first births come very soon after the wedding, giving evidence of premarital conception; and that early marriage and early trend to go together.

The article discusses parenthood as family crises. Many investigators have concerned themselves with crises of extra family origin, such as war, depression or unemployment. Others have studied crises whose sources were essentially intrafamily in origin. Crises of this kind could be divided into two subtypes: those due to "dismemberment," or loss of some family members and those due to "accesion," or the addition of an unprepared-for member. Most of the studies here have dealt mainly with the effects of dismemberment rather than accession. The present study seeks to investigate the state or level of the family organization up to the time of the crisis, the impact of the crisis upon the family, and recovery and the subsequent level of family reorganization. The findings of the research study conducted for this tend to support that the addition of the first child would constitute a crisis event for these middle-class couples to a considerable degree, forcing each couple to reorganize many of their roles and relationships.

This article is a report and analysis of research in Hong Kong, undertaken in conjunction with the Hong Kong Family Planning Association, of behavior and beliefs affecting acceptance and use of modern birth control methods. Apart from its substantive findings on these topics, this study is illustrative of a cooperative endeavor ordinarily welcomed by Asian birth control organizations through which the sociology of fertility can be further explored. Lower income urbanized Chinese women in Hong Kong voluntarily participating in a Family Planning program were found to have been highly fertile, as judged by the number of pregnancies to years married, but at the same time to have avoided the practice of infanticide, abortion, and the giving away of children. Among these families, children are desired, but boys rather than girls and in any event not a large family of either boys or girls. The majority say they want no more than three children , but the actual family size exceeded this expressed ideal.

The article discusses role of the communist Chinese women in Chinese society. One of the major changes in Communist China since 1949 has been the shift in the status of women and a re-education of their new roles in and out of the family. This article is a report on this change, especially the re-shaping and the re-evaluation of women's attitudes and values concerning their loyalty and devotion to the family and their attitude toward work. Data for this article was drawn from the problem discussion column of Women of China, a major women's magazine covering issues from April to September 1960. It is to be borne in mind that women's participation under the present regime does not only mean their contribution to the state and Communist Party, but it also means the liberation of women from the confines of the home, the daily household chores, and their subordination to men through economic dependence. However, the strong push for women to work full time outside the home has been so emphatic during the regime's first decade that the public has begun to frown on those who remain at home.

The article focuses on the relationships among men and women of the upper middle class. The authors' have focused upon a select group of subjects for the purpose of securing their conceptions of reality in the man-woman world, their strivings and apathies and their own evaluation of the success or failure of their own modus operandi. As the best approximation of authors objectives, they settled upon a group of subjects whom most sociologists would probably designate a the upper echelons of the "Upper Middle Class." They interviewed individuals, not couple or families, although in a number of instances, both husband and wife came to be included. Since authors' focus was upon men and women and not upon marriage or family, they also interviewed widowed, divorced and single people in the approximate percentage in which they are found in this population. To insure further homogeneity interviewees were limited to an age span of 35 to 55 because authors were more interested in mature reflection.

This article presents an index of articles, related to family life, published in several issues of the periodical "Marriage and Family Living." Some of the articles include, "A Cram Coarse in the Development of Values, by Leila DenBeste, "Conjugal Power Structure and Adolescent Personality," by Murray A. Straus, "Developmental Tasks and Parent-Adolescent Conflict," by Arthur McArthur, "The Daughter's Role During the "Launching Stage," by Robert R. Bell and Jack V. Buerkle, " Kin Family Network: Unheralded Structure in Current Conceptualizations of Family Functioning," written by Marvin B. Sussman and Lee Burchinal.

This article presents brief summaries of various articles, related to family life and marriage, previously published in several periodicals. One article presents a report of preliminary descriptive findings from a Ford Foundation-supported survey of fertility and its control in Israel. The authors report the extent of contraception and induced abortion practices of 3006 Jewish women who gave birth in one of 23 Israeli hospitals sometime during the period from August, 1959 through March 1960. Most births to Jewish mothers take place in these hospitals. An interview questionnaire was administered by nurses to the women, usually during the three-four days following delivery. The author, a caseworker, offers her professional advice on treating "marital role reversal" and discusses a successfully treated case. Recent marked social changes particularly in family life require child welfare agencies to reexamine the nature of the children under their care, available foster homes, and the community role they play in treating and placing children. Adoptive families are subjected to certain pressures in their efforts to meet the needs of their adopted children. In addition, foster parents have special needs of their own which have led them to consult an adoption agency. In particular many seem to feel some need to deny the differences of adoptive and biological parenthood.

One of the most gratifying experiences for a teacher in marriage education is to observe the growth and development of college students in the exercise of autobiographical writing. No other technique seems to be as effective in self analysis, appraisal of relationships, and a more permanent carry-over from academic learning to life experience. Generally teachers who write about their experience in using autobiographies are so imbued with its advantages for all members of the class that they do not raise any ethical questions about the possibility or propriety of violating family privacy. They could, of course, point out that the student is free to omit any experience he wishes, so that the mandatory aspect is negligible. The revelation of private material about a given family could be embarrassing for both teacher and student. The writer avoids such difficulties by making the autobiography voluntary. Some students who have had traumatic experiences find it very difficult to analyze their family experience in written form. They may, however, have the capacity to talk it out very well.

In the literature on the American family there has developed an expanding body of research related to many different family role relationships. The "launching stage" is important because it symbolizes in many situations the period of transition from adolescent to adult. It is at this period that independence for the young person becomes very important, because increasing independence is a major criterion in his being socially recognized as an adult. is in some aspects of the daughter role--as perceived by the college age daughter, as well as by her mother. There would be more areas of difference between Jewish mother daughters than between either Protestant or Catholic mother-daughters in their definitions of the daughter's role during the launching stage. The importance of the mother as a repository of experience and guidance for the daughter is probably seen by mothers as being greater than is perceived by their daughters. In general, differences in mother responses by religion did not exist in many of the areas tested.

The current status and the development of family life education in high schools throughout the United States have been the objects of considerable speculation and impressionistic thinking. However, realities of family life education in high schools are not so well known to permit evaluative generalizations of either a positive or negative nature. Family life education, as a substantive area of interest, is an omnibus of unclarity. Its nebulous nature makes evaluation of course content, philosophy, teacher education and administrative responsibility an almost impossible task. There is a desperate need for more precise data in this area before more valid generalizations can be made. An extensive survey of public high school family life education programs was initiated in the fall of 1959. Preliminary information about high school programs was received from almost all Indiana high school principals. They supplied the researchers with the names of teachers teaching family life education, and these teachers were subsequently mailed a seven-page questionnaire, followed by two follow-up letters to non-respondents.

Considerable interest has been shown in recent years in testing the statement that the contemporary middle-class American urban family is characterized by an "almost symmetrical onion-type structure" which results in "the structural isolation of the individual conjugal family." The studies have considered the role of geographic separation, occupational mobility, and line of descent in determining relationships with relatives outside the nuclear family. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the American family, while ideally symmetrical, in practice emphasizes relationships with maternal relatives. To test this hypothesis it was necessary to control on variables other than line of descent which previous investigations indicated might influence the selection of relatives with whom one interacts. Therefore, our study can also be viewed to some extent as a replication of previous studies of the effect of geographic distance, social status, and kinship role on closeness of relatives. However, in the interest of evaluating relationships.

The view that extended kinship systems in modern urban society have only marginal existence has been questioned by several recent studies of urban families. These studies have generally indicated that some extended kinship system is operating for most urban families, although there is considerable variation in the frequency of interaction among the extended kin. Since it is the urban middle-class family system which is thought to be most representative of American values, and since it is precisely this family type which is thought to have emphasized more than others the isolation of the nuclear family from extended kin, this study focused on the extended kinship systems of urban middle-class families. The basic bilaterality of the American kinship system is demonstrated by the finding that while respondents were in contact, at least monthly, with one-third of their relatives, they were also in contact, at least monthly, with one-fourth of their in-laws. The occurrence of a family event such as a christening, wedding, or funeral or of a need arising from illness, for example, was felt by 45 per cent of the respondents to be a chief reason for kin contact.

The major purpose of this article is to reduce the lag between family theory and research in so far as it concerns the functioning of the American kin family network and its matrix of help and service among kin members. Discrepancies between belief and practice of "ideal" and "real" behavior are common in our society. In family sociology the reason is "academic cultural lag"; the lag between apparently antiquated family theory and empirical reality. Social differentiation in complex societies requires of its members a readiness to move, to move to where there are needs for workers and where there are opportunities for better jobs. Few researchers suggests that the isolated nuclear family system consisting of husband and wife and offspring living independent from their families of orientation is ideally suited to the demands of occupational and geographical mobility which are inherent in modern industrial society.

In his recent article on "Schizophrenia and the Family," sociologist Theodore Lidz recognizes that while the family is not the only influence upon personality development, it provides what he terms "the most consistent--or consistently inconsistent--set of influences impinging upon the maturing child." The substantive material for this analysis has been drawn from one New England family for which detailed information is available for four generations. This family seemed to represent a striking example of the preservation of the Calvinist religious teachings throughout several generations, and, although the last two generations have abandoned any connection with the Congregational Church, their basic values are those of Calvinism. by the Calvinist Church were enforced within the family. In order to conform, the individual was obliged to abandon most of his spontaneous desires, his natural feelings and wishes, and give the appearance always of being something which he was not. Deviance in any important aspect of life would mean ostracism from the Church, family, and the community.

This article focuses on the use of group psychotherapy in the training of marriage counselors and family life educators. There are grounds for believing that a psychotherapeutic experience in the university settings can be of considerable value in developing appropriate professional attitudes and skills in students of both marriage counseling and family life education. In the fall of 1954, the Home and Family life Faculty of Columbia University's Teachers College, initiated a pilot therapy group. In 1958, the four years of experimentation were evaluated, and based on the positive responses of previous participants and the felt needs of the profession, group therapy was accorded the status of an academic course and entitled "Interaction in Family Relations." The experience of this program has demonstrated that the students who entered Columbia University's Teachers College with remnants of leftover immaturity, inappropriate values, and incipient psychopathology were handicapped, even crippled, when during their field work they were caught in the crossfire between the client and his spouse. The group experience can be an engrossing venture in self discovery as well as the giant stride toward professional competence.

This article discusses various issues related to the role of father as an index of family integration with regard to children, and presents a study in this regard. In the present investigation of parent-child relationships, the author has hypothesized that a child's feeling close to the father is a more accurate index of family integration than his feeling close to the mother and that the way a child feels toward both parents is a more accurate index of family integration than the feeling toward either the mother or the father separately. The study presented in this article attempts to find associations between children's feelings of closeness to their parents and certain family and personal variables. A close relationship with the father usually indicates the highest type of family life, but in a minority of cases a father-close relationship indicates the most undesirable type of family life; it probably means that the mother is absent, has abdicated, or is unable to function adequately in relation to her children. Another revealing factor is that children tend to report that they feel close to the mother in all types of homes, happy or unhappy, married or divorced. Children report close relationship with the father in happy marriages only.

This article discusses various issues related to family life in the U.S. Regarding child rearing, the article author views that families in the U.S. are not raising children in a manner calculated to prepare them adequately for adult life in the culture of the U.S. Regarding sex education, the author views that the families in the U.S. have failed to find a satisfactory way of enabling the youth to come to terms comfortably with their sexual nature. Many explanations are forthcoming for this dismal failure, but none of them entirely satisfies the author. The author thinks that parents can and should be free to talk to their older children about sex at an intellectual level. But the real need of young people is to come to terms with their emotional attitudes to sex. Here, parents are the last people who can help the youth with this. Regarding marital adjustments, the author is of the opinion that success and durability of a marriage depend very much on the way in which husband and wife adapt to one another in a complex interlocking pattern in which needs are mutually met and fulfillments mutually achieved, and this is lacking in American families.

Sociologists have attempted to label, identify, and develop measures of concepts involving individual-to-group relationships. Among these concepts are familism, family integration, and kinship orientation. The term familism has frequently been accompanied by operational ambiguity in past writings. Familism has been used indiscriminately to describe relationships in both the nuclear and the extended family. In the first instance, familism includes only the relationships between husband, wife, and off-spring as a separate group. In the second instance, familism describes the relationships within the larger kinship system consisting of more than two generations and involving spatially separated nuclear families interacting under a larger system of relationships. The main assumption is that the attitude of familism expresses itself differently in the nuclear and the extended familial systems. There is not necessarily an overlapping of attitude. Familism is the subordination of individual interests to those of the family group. Most sociologists have essentially shared this view of familism as a type of individual-group altruism.

This article presents information on several articles, on marriage and family living, published in different journals. Various data from available studies of high-school aged marriages are reviewed in this article and implications for home economics teachers are pointed out. For instance, rates and frequencies of young marriages in various parts of the country are presented; various correlates such as sex ratios or dating patterns are given; legal rulings or discriminatory practices regarding school attendance policies are described; and some causes and consequences of these marriages are discussed. Another article is a consideration of the misapplication of social science findings to the treatment of children. The author points to a recent tendency to view the child as a clean slate and to treat the parents together with the child in modifying the child's personality. This is not always the best course. Some correlates of the absence of one parent during the child's early years on development characteristics of the child are tested in yet another article. A mother-child family was defined as one in which the father was absent most of the time during the first six years of the son's life.

Very often, teachers, social workers and members of other helping professions, as well as lay persons, describe a family as being a "good" family or a "strong" family. Currently in a series of research projects at the Graduate School of Social Work, University of Utah, author has been exploring this area. These projects are entitled, "The Family Resource Development Project" and "The Personal Resource Development Project." The twenty-seven families listed a total of only one hundred forty-seven strengths with an average of only five strengths for each family. An outgrowth of the pilot study was the development of a framework of family strengths. It is presented in the hope that it will contribute toward a clarification of the concept of family strengths. The dictionary defines strength as the "quality or state of being strong; ability to do or bear; solidity or toughness; that quality which tends to secure results." Similarly, qualitative differences are distinguished in a family's preparation and use of food. Some families purchase, plan, and prepare meals together and make this "fun" as well as educational.

In home management literature and teaching, the terms "values," "goals," "decision-making," and "standards" appear repeatedly and in the same context. The clarification of goals becomes increasingly difficult as society becomes more complex. Many pressures bear upon family members. Increased options in the market place have brought changes in standards of homemaking and in ways of family living; growing knowledge in the behavioral sciences has brought changing attitudes in family interaction patterns and child rearing practices. As an aid in establishing a conceptual framework for clarifying family goals and developing a technique for measuring the relative strength of these goals, literature was reviewed to draw distinctions between "goals" and "values." In defining and discussing "values" and "goals" various authors indicate the base of departure for their thinking. Comparisons were made between the current thinking in various disciplines and that in home management, which views values as undergirding and shaping goals, these becoming the basis of decision making in the family.

Understanding and treatment of the family as a unit has gained increasing importance in the last decade. There has been a cognizance of the individual's symptoms as a partial outgrowth of the interactional-relationship problems in the family, the basis of which may consist of emotional disturbance in one or several family members. The initial objective of family treatment is to enable the family to form a continuing relationship with the counselor in which family members attempt to work together to discuss and define their own problems. The child becomes an involved participant in the description of the problem, its onset, subsequent ramifications, causal connections and significant medical and developmental history. An important goal for the counselor in the exploratory period is to find the leader in the family. The family leader can usually be identified as the spokesman who has some semblance of adequacy and is the decision maker for the family unit. The family leader should be respected, as often he or she can initiate and motivate the family effort in working together and overcoming resistance.

Family disorganization is traditionally studied by means of indices of officially reported behavior such as divorce, separation, crime, juvenile delinquency, child neglect, and others. The advantages of using such indices are obvious. They are readily available to the investigator. They are relatively objective in the sense that for given geographic areas, at least, their definition rests upon a legal framework for adjudicated behavior. Severe marital conflict not leading to divorce or separation and maltreatment of children that goes unreported are examples of such deviant behavior which would remain excluded from any study relying only on so-called official indices. The present analysis does not, of course, yield any data on the dynamic pattern of family disorganization. Yet, the interrelationship of categories of family functioning would tend to show whether at the stage at which a family has come to the attention of the "community" because of a serious breakdown in several areas of functioning, the primacy of disorganization seems to be in the expressive or instrumental spheres of social functioning.

The paper is intended to add to the much needed empirical knowledge of the correlates of these varying types of family organization. The study reported views conjugal power types as socialization environments, and seeks to explore the relationship between conjugal power type and selected aspects of an adolescent son's personality. The conceptual framework guiding this research is the view of the family as a small-scale social system. "System" is here defined as a structure in which a change in one element necessitates changes in other parts of the structure. It follows, therefore, that variations in conjugal role structure have consequences--not necessarily all manifest--for both the internal processes of the family system and for the family's mode of relationship to external systems. Among the most important of these is the type of socialization environment provided by different types of conjugal power structure. The general hypothesis is that those types of family structures which optimize the smooth internal functioning of the family system are relatively less successful in socializing children for achievement roles external to the family. Conversely, those types of family structures which are effective in training boys for achievement roles in systems external to the family tend to do so at the cost of heightened intrapsychic tension and lowered familial integration.

This article discusses different types of marital relationships in a Trinidad Village. One of the most promising ways of studying marital and family life is in relation to the total social context of which they are a part. In some cases, of course, it may be worth while to simply describe and label various patterns of family life, but an important additional step to take is to point out the relationship of the family patterns to other aspects of the society. There are three types of marital or quasimarital relationships in the village--"friending," "living," and married. An important point to remember is that these terms are not mutually exclusive, either at one point in time or through time. That is to say, a man could be "friending" with one woman, "living" with a second woman, and married to a third; and he may also be married to a woman that he was formerly "living" and "friending" with. Although a child will be baptized under the name of his unmarried mother, he will nevertheless be given, in everyday affairs, the father's surname, and this is one way the mother has of emphasizing the child's paternity in the hope that support will be forthcoming from the father.

The challenge of communism has taught many things, not the least of which is that the people more carefully search out the deeper meaning of freedom. There is a present urgency for the people to do so, and there are no concepts today that will spell out this meaning of personal liberty as does this modern trinity of difference, tolerance, and cooperation. In passing, it is interesting to speculate that probably most people prefer the value of sameness over the value of difference. Sameness promises peace of mind while difference means unrest; sameness promises unity while difference means division; sameness means certainty while difference means guess-work; sameness means living by habit while difference means facing a problem. Perhaps the people might divide rather evenly on which of these two values is superior. Some of the people would think of sameness as preferable, while others would favor the value of difference. individual. The differences between each member of any one family are truly staggering. At the start two people, recently almost strangers, each of a different history, a different personality, and with different preferences, join in the attempted unity of marriage.

This article presents abstracts of various articles related to family life and marriage. One article is "Permissiveness and Morality," by Jules Henry. The focus of this article is the consequences of permissiveness on morality and interpersonal relations. Permissiveness leads to a lack of concern for others and hence to the decline of gratitude, guilt and the other emotions of personal involvement. Since the root of morality is concern for others and since permissiveness tears up that root, there can be no clear concept of right and wrong outside of that given to one by the police. Another article is "Children in Crisis," by Warren T. Vaughan. According to the author, the crisis of the family today lies in the fact that it is in a stage of transition from a stable, self-reliant, inner-directed entity to an outer directed entity. The family is now directed to the community and its activities rather than to itself. The hazard lies in community institutions taking over too many family functions and parental roles. The author goes on to note that the traditional values of a highly stratified society have been abandoned as oversimplified in today's world.

A combination of practice and theory in teaching high school youth about child development and family relationships may be possible in many communities. Dearborn, a suburb of Detroit, Michigan, has developed such a program for its high school seniors. The Dearborn Cooperative Nursery School and the Dearborn Woods Cooperative Nursery have been utilized as observation laboratories by two high schools in Dearborn. Classes in family living, from one high school, and in child development from another, have found the nursery an excellent laboratory for their students. This approach differs from the classes in family living that deal only with theoretical problems which, for the students, lie only in the future. While it is true that one cannot hope to prepare high school seniors for every possible contingency of married life, it is also true that young people, as they face parenthood, need to develop insights about themselves and their relationships to others. In the approach in the Dearborn schools the family living teacher asked the pupils how, as such, they would handle sex and birth questions with their own youngsters. This placed a responsibility upon them which was unique in their experience.

Although there is a paucity of empirical evidence concerning the effects or maternal employment on children, marriage stability and patterns of family living, students of the family are finding an increasing need for more precise information concerning the relationship which exists between maternal employment and family life. That there has been a substantial increase in the gainful employment of married women in the U.S. since 1940 is clear. It is expected that the percentage of gainfully employed married women will also continue to increase. Although several studies concerning maternal employment and attitudes toward child rearing suggest that no significant relationship exists, none of the completed studies has been done in the southern region of the U.S. The present study sought to obtain information concerning the relationship of maternal employment to the emotional adjustment of children over a period of years, and to compare samples of employed and non-employed mothers at three different stages of the family life cycle. The subjects were 130 white, American-born mothers of intact, urban, middle-class families, residents of Tallahassee, Florida.

In one sense it is presumptuous to speak of new roles for men and women. The exploration of the infinite variety of relationships that are possible between two people of opposite sex has been going on since long before history began to be recorded. If this were the proper occasion, it would be intriguing to pursue the question of what role the humanities play, or should play, as against the social sciences in affecting the quality of experience through bringing to bear on it the experience of others. The family life educator and counselor may in fact be performing a function that the humanities claim, but to a large degree fail to exercise the genuine application to actual living of the perceptiveness obtained by the process of generalization. Despite the professed fears of some foreign, and even some native observers of American life, the decline of segregation of the sexes has not reduced erotic and romantic behavior. Instead, interest in these, and time spent in enjoying them, have conspicuously heightened. The repertoire of masculine and feminine sexual roles has widened among most segments of the society.

The article presents the abstracts of the articles published in 1960 issues of the various journal. Some of them are: "Socialization, Social Status and the Family Life Educator in Urban Public Agencies," by Thomas Lucian Blair published in the 1960 issue of the journal "The American Catholic Sociological Review"; "Let's De-Sophisticate," by Joseph E. Curtis published in the November 1960 issue of the "Youth Leaders Digest"; "Report on Soviet Marriage," by David R. Mace published in the November 1960 issue of the "Marriage Guidance"; "Plans for Improved Statistics on Family Formation and Dissolution in the United States," by Hugh Carter published in the December 1960 issue of the "Social Forces"; "Psychiatric and Mediocolegal Implications of Genetic and Endocrinologic Research in Sex Determination," by Karl M. Bowman published in the December 1960 issue of the "The American Journal of Psychiatry" and "Economic Impact of Instruction in Family Planning," by Yoshio Koya published in the December 1960 issue of the "Eugenics Quarterly."

Alcoholism is partly a product of social disorganization in the family of orientation and also a factor in producing social disorganization in the family of procreation. Alcoholism and the family thus has been approached from these two families of the alcoholic, his family of orientation and his family of procreation. Research has been undertaken to relate the characteristics of alcoholics to parent child relationships and early family experiences by studying certain aspects of the alcoholic's family of orientations. This whole area thus reflects the feeling that somehow the alcoholics family of orientation has malfunctioned in its role as a major socialization agent and also in providing the basis for healthy personality growth and development of offspring. In the alcoholic's family of procreation the emphasis in the literature has been on the wives possible contribution to the husband's alcoholism and thus to family disorganization, the family units adjustments to disorganization produced by alcoholism and the special effect of alcoholism and family disorganization on children. It also describes the family role in the treatment of alcoholics.

This article studies and compares interpersonal relations in traditional and emergent families among Midwest Mennonites. An Index of Traditional-Emergent Family Traits was derived for the purpose of measuring the degree to which traditional traits are present or absent in a family. A sample of 149 Midwest Mennonite families were scored on the index. Some families evidenced a preponderance of traditional traits while others evidenced primarily the contrasting "emergent" traits. The two types were compared on the basis of indexes of three interpersonal relationships: husband wife, childparent, and child-peer relations. Intercorrelations between the three interpersonal relations indexes were also observed. In regards to the latter, highly significant positive associations were found between: the husband wife and child-parent relationships, and the child-parent and childpeer relationships. No significant association was found between husband-wife and child-peer variables. These findings support the hypothesis that the quality of a person's relationship with one associate will be similarly evidenced in his relationships with other associates.

The article explores association between dimensions of family fife and patterns. Four Guttman scales were developed from questionnaire responses of 610 junior high school youth. The three family scales of Life Chance, Interpersonal Relations and Activity, were found to be logically consistent yet independent of one another. As hypothesized, the Life Chance Scale, composed of six items concerning job status, parent's education, family intactness and family size, was not correlated with the Conduct Scale, a nine-item instrument composed of reported violations of community nouns. The Relations Scale approached but failed to reach significant association with the Conduct Scale, smooth relations correlating slightly with conformity and strained relations more powers fully with deviant behavior. Association between the Home versus Peer Centered Activity Scale and social conduct was highly significant, with strong home ties correlating with conformity and peer centered activities with deviance.

This article presents brief summaries of article, published in issues of several periodicals. Teen-age marriages, pregnancies among high school girls, youthful gang violence, and increases in youthful crime rates are deeply serious events. At present, an increase in the size of the American family is occurring. This paper focuses upon the motivation for having larger families and the social changes that may underlie these motivations. Many changes have developed in the role of women due to the technological developments. This speculative paper explores the direction of family life over the next 40 years. The author sees the increasing proportion of women employed gainfully as the clearest indication of approaching sex equality. Family life educators are taken to task in this article for persisting in presenting only one side of the question on the frequency of divorce associated with religiously homogamous or heterogamous marriages. This article is concerned with needed communication between theology and anthropology. The two fields have a common link in being concerned about truth, whether natural or social.

The joint family may be either bilateral or unilateral and the unilateral joint family may be either matrilineal or patrilineal. The chief characteristics of the maternal type are the following: Descent is traced through the mother, not the father. Often children are raised in the home of the wife's relatives. The husband sometimes is merely a privileged visitor, and has in this respect a secondary position in the home where his wife and children live. He may however have the dominant position in the family of his sister. The worship of ancestors and prayers associated with this worship constitute another basis of joint family life. This worship may take the elaborate form, using the help of the Brahmin family. In the joint family many of the relationships are prescribed. In the husband-wife relationship the wife is not supposed to contradict her husband even if she knows that he is wrong. She cannot argue with her husband as an equal, but must always submit herself to his good judgment. She must obey him. She will eat only after the husband has eaten and will not complain.

The more traditional techniques of marriage arrangement are not functioning for certain individuals in the culture. The nature of the advertisers singles out certain subgroups of the population most in need of substitute techniques. And the qualities sought in a mate reveal some of the values held by these subgroups. To investigate these problems, one hundred marriage advertisements were selected randomly and their contents analysed. While the sample is representative of the advertisements placed, no claim is made that it expresses the needs and values of all Egyptians, or even of middle class urban Egyptians, although this is the universe from which advertisers are drawn. Within the family's social group, the girls of marriageable age are known, particularly to the man's mother and maternal aunts who have been visiting acquaintances for years with a speculative eye cocked to observe the physical merits, temperament and submissive behavior of the young girls of the house. Once all parties agree, courtship proceeds with dispatch. A ceremonial meeting between the two families, accompanied by the sipping of sweet punch, takes place at the home of the girl.

This article presents the directory of members of National Council on Family Relations (NCFR), which has been compiled by William F. Kenkel of Iowa State University. In the directory, standard abbreviations have been used throughout in the occupations, addresses, and degrees of members. In listing the additional occupational interests at the end of each item, the following abbreviations have been used: C for Counseling, R for Research, L for Lecturing, and W for Writing. The initial impetus for the project, the collection of data, and the first draft were provided by Kenkel. A considerable financial contribution was made by Iowa State University, the executive office of NCFR, and by Florida State University in providing some clerical assistance for the project. The directory has been divided in to two parts. The part one of the directory provides information regarding individual and husband-wife memberships. The part two of the directory provides information regarding organizational membership.

The present article is a report on one aspect of a larger project, the aim of which was to investigate the social and psychological variables related to home placement of severely disabled patients and to assess the subsequent adjustment of the patient in the family setting. Further, since the sustaining of a massive disability by one family member can be considered analogous to other traumas to a family structure, it was felt that by studying the home adjustment patterns of the disabled and their families, more might be learned about the impact of stress on family organization. The present report, essentially qualitative in nature, will discuss the social and psychological factors which distinguished those patients who returned home from those who did not, and assess the nature of the adjustment made by families to whom the patient returned. It is based on interviews with the families of the 40 patients and on socio-demographic information. It is the patient's social role in the family, prior to and after his disability which seems to be the best predictor of home placement. The present study has implications for social practices. Several assumptions govern modern rehabilitation practice.

This article presents abstracts of various general as well as research articles published in various periodicals. The article "A Symposium: Values of American College Students," published in January-February, 1960 issue of the periodical "Religious Education" consists of a postscript on the now famous Jacob study, four reports on religious values at Harvard University, an article on changing religious and moral values at Ohio State University with special reference to Jewish students, and some observations on student values at Hunter College. The article "The Pediatricians Role in the Family," by Phillip F. Barba, published in the Spring, 1960 issue of the periodical "Child Study" is a discussion whose starting point is that the pediatrician has shifted from concerns related to physical matters to problems of personality development of children. The article "Some Implications of the Homogamy-Complementary Needs Theories of Mate Selection for Sociological Research," by Wayne Kernodle, published in the December, 1959 issue of the periodical "Social Forces" is addressed primarily to the consideration of what constitutes the sphere of relevant phenomena for the discipline of sociology.

This article presents a study which was undertaken to determine whether the advantages of the standardized interview in terms of the reliability of the data obtained are sufficient to warrant its use in research studies concerned with family behavior. Traditionally, in studies concerned with family behavior which have not purported intensive personality analyses, three general approaches have been utilized in the collection of data: i.e., questionnaires, interviews, and observation. For the purposes of obtaining relatively impersonal information, the questionnaire method yields data of sufficient reliability to warrant its use; however, there is little empirical evidence concerning the relationship between the method of data collection and the reliability of responses obtained in studies of family behavior. The interview has been uncritically accepted as a "perfect instrument" while the reliability and validity of paper-and-pencil tests have been critically checked. It is surprising that very few studies have been performed to find out the best method for obtaining reliable information.

It is generally assumed that the family constitutes the basic socializing agency for the individual. Within the family much of the individual's personality is developed. In the Indian subcontinent, like China, the family has been of special significance, because for thousands of years it has been the basic social and economic unit. Despite the continuity of culture between India and Pakistan, there are certain obvious differences in each culture, subject to the religion of the majority groups in both countries. In India 85 per cent of the population is Hindu, whereas in Pakistan the same percentage of the population consists of Muslims; the remaining are Christians, Parsis, or Buddhists. In both nations individuals hold many values in common, but there are many cultural differences such as marriage observances and family patterns. Pakistani boys and girls are segregated in school at eight years of age. From the age of puberty members of the opposite sex who are not related should not meet, talk, or carry on any activities together, lest intimacy lead to sexual temptation.

Changes in courtship behavior in Western societies during the last half-century have been of interest to sociologists and other students of the institutions of marriage and the family. In recent years considerable attention has been given to depictions of the folk-urban changes in the media of commercialized entertainment: motion pictures, the drama, fiction, radio, and television. The prestige, pervasiveness, and emotional impact characteristic of these media have been regarded by some observers as significant factors in giving further impetus, through a feed-back process, to the very social changes they reflect. The present paper attempts a further contribution to this literature by reporting the findings of an inquiry into the nature of trends in images of courtship in popular magazine fiction across a forty-year period, testing the hypothesis that these images are changing in a direction consonant with our society's trend toward increasingly individuated social relationships.