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At present, there are seldom researches on the application of potassium carbonate in dough. In this paper, the influence mechanism of potassium carbonate on the rheological properties of dough was analyzed by exploring effect of potassium carbonate on the structure and physicochemical properties of starch and protein in the dough. Compared with the control group, the disulfide bond, guache-guache-guache conformation, and β-sheet increased by 1.46 μmol/g, 9.02%, and 5.11%, respectively, when the addition amount of potassium carbonate was 0.6%. It showed that potassium carbonate induced protein aggregation and interaction in the dough which was the main reason for the increase of elasticity and the decrease of extensibility. The results also showed that potassium carbonate (>0.2%) destroyed the ordered structure in starch of dough. Nevertheless, the potassium carbonate had no influence on the crystal form of starch in the dough. [Display omitted] • Potassium carbonate significantly changed the rheological properties of dough. •Potassium carbonate (0.6%) induced protein aggregation best. •Potassium carbonate (>0.2%) destroyed the order of starch molecules. •Potassium carbonate had application potential in flour products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]