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THE NAME MOWA CHACHŁACKA (KHAKHOL LANGUAGE) IN ACCOUNTS FROM DISPLACED POST-WAR MIGRANTS FROM THE EAST TO WESTERN POLAND This paper concerns the usage of the linguonym mowa chachłacka (Khakhol language) in Galicia, Podolia and Volhynia during the first half of the 20th Century. Therefore, it can be considered in the realm of historical sociolinguistics. The source material is comprised of interviews, recorded 1992–2006, with over 100 forced migrants from eastern voivodeships of the interwar Second Polish Republic. After World War 2, the respondents were resettled from their home towns into the new borders of post-war Poland, areas which belonged to Germany until 1945. The research method chosen was partially standardized interviews, which were first recorded and then written down. The paper is focused around the following issues: 1) which linguistic variety was referred to as mowa chachłacka in the interwar period within the researched communities, 2) whether this name contained a value judgement, 3) what was the prestige of mowa chachłacka in these communities. The first chapter of the paper concerns the history of the Russian lexeme хохол/хaхол, which forms the basis of the linguonym mowa chachłacka, and which has been used since the 17th Century to refer to Ukrainians. The article takes into account ideas concerning researching social attitudes to a language, such as standard language ideology and monoglossic ideology.

VERBAL BORROWINGS FROM LATIN IN OLD POLISH The paper focuses on direct verbal borrowings from Latin into Old Polish. It attempts to determine the exact number of these borrowings and to describe the possible reasons for it being rather small in comparison with nominal borrowings. In the initial parts, some introductory remarks are made on verbal borrowings in general and Polish–Latin language contact in Middle Ages. The main part of the paper discusses the etymology of four Old Polish verbs: koronować ~ korunować, obligować się, ufundować and sylabizować. The final part contains general remarks and conclusions.

IS IT STILL WORTH RESEARCHING GREEK AND LATIN LOANWORDS IN OLD POLISH? (AND HOW SHOULD WE DO IT?) The paper focuses on Greek and Latin loanwords in Old Polish language. It attempts to show what has already been done and what still needs to be done in this important issue. Three main aspects are discussed: (1) definitions of the terms loanword, Latinism, Hellenism, and the problem of direct and indirect borrowing; (2) the current state of investigation of Greek and Latin loanwords in Old Polish; (3) the Old Polish Christian terminology – the problem of chronology and borrowing channels of Greek and Latin Christian words to Old Polish. The final part of the paper contains a brief research history i.e. it describes the most important works in chronological order.

Language and Linguistics According to Krystyna Pisarkowa (1932–2010) Krystyna Pisarkowa’s rich output is characterised by a variety of forms and a wide range of topics, as well as an innovative interpretation of linguistic phenomena. The following paper can be described as biographical and substantive. The text contains certain facts from Pisarkowa’s life that are connected with certain spheres of her scientific activity in which she succeeded, references to people who played a significant role in her life, as well as development of her research interests. The publications which are mentioned in the paper have been selected according to Pisarkowa’s attitude to language, its essence, pragmatic-functional-stylistic variety, as well as potential context and purpose which lies beyond its typical usage. Moreover, an attempt has been made at reconstructing Pisarkowa’s views on the range, shape and place of linguistics among humanistic disciplines.

Cracow-Lviv Roots of Wrocław Slavic Studies The paper discusses the beginnings of Polish and Slavic linguistics at the Univertsity of Wroclaw directly after World War II. It was created by young scholars, linguists, Slavicists and Polonists, who gained their education and academic degrees at the Jagiellonian University and the John Casimir University in Lviv. This group included primarily S. Rospond, L. Ossowski, W. Kuraszkiewicz, S. Bąk, all educated before the war, as well as A. Furdal, much younger than the others and educated already after the war. These scholars received their education under the guidance of the best Polish linguists, Slavicists, Polonists, and Indo-Europeanists. In addition, the paper presents basic information about preparations made in Cracow during the war, to create Polish and Slavic studies at the University of Wroclaw.

Reflections on the Conception of the History of Polish Linguistics The author explains his reason for taking up the topic by recalling his discussions with prof. Mirosław Skarżyński and encouraging him to prepare a publication in which he would present his conception of the history of Polish linguistics. Prof. Skarżyński will not write this paper any more, so this author decided to present his own reflections on the matter. He begins with the first grammar of Polish, Polonicae grammatices institutio, published in 1568 by a Frenchman Piotr Statorius-Stojeński, for foreigners who wish to learn the language. He presents the work against the European background, and shows that it belongs to the great European movement of the 16th century, of preparing descriptions of contemporary languages. This author proposes that the publication of Statorius’ grammar, and of Jan Mączyński’s Latin-Polish dictionary (1564), can be considered the actual beginnings of Polish linguistics. In relation to S. Urbańczyk who tied those beginnings to year 1751, this author moves the date nearly 200 years back. He also refers to the opinions of historians of science. The paper concludes with remarks on the place of applied linguistics and glottodidactics in Polish linguistics.

Language Policy in Poland in the Context of the Impact of English on Polish The paper examines the way and the extent to which language policies have affected the development of the Polish language. However, the purpose of the present paper is to highlight the change in attitude towards the increasing impact of English on Polish. The influence of English became more prominent in Poland after the change in the political system in 1989, and has for the most part been in the area of lexical borrowings. However, the influence of English is not only restricted to the inflow of English loanwords, but also extends to their relatively high frequency of usage. In addition, there is evidence of other types of influence that are non-lexical. However, the impact of English on Polish has not been as extensive as is claimed by some Polish linguists who since the early 1990s have lamented over the decline of the Polish language caused by the ”flood” of British and American English borrowings. Indeed, the status of English as a lingua franca was considered itself to be a threat to Polish, with even the possibility of the extinction of the tongue. This concern about language purity led to the creation of the Polish Language Council in 1996, whose aim has been to advise on and describe (rather than prescribe) linguistic behaviours among Polish language users. This legislative body was behind the Polish Language Act passed in 1999. Its purpose, however, has been to protect Polish rather than to purify it and to minimize the foreign influences (which mainly refer to English) rather than to eradicate them. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the Polish linguists’ attitude towards the ”Anglicization” of the Polish language has changed dramatically and it is now believed that the influence of English makes Polish richer and more globalized.

“Talking after somebody”. A Language Without Communication The paper examines “talking after somebody”, i.e. the phenomenon of echolalia which is especially characteristic for low-functioning people with autism. The paper shows that such speech is unintentional and uncommunicative. The language of autistic persons also does not fulfill the causative or persuasive role. It does, however, perform the function of uncoscious self-stimulation for those people. According to therapists, this type of behaviour should be eliminated at all cost.

Identification of *-(j)ū-stems in polish and slavic material The paper discusses the question of the substitution of the stem suffix *-ъv- for the suffix *-ъka, which converts words from the *-(j)ū- to the *-a-declension, as well as the problem of identification of original *-(j)ū-stems. An analysis of Polish and Slavic material leads to the conclusion that a part of nouns that are commonly regarded as *-(j)ū-stems have in fact a different origin: some can be derived from collective nouns in *-va (still productive in East Slavic), e.g. *kuropъtva, *plotva, *ǫtva, and a part have probably been extended with an unmotivated labial element -v- which has the appearance of a relic of a *-ū-stem, but appears most commonly after roots that end in a velar consonant or a spirant-stop sequence. The paper argues against the hypothesis about late (Proto-)Slavic activization of *-ū-stems and proposes instead that a part of this class had been eliminated at a prehistoric stage, depending on the quality of the stem consonant.

Multiaspectuality of the notion of conceptualization in Ronald Langacker’s grammar: from the perspective of a user of cognitive terminology The paper presents the scope of understanding of the notion of conceptualization, a notion that belongs to the elementary toolbox of R. Langacker’s cognitive grammar. The author shows the different perspectives of viewing conceptualization, and discusses ways of defining the term. By contrasting it with other terms from the paradigm of cognitive semantics (among others, categorization, construal, profiling, conceptualizer, spekaer, addressee, usage event), which Langacker refers to while describing the processes of conceptualization, the paper reveals the placement and status of conceptualization in cognitive grammar.

On the meaning of the adjective nieszczęsny ‘luckless’ in contemporary polish The aim of this paper is to perform a semantic analysis of the expression nieszczęsny ‘luckless’, which functions at the non-denotational level of language description. As a metatextual adjective, it is different both from the old expression of the same shape, and from contemporary adjectives which are often wrongly equated with it semantically, e.g. pechowy ‘unlucky’, żałosny ‘pitiful’, niefortunny ‘unfortunate’. The paper contains a survey of dictionary definitions of both homonymous units (i.e. the old and the contemporary adjective nieszczęsny), a characterization of the collocation of the expression nieszczęsny, as well as of words that are semantically associated with it (including the adjective nieszczęśliwy ‘unhappy’). Moreover, the article discusses problems which directly affect the findings regarding the semantic specificity of nieszczęsny (the issue of the subject of predication, the question of reference). It concludes with a proposal of explication of the meaning of the analysed unit.

Witold Mańczak’s Hypothesis about the Finno-Ugric Substrate in the Baltic Languages The paper discusses Witold Mańczak’s hypothesis concerning a Finnic (particularly Balto-Finnic) substrate in the Baltic languages (Mańczak 1990: 29–38; 1993: 151; 2008: 149–152), as well as J. H. Holst’s critical evaluation of the problem (Holst 2015: 151–173). Mańczak lists as many as ten arguments in support of the substrate theory: According to Meillet (1925: 100–101), the disappearance of the neuter gender in Lithuanian and Latvian occurred under the influence of Balto-Finnic languages, since the category of gender is absent from Finno-Ugric; Old Lithuanian displays secondary local cases (i.e. illative, allative, adessive, ines-sive), formed using postpositions according to the Finno-Ugric pattern (Meillet 1925: 101); The Lithuanian constructions expressing evidentiality (e.g. Lith. nešęs velnias ak-menį) – as well as their Latvian counterparts – appeared due to substrate influence, according to Pisani (1959: 217); The Lithuanian numerals 11–19 ending in -lika (e.g, Lith. vienúolika ‘eleven’, dvýlika ‘twelve’, etc.) are of substrate origin (Pisani 1959: 217); The particle of the Lithuanian imperative -ki or -k (e.g. OLith. dúoki ‘give’) – repro-duces a similar particle known from Finnish, according to some scholars (Топоров, Трубачев 1962: 249–250); The alternation of voiced and voiceless consonants like blekai / plekai ‘tripe’ (Kiparsky 1968: 76–90 lists 200 such doublets in Latvian and 50 in Lithuanian) may be caused by the influence of a Finno-Ugric substratum, since the Finno-Ugric lan-guages used to lack voiced consonants; There are Common Baltic terms of Finno-Ugric origin, e.g. the name for ‘amber’: OPrus. gentars, Lith. giñtaras, Latv. dzĩtars m. ‘amber’ (Bednarczuk 1976: 47–48). The use of the genitive instead of an adjective in East Baltic (e.g. Lith. lietuvių kalba ‘Lithuanian language’, Latv. latviešu valoda ‘Latvian language’), unknown in other Indo-European languages, arose through Balto-Finnic influence – cf. Finnish suomen kieli ‘Finnish language’, Est. eesti keel ‘Estonian language’ (Bednarczuk 1968). The territory of Latvia abounds in hydronyms of Finnic provenance, while in Lithuania we may identify the name Nemunas (chief river in the area) as well as ca. 30 other river names of potential Finno-Ugric origin (Zinkevičius 1984: 155). The non-distinction of grammatical number in third-person finite verb forms in Lithua-nian, Latvian and Old Prussian was, according to some researchers (e.g. Thomason, Kaufman 1988: 243), caused by Balto-Finnic influence. Besides, the present author reviews Holst’s critical paper on the theory of a Uralic substratum in Common Baltic.

On the Challenges and Tasks of Linguistic Memory Research The paper summarizes the first stage of development of a new subfield of linguistics known as linguistic memory research, and poses three questions which are important for its further development: what are the mutual relations and tangents between language and memory (both individual and collective), what are the mutual relations between linguistic memory research and the related field of cognitive ethnolinguistics (as well as such disciplines in humanities as historiography and theoretical archaeology), and lastly, in what areas can linguistic memory research and ethnolinguistics support each other most effectively. A greater part of the paper is devoted to a brief overview of the ten problem areas in memory research, and a presentation of specific tasks posed before linguists by questions concentrated in those areas: from the determination of the role of memory in the processes of lexicalization and phraseologization, through the classification of verbal (phonic, lexical, phraseological, syntactic, genre-related, etc.) exponents of memory, and the determination of their role in the learning of aspects of individual and collective memory, up to an analysis of the role of the given ethnic language in the building of large mental constructs interepreting the reality, such as collective memory, linguistic image of the world, and community knowledge.

Professor Zenon Klemensiewicz as the Editor of “Język Polski” The paper presents the activity and achievements of Professor Zenon Klemensiewicz as the editor of the “Język Polski” journal (‘The Polish Language’), the official publication of The Society of Friends of the Polish Language (Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego). Klemensiewicz became the editor in the end of 1958, and performed his duties until his death in a plane crash, on April 2, 1969. The author identifies the most important of Klemensiewicz’s achievements at the position of the editor: the extension of the editorial board of the journal, the introduction of new authors and numerous papers representing the most recent (in the 1960s) linguistic trends, such as structural and generative linguistics, text linguistics, press discourse analysis, as well as the increase of the circulation of the journal and its importance for the Polish linguistic community as well as for other groups of its readers.

The Observer and His Position in Tadeusz Borowski’s Short Story Odwiedziny (‘The Visit’) The article is an analysis of Tadeusz Borowski’s short story Odwiedziny (‘The visit’). It focuses on linguistic and narrative devices through which the speaker influences the recipient’s perception, and so shapes the reading of his work. The first part is introductory, it presents the goals of the paper. The next part recalls the most important existing interpretations, both of Borowski’s literary output as a whole, and of the text at hand. They form the starting point to an analysis of the position of the character-narrator with regard to the events he is describing, and to the relation between the author, the narrator, and the main character of the story. These considerations constitute the third part of the present paper. It begins with a citation of the full text of the story, and is followed by the main argument announced in the title which refers to Ronald Langacker’s cognitive grammar and takes into special consideration such notions as scene, current discourse space, and vantage point. The closing part of the paper contains conclusions, contrasted with the theses put forward in the context of Borowski’s work, as well as suggestions of possible directions of further analysis of the story within the framework of cognitive linguistics.

The Notion of Meaning and Its Scope in Zenon Klemensiewicz’s Conception of Syntax The goal of the paper is to reconstruct and analyse Z. Klemensiewicz’s views on the place that so- -called ‘relative meaning’ occupied in his conception of syntax. Klemensiewicz distinguished 21 types of relative meanings and gave examples of their grammatical and lexical markers. His works, reminded in this paper after nearly half a century from their publication, are treated as documents of historical value.

Relics of the Polish Language of the North-Eastern Borderland in the Former Boundaries of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Southern Lands of Pskov Province). Part II The present paper consists of two parts, and presents the spoken Polish of the North-Eastern Borderland, as well as borrowings from Polish which function in the dialects of the Pskov province. Three regions with different histories have been included. The southern lands of the Pskov province (the area which belonged to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1772) were described in the first part of the article. The sociolinguistic situation and loanwords borrowed from Polish (or via Polish) were analysed basing on two sources: the author’s materials collected during dialectological field research, and material from The Pskov Regional Dictionary with Historical Data. The Pytalovo region (which belonged to Latvia in the interwar period) and the historical Pskov region (where there were no Polish settlements) were described in the second part of the paper. Two sources were used: The Pskov Regional Dictionary with Historical Data, and The Dialectological Dictionary of One Family (Pytalovo Region of the Pskov Province).

How do Phraseologisms Function in Different Variants and Contexts? The Functional Analysis of Historica-Linguistic Material Based on the Unit: jak Boga kocham The paper presents a functional approach to phraseology from former colloquial Polish speech based on the lexicalized unit jak Boga kocham and its selected variant forms. The author used the elements of the socio-pragmatic method (assuming parallel analysis of the material at the sociological and pragmatic levels) to research the use of these lexicalized constructions. The bases of the material were constructed dialogues from the Korpus dawnych polskich tekstów dramatycznych (1772–1939). During the analysis, it was observed in which way the phraseological unit might realize itself in various variants and contexts. Furthermore, attention was paid to the ‘from sender to the receiver’s perspective, applying the assumptions of Wojciech Chlebda’s phrasematic conception to historical linguistics. This approach gave an opportunity to observe in which variants and socio-pragmatic contexts idioms are most often invoked in the statements of representatives of both sexes. The obtained results were interpreted on the basis of selected non-linguistic factors, primarily historical and cultural ones.

COGNITIVE ETHNOLINGUISTICS: TOWARDS THE INTEGRAL DESCRIPTION OF LANGUAGE The history of ethnolinguistics is, among other things, the history of the evolution of the idea of integrating hitherto isolated levels of research and types of data that are used in analyses. This paper discusses four views important for ethnolinguistics: on the unity of language and culture; about the importance of the cognitive function of language; about the need to use a broad material base inresearch; about recognizing that the ultimate goal of ethnolinguistic research is to reach the way of conceptualization of the world by the speaker, his mentality and the world of values.

AMATEUR PROMOTION OF THE CIESZYN DIALECT (SELECTED FORMS, STRATEGIES, SOLUTIONS) The paper focuses on the dialectological topics and problems related to sociolinguistics, ethnolinguistics and psycholinguistics. It gives us insight into Cieszyn Silesia’s linguistic situation, especially in the Czech part of Zaolzie. It presents four social and individual activities, which aim to promote, support, and even revive Cieszyn dialect. The authors describe respectively: 1) testing knowledge of the dialect in form of quizzes, 2) promotion of the dialect across musical texts, 3) encouraging children and young people to use the dialect in a dialect contest, and 4) recording amateur vlogs, which are to enhance internet users’ language and national awareness. Internet and authors’ own remarks related to the official and unofficial social events are the sources of the language materials used in this analysis. Language and cultural development in society – as it is well known – heads toward unification that is increasingly difficult to resist effectively. The subjects responsible for promoting the dialect are eager to maintain the territorial dialect of the national language for future generations. Although they sometimes do it unprofessionally, linguists should be interested respectively in their efforts.

FROM A PROPER NOUN OR FROM A COMMON NOUN? ON SOME PROBLEMS IN THE MOTIVATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH PROPER NAMES The paper addresses the issue of the motivation of some phraseologisms which include components homonymous with proper names (e.g., dookoła wojtek, lit. ‘Wojtek in circles’; w koło macieju, lit.‘Maciej in circles’, both these idioms meaning ‘to keep talking or doing the same thing all the time’; bosy antek, lit. ‘barefoot Antek’, referring to a person from central Poland, historically under Russian occupation; cienki bolek, lit. ‘thin Bolek’ meaning a person who is weak and incompetent). The aim of the study is to indicate some difficulties in an analysis of the origin of such units, which illustrates more general problems in the description of their motivation. In the discussed expressions, the original source of their nominal components remains unclear, which distinguishes them from such unitsas Achilles heel, the shirt of Nessus. The problems identified in the analysis relate to the phenomenon of apelativisation of proper nouns, which is part of the broader issue of the relationship between phraseologism and proper nouns.

PROBLEMS WITH THE PHONOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF POST-PALATAL PLOSIVE SOUNDS The article reports the most important phonetic changes which took place in the contemporary Polish language. The aim of the chapter is to answer the questions that arise when learning phonetics and phonology, especially in regard to phonemes /k΄/ and /g΄/. In this paper the author presents various opinions on the phonological distinctiveness of the two sounds. The author focuses on the phenomenon associated with depalatalisation of consonants [k΄] and [g΄] and presents solutions adopted in academic textbooks. Finally, the author presents suggestions for the phonological interpretation of selected consonants.

LINGUISTIC MEMORY STUDIES BY WOJCIECH CHLEBDA The purpose of this paper is to present the concept of linguistic memory studies, developed by WojciechChlebda, as a research program of modern linguistics. Wojciech Chlebda assumes that memory,both individual and collective, is strongly linked to language, that is, it participates both in the formingof memory content and in its material expression: its externalizing in verbal narrations (and, morebroadly, semiotic narrations). In this context, he identifies the following challenges facing linguisticmemory studies: description and classification of linguistic exponents of memory, description of theprocess of mapping collective memories, and research on collective oblivion.

Why is the Distinction between Suffix and Desinence Worth Preserving? (a reply to M. Stachowski’s paper The terms “suffix” and “desinence” among Polish grammatical terms) This paper is an answer to M. Stachowski’s article The terms “suffix” and “desinence” among Polish grammatical terms; it presents a different point of view. It points out that the terms mentioned in the title are not only used separately within the sub-disciplines of morphology, i.e. in research concerning inflection and word-formation, but also, due to their functions, make possible the distinction between lexicon and syntax, as well as the structuring of the lexicon. They also play a role in glottodidactics. An analysis of some derivatives, coupled with an interpretation of the terms extracted from linguistic compendia concerning Polish and French, shows that the distinction between a suffix and a desinence is both simple and useful. The attributes of a suffix are: 1) changing the meaning of the base; 2) absence of changes during inflection; 3) position before the ending (desinence). The second of the analysed terms does not possess these properties.

Kazimierz Nitsch and Mały atlas gwar polskich (‘A small atlas of Polish dialects’) This paper describes K. Nitsch’s road to dialectology and linguistic geography. It begins with a presentation of some events from Nitsch’s youth. In those times, he was inspired by Baudouin de Courtenay’s phonological methods and Gilliéron’s linguistic geography. Having completed his genius description of Polish dialects, Nitsch began work on the atlas and dictionary of Polish dialects. After World War II, he organized the work on Mały atlas gwar polskich (‘A small atlas of Polish dialects’) which was planned to precede a large one. This work, commenced by an editorial team under the direction of Nitsch in a special department of the Polish Academy of Sciences, was continued and completed under the supervision of Nitsch’s student, M. Karaś. The work discussed in the present paper comprises 13 volumes, 601 maps, 116 main and about 200 supplementary localities. Linguistic phenomena have been shown on maps using geometric figures, coloured areas, and isoglosses. Labels were rarely used. The atlas focuses on phonetic and morphological phenomena. It also contains multiple lexical maps. Mały atlas gwar polskich is the single largest work in the field of Polish linguistic geography.

Phraseological Calques, Semi-calques and Hybrids in the Language of the Bilingual Community of Old Believers in Poland The paper is an attempt to create the definitions of and delimitations between the terms calque, semi-calque, and phraseological hybrid, based on the material collected among the bilingual community of Old Believers in Poland. Many scientfic papers have been written on calques, semi-calques, and phraseological hybrids, contributing to a better understanding of those linguistic phenomena, and deepening the possibilities of their interpretation. Calques, semi-calques, and lexical hybrids have been described in a quite satisfactory way; with reference to phraseology, however, theoretical and methodological discussions are still lacking. Their correct interpretation is key for an analysis of the phraseological store of the bilingual community of Old Believers in Poland. For more than half a century, their Russian dialect has been subjected to an incessant, strong influence of Polish, resulting in the appearance of an increasingly large number of elements borrowed from Polish, especially in the lexical system: borrowings, lexical calques, as well as phraseological calques and semi-calques.

The Linguistic and Cultural Image of Masculinity in Tomasz Raczek’s Feuilletons In this paper, the author presents the linguistic layer of Tomasz Raczek’s feuilletons published in the “Wprost” weekly. Analysed are the various linguistic means, phraseologisms, and lexemes occurring in Raczek’s texts, which showcase masculine and non-masculine social attitudes, and thereby the subjective value system represented by the author of the “Ekran osobisty” (‘Personal screen’) series of feuilletons. Moreover, the paper presents the narrative strategies of Raczek’s feuilletons, revealing the linguistic and cultural image of masculinity in Raczek’s texts: the culture of intertextuality and conceptual metaphors.

Professor Kazimierz Nitsch and His Linguistic Milieu in the Memories of a Student from 1950s The paper discusses the history of Polish and Slavic linguistics in Poland in the 20th century, with a special regard to dialectology. In the centre of its attention lies the Cracow (Cracow-Lviv) linguistic school of Professor Kazimierz Nitsch. The author describes it primarily on the basis of personal scientific contact (in the middle of the 20th century) with the father of Polish dialectology, Professor K. Nitsch, and a team of researchers from his Department of Atlas and Dictionary of Polish Dialects of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Cracow, Mikołajska street). She looks back at the seminar Nitsch held for researchers, which she attended as a Master’s student at the Jagiellonian University. She presents Professor as a researcher, organizer of team research, academic teacher, as well as a scientific guide, a scholar, and author of linguistic publications in various periods of the 20th century. She draws particular attention to Nitsch’s pioneering works on Kashubian and other Pomeranian dialects. The paper also talks about the long-term radiation of Professor Nitsch’s scientific school, and how his students from various generations – such as Zdzisław Stieber, Nitsch’s student from 1920s, his colleague, and later a creator of a linguistic school himself – as well as students of his students greatly contributed to the advancement of Polish linguistics in the 20th and early 21st century.

Relics of the Polish Language of the North-Eastern Borderland in the Former Boundaries of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Southern Lands of the Pskov Province). Part I The present paper consists of two parts, and presents the spoken Polish of the North-Eastern Borderland, as well as borrowings from Polish which function in the dialects of the Pskov province. Three regions with different histories have been included. The southern lands of the Pskov province (the area which belonged to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1772) were described in the first part of the article. The sociolinguistic situation and loanwords borrowed from Polish (or via Polish) were analysed basing on two sources: the author’s materials collected during dialectological field research, and material from The Pskov Regional Dictionary with Historical Data. The Pytalovo region (which belonged to Latvia in the interwar period) and the historical Pskov region (where there were no Polish settlements) were described in the second part of the paper. Two sources were used: The Pskov Regional Dictionary with Historical Data, and The Dialectological Dictionary of One Family (Pytalovo Region of the Pskov Province).

Nobility of the Grodno Region at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Language and Identity. An Outline of the Problem The subject of the paper is the nobility of the Grodno region at the beginning of the 21st century. Basing on archival queries and field explorations, the author identifies three clusters of gentry areas near Grodno, Belarus, that survived till our time. She draws attention to the fact that their inhabitants still speak Polish, and are acutely aware of their belonging to the nobility, which awareness is passed from one generation to the next. Further, she emphasizes that the language of the inhabitants of the various clusters is not identical, and also differs significantly from the language of Polish residents of rural areas. The author postulates the value of research into the language and identity of Grodno nobility as an important element of the unique culture of Polish-Belarusian borderland. The paper has been prepared within the Thesaurus Poloniae scholarship program of the Minister of Culture and National Heritage of the Republic of Poland.

The Past and the Present of Research into Cracow Polish The paper presents the history of research into the urban spoken Polish of Cracow. Its most intensive period fell between 1976 and 1991. The research project was initiated by Professor M. Karaś. After his untimely death in 1977, the work was directed by Professor B. Dunaj. It was twin-track; both collective and individual studies were carried out. Under the supervision of B. Dunaj, five doctoral theses have been written; in total, nine books have been published: four collective and five individual ones. Some collective works have not been published, i.a. Słownik frekwencyjny nieoficjalnej odmiany polszczyzny mówionej (‘A frequency dictionary of an unofficial variety of spoken Polish’). Also other projects grew out of the research into the language spoken in Cracow, e.g. Słownik współczesnego języka polskiego (1996; ‘A dictionary of contemporary Polish’). In the first decade of the 21st century, B. Dunaj and M. Mycawka conducted research into regional vocabulary, focusing primarily on theoretical problems. Under the supervision of B. Dunaj, 28 unpublished monographies have been prepared on the subject of regional words in the speech of inhabitants of selected towns (mainly in Lesser Poland). In 2018, the dictionary Powiedziane po krakowsku. Słownik regionalizmów krakowskich (‘Said like in Cracow. A dictionary of Cracow regional words’, ed. by D. Ochmann and R. Przybylska) has been published, growing out of and referring to previous research. The present paper presents the controversial methodological problems related to research into regional vocabulary.

Żydy ‘Jews’ and Psy ‘Dogs’ in Stadium Hate Speech The paper discusses selected problems of the language of football fanatics who constitute the so- -called szalikowcy subculture (‘hooligans; lit. scarfers’). The author pays most attention to two (pejorative) personal expressions: żyd ‘Jew’ and pies ‘dog’ which, in the hate-saturated conflict between the fans of two clubs from Cracow, Cracovia and Wisła, are used as heavy insults and invectives serving to humiliate and depreciate the opponent. The paper analyses the sphere of negative semantic connotations of both words, their origin and fluctuations.

Shaping of Inflection Terminology in Polish Grammatical Literature in Years 1817–1939 The paper presents the process of shaping of the canon of morphological terminology in Polish grammatical literature published in years 1817–1939. The author shows the evolution of the conceptual system of inflection, while paying attention to gradual distinction between inflection and word formation terminology, and to those who created and popularized terms that function to this day. The final part of the paper reflects on the consequences of the overlap of tradition and contemporary terminological decisions, as the analysed examples show that, within Polish grammatical terminology, there co-exist separate subsystems connected with linguistic descriptions created in different methodologies and different times. The result is ambiguity of certain terms, existence of different terms for the same notion, and frequently also fuzziness of definitions. Contemporary researchers, seeking to make terminological systems more precise, must also remember about the rules of commonness and of consolidation of terms within the language, with respect to specific notions.

Dialect in Upper Silesian Urban Space The paper presents ways in which linguistic messages are stylized to the local dialect in the space of Upper Silesian towns. The multitude of examples is a testimony to fashion for Silesian-ness, a turn towards locality and opposition to globalization. The phenomenon is related to quest for identity and the state and status of Silesian speech. The author discusses the role of towns in sociolinguistic research, and the notion of linguistic landscape. The paper presents inscriptions observed in Upper Silesia: place names, product names, official messages, posters and billboards (including political and advertisement ones), exhibitions, inscriptions on walls and on clothes.

Lemko Etymologies. Part II The present paper is the second part in a series devoted to Lemko etymology. Authors focus their attention on selected lexemes which have not been hitherto subjected to etymological analysis – or have been decided to be etymologically unclear – and those which etymology can be supplemented or corrected in view of the newest findings. This paper discusses words beginnings with letters Г–Д: гаджыпирка, галикати ся, галякати, гарагуц, гарликати, гыбати, грявчати, гудры, гу(й)цкати, гукати ся, ґедкати, ґеґнути, ґірґы, ґіртувати, ґыдзьґати, ґында, дзірґати ся, дзьвандати (дзьвяндати), дзьопа, долобриш (долобріш), допрах, доцяп, дрылити (дрыляти), дудрати, дулити ся, дуранкы, дурбак, дурнувати, дуткувати.

False Regionalisms: Regional Vocabulary Read Anew New electronic tools open new possibilities for research of regional vocabulary; they allow both to reach poorly attested units, and to verify dictionary data on the regional character of various lexemes. The paper is an attempt to problematize observations which have been made during the development of a dictionary of Cracow regionalisms. It discusses those lexical units which are listed in works devoted to regionalisms as associated with Cracow and which in reality do not have such status, as could be shown thanks, among others, to a new material verification. Using several examples, the paper presents cases of false interpretation of the regional status of lexemes: attribution of the wrong meaning or the wrong range of occurrence, and in consequence, consolidation and replication of a faulty image of these units. The analysis is set against the background of a new sociocultural view on the essence of regionalism, seen here as a factor which shapes the local identity, which view, according to this author, should not relieve of the care for scientific reliability or be based in fiction.

Bolesław Erzepki as an Editor of the Old Polish Lexicographical Works, on the Example of Przyczynki do średniowiecznego słownictwa polskiego cz. 1 (1908) Glosses recorded in an incunable 78d from the the Cathedral Library in Gniezno, containing the Latin-German dictionary called Vocabularius Ex Quo are important sources in research on the Old Polish lexis and the beginnings of Polish lexicography. It was abundantly quoted in the Etymological Dictionary of A. Brückner and the Old Polish Dictionary through the edition of these glosses published in 1908 by Bolesław Erzepki in the article Przyczynki do średniowiecznego słownictwa polskiego. 1. Glosy polskie wpisane do łacińsko-niemieckiego słownika (Vocabularius Ex Quo) drukowanego w roku 1490. The edition contains neither the description of the source document, nor the publisher’s introduction. So far his work has not been verified for its completeness and correctness. By comparing the published language material with digital photographs of the incunabule and analysing Erzepki’s handwritten notes stored in the Raczyński Library in Poznań, the author of this paper reconstructed the editor’s set of publishing principles and checked the accuracy of their observance. The edition shows great knowledge and diligence of Erzepki, but it does not fully reflect the complexity and diversity of the incunabule’s glossing. The examples of publisher’s errors and inconsistencies provided in this paper indicate the need to re-issuing the Polish vocabulary he discovered.

Lemko Etymologies. Part I Research into the language of Lemkos has a long history, and many works have already been published: dictionaries, dictionaries of single villages, atlases, and linguistic descriptions, inlcuding etymological ones, but focusing primarily on the study of foreign influence on the Lemko vocabulary. However, an etymological dictionary is still missing, and its creation is an urgent need. This paper presents the preliminary results of the authors’ efforts in the area of Lemko etymology. Analysed here are words which have not as yet been looked into or which have been considered unclear, and also those cases where the newest etymological findings can provide a substantial addendum or correction of previous etymological attempts. This is the first part of a series of papers devoted to Lemko etymology where we present words beginning with the letters Б–В: банюр, баткати, беба, белей, біхреса, блиндати, бозуля, бортак, бундз, бурко, бурликати, валал, валушний, вантолити, верый, вірґ´ати, высюдати, выхырений, выхраяти ся, востожити.

Remembering Prof. Zofia Kurzowa (on the Fifteenth Anniversary of Her Death) On the fifteenth anniversary of her death in 2018, this paper presents the academic profile of Prof. Zofia Kurzowa. The authors focus on her most important scholarly achievements, including monographies and papers on eastern dialects of Polish, on word formation, team works conducted under her leadership on the language of Polish TV, and also lexicographic works. Moreover, we highlight Z. Kurzowa’s didactic achievements as a university teacher and scientific supervisor, and her outstanding personality which manifested in her relations with her students, friends, and colleagues.

On the Method of Constructing Entries in Old Translation Dictionaries (Using the Example of the Works of Łukasz Brzezwicki) The birth of Polish-Latin lexicography has usually been associated with Cnapius, the author of Thesaurus Polonolatinograecus seu Promptuarium linguae Latinae et Graecae (1621), while the two lexicographers who worked before him tend to be forgotten. In 1596 Nicholas Volckmar published Dictionarium trilingue tripartitum ad discendam linguam Latinam, Polonicam et Germanicam accommodatum, and a few years later, on the basis of Volckmar’s work, Łukasz Brzezwicki composed two dictionaries: Synonyma latina ex variis authoribus collata Polonice et Latine (Cracow 1602) and Puerilia ex variis onomasticis excerpta et in usum iuventutis Polonae publicata (Cracow 1625). Although the list of words in the dictionaries of these two authors is nearly identical, Brzezwicki introduced several changes to his lexicographic method. One of the innovative features of Synonym… and Puerilia… is the construction of entries in the form of series of synonyms. The goal of the present paper is to analyse these series and to answer the questions: What kinds of pairs of words does Brzezwicki introduce? What role do they play? In what relation are those pairs to the state of contemporary Polish? This is the basis on which this paper will attempt to evaluate the level of lexicographic and linguistic awareness of Łukasz Brzezwicki.

Słowniczek wyrazów dotyczących pokrewieństwa i powinowactwa. An Unknown Manuscript by Jan Łoś The paper discusses Jan Łoś’s Słowniczek wyrazów dotyczących pokrewieństwa i powinowactwa z zabytków językowych do końca XVI w. (‘A dictionary of kinship and affinity terms from monuments till the 16th century’) whose manuscript is stored in the collections of the Silesian Library in Katowice. The article contains a physical description of the unit and a metalexicographic analysis of its microand macrostructure, contrasted with Łoś’s conception of Słownik staropolski (‘Old Polish dictionary’). Furthermore, the paper indicates content and source relationships between the analysed work and another text by Łoś (Nazwy stopni pokrewieństwa i powinowactwa w dawnej Polsce ‘Names of degrees of kinship and affinity in old Poland’) and draws attention to the lack of reception of the manuscript in later linguistic works. The article also presents the history of the manuscript, so far as it could be reconstructed. It ends with conclusions about the significance of the manuscript for linguistics, in times when it was written, and currently.

Flax Processing and Weaving Vocabulary in the Dialects of the Grodno Region, Against the Background of Podlasie Dialects For the first time in the literature, the present paper compares flax processing and weaving vocabulary found strictly in the Polish–Belorussian borderland which was formerly part of a single Grodno county. The source material comprises well-known Polish lexicological works, and also a work on Grodno lexicon by Apanas Cychun which has not as yet been taken into consideration. Thanks to this, the paper notes lexemes unattested in previous corpora of dialectal vocabulary, and adds precision to the information contained in them.

Language as an Element of the Social Consciousness (Using the Example of Poland after 1918) This paper has been inspired by social sciences. According to Stanisław Ossowski, social consciousness is the sum of ideas, opinions and convictions shared by a society. Every community has the ability to construct its own language ideologies (denoted in Polish by the term świadomość językowa ‘language awareness’). The paper describes how the part of social consciousness that is related to the language, was reflected in Polish press after the regaining of the independence. Attitudes towards variation and all the other linguistic phenomena seem to have been influenced by the previous partition of the country, and regional and political stereotypes. View of the language was based on both linguistic knowledge and the common opinion. The paper attempts to demonstrate that social consciousness consists largely of general and mutually exclusive opinions which a more detailed analysis does not support. Notwithstanding, these convictions do have an indirect influence on the development of the language.

Guest or Foreigner? From the Evangelical Message (Mt 25, 31-46) to the Polish Translations of the Bible. Problems of Equivalence The paper tries to draw attention to problems related to accurate conveyance in translation of certain forms and ideas contained in the Bible. It focuses on a fragment of the parable of the final judgment from the Gospel of St. Matthew (Mt 25, 31–46) which speaks about acts of love towards neighbours. Besides the evangelical command to care for the hungry, thirsty, naked, sick, and imprisoned, it contains an order to accept a FOREIGNER, described in the Greek and Latin text of the Bible as ksénos and hospes, respectively. The first goal of this paper is to attempt a reconstruction of the linguistic and cultural context in which those names for the FOREIGNER were used. The second, essential, goal is to philologically evaluate a collection of native equivalents of those foreign words which appear in 34 Polish translations of the Gospel of St. Matthew, from Old Polish to newer and contemporary renderings. The remarks presented in the paper are philological in nature and primarily refer to linguistic descriptive procedures, with a necessary utilization of certain findings in the fields of exegesis and Biblical hermenutics.

The Category of Style in Metalexicographic Research The paper discusses the category of style and the validity of its application to dictionaries. The author begins by considering the question of textuality of dictionaries and whether it is possible to analyse them in line with other texts. By invoking concrete examples, she indicates works which use diverse means of expression to convey the same content, which suggests that the category of style may also be applied in the field of lexicography. The author attempts to determine what it would involve to identify style in a dictionary, which components of style may come into play here, and examines the possibilities of observation and interpretation of selected components. Finally, the paper discusses the usefulness of automatized stylometric tools in stylistic research into dictionaries.

Professor Witold Mańczak as a Hispanist The paper is devoted to the figure of Professor Witold Mańczak and his long-term collaboration with Hispanic studies in Cracow; hence the appearance of motifs related to his didactic and scientific work, but also a personal recollection of Professor as a teacher and a linguist. The paper is completed by a bibliography of those of his works which directly or indirectly discuss the Spanish language.

GERMAN APPELLATIONS FOR DENOTING CASTERS IN THE MIRROR OF POLISH, UKRAINIAN AND BYELORUSSIAN WRITTEN RECOLLECTIONS The paper is dedicated to the research of German names of the casters (Kannengießer, Rotgießer, Gießer, Buchstaben-/Schriftgießer, Rinckenmacher) and also their word-forms in Polish, Ukrainian and Byelorussian as a craftsman name and/or surname. The research on the etymology of German borrowings in the three Slavonic languages is analysed. On the basis of written recollection of German, Polish, Ukrainian and Byelorussian languages of the 14th – 18th centuries, it can be determined which German word-forms of the handicraft names were included into Slavonic languages and what their dialectal origins as well as ways and chronology of borrowings were. Phonetic, morphologic and graphic transformations are also analyzed, and the semantics of Polish rynkmacher and Ukrainian гисеръ/гисаръ is defined more precisely.

BAROQUE POLISH IN THE INTERNET OR THE ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY OF POLISH IN THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES In 2021, the Electronic Dictionary of Polish Language of the 17th and 18th Centuries (e-SXVII) was given the 4th edition Award of the Linguistics Committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences for outstanding scientific achievements in the field of linguistics. The award was granted in the category of team work carried out by Prof. Włodzimierz Gruszczyński PhD together with the Studio of the History of Polish Language of the 17th and 18th Centuries IJP PAN under his management, where e-SXVII is being created. The dictionary has been recognized as “an achievement in producing linguistic resources or tools”. The article reports on the history of the studio and introduces the evolution of conceptual works, especially after the decision to suspend further publication of SXVII in paper form (2004) and transform it into the first Polish dictionary created initially in the electronic form. It also deals with detailed issues regarding the canon of sources, structure and content (shape) of individual elements of the entry and media structure, and relations with other digital collections (especially the Electronic Corpus of Polish Texts from the 17th and 18th Centuries). The authors of the article also describe an important IT tool created for the needs of this dictionary.

OLD POLISH LANGUAGE SPECIFICITY AND GRAMMATICAL ANNOTATION: ON THE NEED FOR NEW CATEGORY VALUES The paper is focused on the grammatical annotation of Old Polish texts. The authors discuss the necessity to use unusual grammatical category values: 0 and X. It occurs when any of the values is impossible to determine (e.g. due to damage to the manuscript or insufficient syntactic/semantic context) or a word takes no value in a given category (e.g. an unstated adjective). The article presents factors influencing the choice of 0 and X values. It shows those grammatical classes and categories in whose annotation the use of these values has been highly significant.

ONTOGENETIC AND PHYLOGENETIC DIMENSIONS OF LANGUAGE CHANGE IN GRAMMAR This paper discusses selected aspects of the theory of linguistic change in grammar. The main assumption is the claim that the development of the categorial functions of natural languages throughout the time (phylogenesis) mostly coincides with the stadiums of the acquisition of the same categories by an individual (ontogenesis). Using the examples of the development and acquisition of strong and weak verb forms in Germanic languages and the categorial links between aspectuality, temporality and modality of the verb, different stages that characterise the linguistic changes in question are analysed in comparison with the stages of their acquisition in the process of language acquisition among children between 2 and 14 years of age. The analysis proves that the connections between ontogenesis and phylogenesis are complex, so they cannot be always explained in a simple and definite manner. The change in either sphere has its own specific features and runs mutatis mutandis in both spheres.