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According to the investigation of the dedicated railway line of national coal enterprises, this article classifies and analyzes China's typical coal rail line management model into three modes: department owned, department compound and corporate (Independent). Based on the study of this management mode and using the DEA mathematical model, the mechanism model of the coal dedicated rail lines' operational efficiency is established. This paper evaluates the operational efficiency of the typical coal dedicated rail lines, which concludes that management mode has a great impact on the operational efficiency of dedicated rail line, coal dedicated rail line of independent management mode has high operational efficiency, and that of department owned management mode has low operational efficiency. On the basis of the conclusions, the author puts forward the management reform proposals of China's coal enterprises dedicated rail lines.