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An interview with educational specialist Jarrod Bolin is presented. Bolin discusses the creation of a creative and collaborative spirit that motivated a group of high school learners in creating a paper for presentation at the South West Texas Popular Cultural Conference in Albuquerque, New Mexico, his strategies he adopted for creating a learning community, and the challenges he faced in preparing learners for conferences.

Just as Athanasius stood against Arianism (the ascendent faith of the ruling class of his day), Lewis stood against Modernism (the ascendent literary movement of his day). This paper will explore Lewis's pugnacious resistance to Modernism, both as a literary-critic and as a writer of fiction, in the light of his core theological convictions, which include, like Athanasius, a firm belief in Incarnation--in the embodiment of Logos in the material world. In treating this topic, this paper will consider Lewis's main opponent, Modernist poet T. S. Eliot, who seemingly represents all that Lewis fights against; it will explore the theological underpinnings of Lewis's disagreement with Eliot and will evaluate Lewis's desire to retain the image (broadly speaking) in the light of his profoundly Incarnational faith. What is more, it will aim to link that deeply Incarnational faith to his programme of literary re-enchantment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the notion of legal genres and text types from a classroom perspective. It presents several classifications of legal texts developed for legal translation (training) purposes and a critical reflextion thereof Drawing on the classifications, the paper discusses what the rationale behind text selection in legal translation training should be, and why certain texts are more suitable than others in this respect, depending on the length and level of training. This is followed by a series of exercises designed to raise register and genre awareness in legal translation trainees. The exercises focus on the (a)symmetry of legal genres across languages and legal systems as well as the macrostructure of certain genres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper deals with innovative approaches to teaching English for Specific Purposes (ESP) in the field of interdisciplinarity. The paper starts with the novelty and topicality of the issue in question. It makes an attempt to eliminate a contradiction now apparent in Ukrainian education regarding the theoretical foundations and practical application of the basic ESP principles in vocational schools and universities. The authors explore the concept of interdisciplinarity and its didactic potential when applied to the ESP teaching process. It is stated that the interdisciplinary approach is able to provide new and exciting possibilities when it stimulates the learners' interest in foreign languages both in and outside of an educational environment. The paper introduces a new methodological option in the ESP educational process - an interdisciplinary bilingual project. As it dares to be an innovative type of group project, some theoretical considerations are necessarily discussed. Its basic categories, implementation objectives, interdisciplinary characteristics are identified. The paper justifies the didactic appropriateness of the project in question and its interdisciplinary practicality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A classic such as The Hobbit has occasioned three published versions in Romanian, which raises the question of progress in retranslation. Inspired by Kruger's proposal that narratological translation shifts do occur in translation, we intend to check the validity of Antoine Berman's famous 'retranslation hypothesis'. By employing Berman's 'analytic of translation,' the present paper identifies possible deforming tendencies in translation and compares the existing versions by using this criterion. We restrict our scrutiny to authentication strategies in a crucial chapter of The Hobbit, that is those narrative devices by means of which the narrator creates a bond with his readership. Another important point checked in our paper is whether there are instances of intertextuality in retranslation, which we prove by looking at those places in the narrative where the auctorial voice is heard in the source text and at similarities in their translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

That Hideous Strength is clearly connected to C. S. Lewis's The Abolition of Man, where he writes of the conditioners who seek to create a new society via the rejection of universal moral law and the rise of an educational and scientific elite. For Lewis, That Hideous Strength was a way to communicate the concerns expressed in The Abolition of Man in a story format that would appeal to those who might not read a treatise on the subject. This paper examines his concerns about a totalitarian threat as expressed in The Abolition of Man and That Hideous Strength, and then shows how those concerns appeared in his postwar correspondence. Were his fears and concerns valid? How, in particular, did he communicate his concerns to his many correspondents? How predictive did he consider That Hideous Strength to be as he experienced the reality of post-WWII Britain? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is an exposition and synthesis of C. S. Lewis's ideas on story as elaborated in his essay "On Stories" in the Charles Williams festschrift (1947). The purpose of Lewis's essay was to flush out of the underbrush of literature what distinguishes true Story (with a capital letter "S") from story as mere entertainment. The paper concludes that a key to Lewis's essay on stories is to be found in his initial vocation as a poet and his ideas about poetic imagination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his 1952 essay "On Three Ways of Writing for Children", C. S. Lewis discusses three approaches to writing children's literature and defends "that particular type of children's story which is dearest to my own taste, the fantasy or fairy tale" from the charge that it is "childish". In this paper, I define Christian apologetics as "the art and science of persuasively communicating and advocating Christian spirituality across spiritualties, through the responsible use of rhetoric, as being objectively beautiful, good and true/reasonable" and see how Lewis' advice about the rhetoric of children's stories can be generalized and applied to the discipline of Christian apologetics. In particular, many atheists charge Christian Spirituality with being childish. For example, British atheist Richard Dawkins says that religious people "have their Bronze Age myths, medieval superstitions and childish wishful thinking" (Dawkins, Scientific American). Describing his own childhood, Dawkins says: "I think I did believe it up to the age of eight or nine, when preachers said if you really, really pray for something it can happen. Even moving mountains, I believed it could really happen... I grew up. I put away childish things." (Dawkins, "Claims Fairy Tales Are Harmful To Children") In this paper I explore how the dialectical moves made by Lewis in "On Three Ways of Writing for Children" can shape a rational response to such rhetoric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Death', 'dying', 'dead', 'extinct', 'endangered', 'murdered', 'resurrected' etc. The language-death-metaphor for language loss has permeated the contemporary linguistic literature for decades and decades. While biological metaphors for language have served a function historically in the study of language endangerment, this paper aims to outline how the language-death-metaphor specifically fails in that functioning. Maybe, the metaphor does not actually articulate what we are trying to articulate about a process common to all languages. This paper will dissect 'language death' cross-linguistically, investigating the changes in morphology, the loss of domains, creolization, and language shift that are all often purported to be 'symptomatic' of a language in its 'last days'. I will then propose an alternative term, 'phasing', that might more clearly describe the process by which a language becomes more or less dynamic, more or less adaptable, more or less use(ful)d over time. The more accurate the terminology, the more specific the tool, the more that might be done to assist from the periphery in language reclamation efforts, to aid in slowing or reversing the process of linguistic loss, and to support the speakers of 'dying' languages more productively in their already ongoing effort(s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the factors contributing to the recent surge in popularity of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet on the Romanian stage. One possible explanation lies in the play's adaptability and relevance to present-day concerns coupled with the opportunities for creative reimagining offered by its canonical Romanian translation. The article posits that directors and playwrights have engaged in a fruitful "collaboration with the dead" (Leitch 19), breathing new life into the classic text by means of different forms of rewriting. Specifically, the paper discusses two recent versions of Romeo and Juliet staged in Bucharest, at Teatrul Mic in 2018 and at Teatrul Odeon in 2021, and focuses on the process of rewriting Shakespeare's text in the form of a theatre adaptation and of a radical appropriation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper begins with a phenomenological analysis of the sky as understood by early modern beholders via its synonyms: 'sky", 'welkin', 'element', 'vault', 'heavens', and 'firmament'. These words fall into roughly two categories. The first group conveys the experiences of the sky through primary perceptions of seeing, sensing or breathing. To recall the distinction between 'apprehension' and 'comprehension' in Midsummer Night's Dream, they apprehend the sky as an immense, mysterious, and unapproachable domain resistant to human incursion, rather than comprehending it as an object of knowledge. By contrast, the second group are comprehending words dependant on concepts originating in Aristotelian and Ptolemaic cosmology. While all six words might have functioned roughly as synonyms of each-other throughout the period, the gap between the two groups becomes progressively wider until the new Galilean philosophy of c.1610. The paper goes on to explore the response to this gap in Shakespeare even though he is not normally considered to have been (in Empson's words) a 'space man' like his contemporary Donne. It concludes by suggesting that in Shakespeare (primarily Hamlet) the perception of the visible sky was negatively impacted by the skepticism and anxiety leeching down from what Marjorie Hope Nicholson once called 'the breaking of the circle'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper intends to examine the ways in which the American West has undergone a cinematic transformation with the advent of counter-cultural western movies that criticize and often dismantle American imperialism and expansionism. The paper makes the argument that the American West has arrived at a new stage in its mythology, namely that it has been re-mythologized as a locus of Eastern spiritual awakening. The western of the 1990s' decade embraces a rebirth of spiritualism through the genre of the "acid western," typified in this paper by Jim Jarmusch's Dead Man (1995), a film that showcases the return of the West as a cultural frontier that must be re-assimilated instead of rejected. Given its symbolic title, Dead Man is not so much a Western as it is an Eastern romance, a rite of passage framed as a journey towards death. The paper will attempt to make its case by tackling the history of anti-establishment cinema, while also basing its argument on the assertions of director Jim Jarmusch, and various film critics who discuss the issue of the "acid western." At the same time, the paper will offer a post-colonial perspective informed by Homi Bhabha's theory of hybridity, with particular emphasis on Native American identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows us how C. S. Lewis offers an alternative way of framing expertise as he speaks and writes about his period(s) and text(s). This essay establishes that Lewis's humility is, to some degree, a deliberately cultivated and rhetorically shrewd one. The self-characterization of childlike inexperience and humility is a traditional medieval rhetorical move of which Lewis is a master. Moreover, the irony of this humility has washed over commentators who believe Lewis's claim to be no true Shakespearean scholar and who have all too readily sought to rescue Lewis from his reticence. This paper sets the record straight by resituating Lewis as an academic exploring medieval and renaissance texts from the inside out. It takes Lewis's reticent remark at the beginning of his Shakespeare Lecture to the British Academy (1942.) as a case in point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of metaphor in understanding reality has been a recurring question in the field of metaphor theory. C. S. Lewis, influential scholar, author, and Christian apologist, presents a compelling perspective on metaphor as a means of understanding reality. This paper explores Lewis's view on the possibility of speaking about reality through metaphor. By reality, Lewis understands both the physical and the supra-physical world. The first section of this article outlines how, for Lewis, metaphorical language can depict the spiritual or supra-natural world. The second section argues that a good metaphor has a meaning that is given rather than invented and the physical realm functions as a basis to understand the spiritual realm, and that this up-down-up direction of metaphorical expression conveys it most effectively. In the third section, I show how good, meaningful metaphors are true and allow us to make valuable and true statements because they convey reliable knowledge about reality. They also require action, the work of the will towards the good, and encourage stock responses. Section four presents metaphor as a linguistic tool which can unveil a connection between the observable physical world and the non-observable world. Additionally, the article briefly examines the disparities between Lewis's views and some dominant philosophical trends, as well as two theories of metaphor, the interaction theory and the conceptual theory. The choice of these two theories of metaphor is based on their particular differences with Lewis's view on two key aspects that are fundamental to the theory of metaphor, namely, meaning and truth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper argues that part of C. S. Lewis's perennial success owes to his persona as a Public Intellectual. It is therefore useful and instructive to trace the steps in the evolution that led him from literary historian and Oxford professor to Public Intellectual, a process that took place between 1938 and 1944 during the dire days of World War II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although C. S. Lewis wrote at a time when Modernism was in bloom, he highly decried this literary movement, clearly expressing his disapproval of the entire paradigm of that age. In the article "On Juvenile Tastes", he claims that the contemporary literary world showed little concern with the narrative art, but more with literary novelties, a category in which he includes the famous technique of "the stream of consciousness", which he critically nicknamed "the steam of consciousness". Even if he never actually used this technique perse, he pretended to do so in the short story "The Shoddy Lands", which explores the mind of Peggy, a very shallow character. The result is highly amusing and thought-provoking, showing in a literary manner his opinion about Modernism. This paper will analyse some aspects of the short story mentioned above in the light of the stream of consciousness technique and reveal Lewis's intention in apparently engaging with this modernist psychological narrative mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While many scholars have presented C. S. Lewis's understanding of language and meaning as directly opposed to those of Jaques Derrida, others have seen similarities between their understanding of these same concepts. This paper provides an overview of the two different perspectives while also introducing other concepts that they both address. These include their attitudes about the changing nature of how people understand the world they live in, and how words change meaning. They also share an interest in wonder, and in some ways, agree on how forgiveness works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Just as Athanasius stood against Arianism (the ascendent faith of the ruling class of his day), Lewis stood against Modernism (the ascendent literary movement of his day). This paper will explore Lewis’s pugnacious resistance to Modernism, both as a literary-critic and as a writer of fiction, in the light of his core theological convictions, which include, like Athanasius, a firm belief in Incarnation—in the embodiment of Logos in the material world. In treating this topic, this paper will consider Lewis’s main opponent, Modernist poet T. S. Eliot, who seemingly represents all that Lewis fights against; it will explore the theological underpinnings of Lewis’s disagreement with Eliot and will evaluate Lewis’s desire to retain the image (broadly speaking) in the light of his profoundly Incarnational faith. What is more, it will aim to link that deeply Incarnational faith to his programme of literary re-enchantment.

The paper discusses the different evolution of the English preposition (P) to and the Romanian P la "at/to" which can be observed in the history of English and Romanian ditransitives. In Modern English (ModE), the preposition to can occur in configurations with (i) ditransitive predicates and (b) unaccusative predicates. Within ditransitives, the English to only functions in the prepositional frame and it has a narrow distribution; the to-dative is a genuine Goal or a Recipient with certain verb classes. The first focus of this paper is to investigate the presence of the to-dative in Old English (OldE). The investigation will reveal that the to-dative construction was neither rare nor restricted, but already present in OldE. By way of contrast, Romanian la has a richer distribution (Possessor Goal, Beneficiary, Maleficiary and Source) and it has shifted from a case marker to a [Person] marker and it has moved in the direction of inflectional dative. The second focus of the paper is to investigate the presence of la in OldR. I will show that Romanian la evolved from the Latin P ad; diachronically, Romanian has kept the analytical marking of the Dative which is realized through the P la "at/to". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports findings derived from a contrastive investigation of argumentative EL (English) essays composed by non-native university students with different cultural and educational backgrounds. While the texts under analysis here have not originally been intended for comparison and contrast, approaching them in this manner made a lot of sense when a general rating revealed that, overall, one group of students fared considerably better than the other in terms of negotiating the intended message and achieving their persuasive aim, despite their being at earlier stages in their EL acquisition. The investigation has been intended for diagnostic purposes and has therefore been targeted at three problem areas in which inter-group performance discrepancies were the most conspicuous: the ways in which text writers signal their intentions and engage with the reader, the level of commitment to the thesis they advocate for, and the kind of evidence they advance in order to support it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the ways in which the seldom performed collaborative play, Edward III, was re-contextualised by Barbara Gaines, Artistic Director of the Shakespeare Theater of Chicago, in order to create a specifically presentist piece of theatre making a forceful political statement during the 2016 US presidential election. Edward III formed the opening section of a trilogy entitled Tug of War: Foreign Fire, which continued with Henry V, and Henry VI Part I. The second trilogy, Tug of War: Civil Strife, comprised the remaining two parts of Henry VI and Richard III. The paper will address the rationale behind the selection of these specific plays, and why it was felt unnecessary to fill the historical lacuna created by the exclusion of Richard II and Henry IV Parts I and II. In addition, it will also examine the limitations inherent in the available archival material when researching an ephemeral theatrical event, particularly one which has been edited and directed in order to address issues of immediate political concern. Selected extracts from my own review of the first of these two trilogies will seek to offer a more detailed response than is possible for journalistic reviewers and to provide sufficient background to prove of benefit for future researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper starts by discussing the specific use of Orientalism in the Romanian culture. Focus is laid upon the Romanian scholar Dimitrie Cantemir (1673-1723), the first Christian historian who was allowed to use the Ottoman archives for his work. Then Ienăchiţă Văcărescu or Kelemen Mikes offer alternative Orientalist discourses. Unfortunately, Said's seminal essay neglects everything that is East of Vienna in terms of Orientalism. Criticizing the binary opposition West-Orient, in fact Said reiterates it in his work by neglecting the Eastern European periphery. The conclusion is that Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) offers interesting examples of Orientalisms where the power relationships are constructed differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses Leslie Marmon Silko's contribution as a writer born and bred in the Four-Corner Area of the United States (where the states of Utah, Colorado, Texas and New Mexico come together), a contact zone characterized by the meeting of three cultures: Pueblo, Chicano and Anglo-American. A mixed-race woman, Silko was perhaps the most suitable person, because of her family heritage and her life at the limits of the Laguna Pueblo, to explore multiculturalism from both a Native and a Euro-American perspective. She has become a bridge between cultures, writing for a Native American and a planetwide audience. We explore Silko's best-known work, the novel Ceremony and the short story Yellow Woman, focusing on the new literary devices and philosophical perspectives that open up through intercultural mediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper builds on the story of Collingwood Ingram as elaborated by the journalist and non-fiction writer Naoko Abe in her book The Sakura Obsession - The Incredible Story of the Plant Hunter Who Saved Japan's Cherry Blossoms, published in the United States in March 2019, after it had been first launched in Japan three years earlier, in the same spring month of 2016. This is the Story, with capital S, as C.S. Lewis would have referred to it, in that it bestows upon the reader an "unexpectedness . . . that delights" (Lewis, On Stories), describing an epiphanic encounter of East and West which restored the fading colours of cherry blossoms on the woodblock prints of the realm of the Rising Sun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural anthropologists acknowledge the primacy of the spectator's gaze in assigning hierarchical space to performances within the public sphere. Equations of power and transactions between agents of performance and the consumer or between the language of the entitled spectator and subject performers determine the category assigned to a given performance: folk or elite, classic or popular, high or subaltern. The late eighteenth - early nineteenth century in Bengal was a period of political and social transition and of realignment along religious, spatial and intellectual lines. The birth and growth of the metropolitan urban centre (Calcutta), an increasing presence of European residents of both genders in Calcutta and Bengal and the shift of power and influence from Muslim military aristocracy to an European merchant company (The British East India Company), meant that traditional indigenous performances were often thrown open for commentary and judgment to an audience who were largely outsiders and to whom the nuances of language, caste, class, region, ritual signification were matters of academic interest only occasioning descriptive commentaries on the practices in an alien country. In the travelogues and memoirs of Maria Nugent or Fanny Parkes, for instance, rituals, customs or performances were viewed as exemplifying the picturesque 'otherness' of an alien race. This paper will focus on evidences within British colonial writings of the early nineteenth century describing what appeared to observers as performances, with which they attempt to conceptualize the native 'other' as a cultural trope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at looking at how Western perceptions of China and the Chinese changed over the course of the 19th and early 20th century, as emerging from war, travel and life accounts written by anglophone expatriates, travelers, and military men. The analysis was carried out with a mixed quantitative-qualitative approach, drawing from corpus-assisted discourse analysis. The print books published between 1843 and 1919 were digitized using OCR software to make them readable by corpus analysis tools. Two subcorpora weree created, one including 2 2-volume books recounting the events of the first Opium War, and the second one including 6 books describing life and travel in China between 1897 and 1919. An analysis of selected keywords and their concordance lines, with the aid of Critical Discourse Analysis, attempts to shed light on how the perception of the Chinese on the part of Anglophone people has evolved between the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines reading strategies to help map Hart Crane's book-length poem, The Bridge, as a repository of American runes and writing. Contextualizing the poem in the philosophical, historical, and popular culture that influenced its creation, we can examine Hart Crane's linguistic condensation, puns, and etymological play as techniques for balancing the clash between eternity and secular history upon which America was founded, rehearsed in The Bridge in the clash between secular a-temporality and the historical moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most subtle and complex oral literatures, Australian Aboriginal literature, still keeps meaning covert to Western readers, despite its ever-growing popularity and prolificity. As an introduction to an ongoing research into orality in Australian Aboriginal Literature, this paper aims to focus on a number of reasons which, while make Aboriginal stories more palatable for Western culture, distil original meaning of concepts, beliefs and traditions. In other words, what are some of the elements which hinder source - reader communication when it comes to Australian Aboriginal literature? The focus of this paper is meaning transformation through layers of interpretation, starting from an original performance of a story, with its syncretism of art forms. It is well worth it to explore such development of meaning, from performance to oral translation into English, with its later written form, to ultimately broken-down fragments covert within poems or novels. It is of no wonder Western readership comes up against difficulty in grasping meaning from Australian Aboriginal literature, as our own understanding of universal concepts, such as time, space, spirituality is so fundamentally different. There are, however, valuable lessons to be learnt and any effort will yield reward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper intends to explore Elizabeth Bowen's stylistic choices in her wartime short story, The Demon Lover (1945), wherein the experience of war is rendered in gothic form as a supernatural occurrence. Bowen's predilection for framing aspects of war in an inverted manner is well-documented in such novels as The Heat of the Day (1949), and her appeal to the fantastic is part of an Irish tradition, ranging from Bram Stoker to John Banville. The paper attempts to analyze the way in which the gothic mode, particularly at the level of language, contributes to a deconstruction of the war experience and a re-examination of the psychological horror of the Other. To this end, the paper employs theoretical concepts pertaining to the sphere of the "war gothic", while also placing emphasis on modernist theories of style, specifically as they relate to Bowen's "willfully tortuous syntax" (Teekell 61) which has an almost physical, claustrophobic effect on the reader. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Training interpreters is conventionally understood as predominantly ensuring that they have a sufficient amount of practice in specially equipped laboratories and some theoretical knowledge from the field of translation studies. However, despite the established existence of quality standards for interpreters and their work, very little can be standardized in what concerns their training due to the numerous levels of difference between the languages in which interpretars operate. This paper aims to explore the errors occuring in the basic training of third-year students in simultaneous interpreting by using a selected sample of recorded and scripted speeches delivered in class in the original (Source Language) and Target Language versions. The study focuses on the interpreting issues occuring between English and Romanian and explores the factors these issues originate from. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on idioms of the English language as a reflection of the author's view of the world in the writings of British postmodern writers. It is essential to be familiar with such linguistic routines of the language as idioms or phraseological units so as to be able to occasionally deviate from them if necessary. The paper aims to describe the transformations of phraseological units in some texts by Jasper Fforde. It proposes a comprehensive approach that integrates generally scientific, generally linguistic and phraseological methods and techniques of analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An overwhelming personality of the 20th century, Metropolitan Anthony Bloom was the spiritual head of the Russian Orthodox Church in Great Britain (1948-2003) who really raised the British people's awareness of what Orthodoxy meant. He provided the realm of religious discourse with a particular outlook on Christianity (mainly sprung from his own revelation of the risen Christ), which he expressed in a perfectly natural and unsophisticated manner. Interestingly enough, Anthony Bloom and C. S. Lewis can be viewed as "kindred spirits", as not only did they embrace Christianity after being nonbelievers, but their writing styles are also similar in that "both have an uncanny ability to explain difficult concepts with simple and engaging language" ("Beginning to Pray (A. Bloom)" [book review]). In Metropolitan Anthony's view, Christian life represents the personal encounter with God. His discourse is in fact a place of encounters; it is where Eastern Orthodoxy meets Western spirituality, where the sacred realm meets the secular realm and, perhaps most importantly, where the metropolitan's inner world meaningfully interacts with his addressees' spiritual searches. We hereby examine the ways in which adjectives contribute to creating an image of a particular world in the following books: Living Prayer (1999a), School for Prayer (1999b), Meditations on a Theme: A spiritual journey (2003). Our approach relies on the Jakobsonian model (1960/1987) of language functions, Kinneavy's (1980) Theory of Discourse, van Eemeren's (2002) pragmadialectical theory of argumentation and various studies on religious discourse. The current paper reveals such discourse constants as the triadic pattern of adjectival constructions, the abundant use of the adjectives "real" and "true", as well as the presence of adjectives in parallelism and repetition. All these expressive uses of adjectives contribute to the creation of a complex network in which the world of the Gospel, the discursive ethos (conveying the author's attitude in its diversity) and the reader's image intermingle in a most harmonious manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether or not there is a God has been a perennial question for philosophy. What may be said about God is a central concern of theology. That anything meaningful can be said about God has been challenged in the course of Western philosophical thought from different sides. Plato has his character, Timaeus, in his book of the same name assert that "to find the maker and father of this universe is hard enough, and . . . to declare him to everyone is impossible" (28c). In a famous passage from his Philosophical Investigations (§610), Ludwig Wittgenstein muses about the impossibility of describing the aroma of coffee. But if this already exceeds human capabilities, how much more the task of speaking about something or someone as unfathomable as God? As an outstanding and influential representative of Christianity in the twentieth century, C. S. Lewis (1898-1963) had something to say about this problem. In this paper, I will explore his particular approach to the issue at hand. In five sections, I shall first briefly examine Lewis's existential context and how it sets the stage for his giving primacy of the poetical over the analytical or abstract. Second, I will look at the central place metaphor takes in his overall understanding of language. In a third and fourth step, I shall look at his dealings with a central point of criticism as raised by the father of modern atheism, Ludwig Feuerbach (1804-1872). Finally, I will look at Lewis's use of certain Christian tenets and how their appropriation rationally grounded his assuming a basic reliability of Christian God-talk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at Ojibwe writer Louise Erdrich's National Book Award-winning The Round House as a novel that mixes and reworks genres from a Native American perspective to narrativize the "(post)colonial" (Cheyfitz) status of contemporary American Indian nations. An autobiographical story that can be read as a "postcolonial Bildungsroman" (Nayar), The Round House uses crime fiction as a pretext for writing Indian sovereignty. The legal is fully involved in the construction of the Indian colonized subject. Erdrich's novel can be read as a confession to "a wrong thing that serves an ideal justice" (RH 306). The main character's statement that "[t]he sentence was to endure" (RH 317) can be understood both in terms of his admitted moral guilt, and as a proclamation of "survivance" (G. Vizenor). The paper approaches the novel in light of the inseparability of U.S. federal Indian law and American Indian literature (Cheyfitz). My reading relies on Lyotard's "différend" and on Agamben's "state of exception" to discuss the plot and its dénouement as Erdrich's way to wage a contemporary "Indian war" (E. Cook-Lynn). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the article is to further study the concept "teacher's professional competence" as well the ways of its formation. The research was conducted among the students as prospective teachers, and teaching staff of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University. The analysis of the research helped prove the essential role of some factors in the professional development of future teachers. In particular, such factors as knowledge of the teaching subject, knowledge of effective teaching methods and skills to implement them, the importance of teaching practice, the personality factor, teacher's self-education were singled out. Therefore, the paper aims to outline a few ideas on how to ensure the implementation of the above-mentioned considerations. We also dwell upon the impact of the human behavior on the process of foreign language learning and teaching. That is why knowledge about affective factors is consequential in the academic process and using some interactive methods can also help lower the affective filter. Types of motivation and ways to enhance it are described in the paper too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the notion of legal genres and text types from a classroom perspective. It presents several classifications of legal texts developed for legal translation (training) purposes and a critical reflextion thereof. Drawing on the classifications, the paper discusses what the rationale behind text selection in legal translation training should be, and why certain texts are more suitable than others in this respect, depending on the length and level of training. This is followed by a series of exercises designed to raise register and genre awareness in legal translation trainees. The exercises focus on the (a)symmetry of legal genres across languages and legal systems as well as the macrostructure of certain genres.

This paper aims to bridge the gap between gender, genre and translation studies by taking an interdisciplinary approach across these research areas and employing some of the tools of corpus linguistics to provide a contrastive analysis of the linguistic construction of femininity in the American and French editions of early-i92os Vogue. In particular, it takes as a sample twenty-four Vogue issues published in 1921 and focuses on its extensive fashion features, originally written in English and then translated or adapted so as to appear in the French edition. A contrastive analysis of two parallel corpora (one consisting of the fashion articles published in 1921 Vogue US and another comprising their translations/adaptations for Vogue France) as regards frequency, collocational patterning and co-textual environment of lexical items pertaining to the domains of fashion and femininity reveals both similarities and differences in the linguistic representation of gender identity across two different cultures, alongside the adoption of particular translation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations agency UNESCO issued in 2009 the Paris Declaration on Broadcast Media and Climate Change: A Public Service Remit where the role of communication was underlined as vital in informing and educating the public about the realities of climate change and the costs of inaction. Citizens are informed of the environmental crisis through media channels. By integrating the topic of sustainability into all television programming, from children's programmes to reality TV shows, we can elevate this once-peripheral issue to a prominent position in the public consciousness. Understanding, measuring, and effectively reporting the degree to which the topic of sustainability is featured in broadcast media is challenging (McDonagh and Orero forthcoming). While some analyses and methodologies exist, these can be difficult to implement and time-consuming. Currently, there are no automatic tools to measure large language-based broadcast corpus data. Some companies have developed their own private methodology. Seeking to remedy this critical oversight, the goal of this paper is to propose the use of subtitles as a tool and explain the singularity of subtitles as a text type. At present subtitles are already used to mine information, which is the second part of the article. As a text type, subtitles features need to be taken into consideration. The final part defines the objective of our research: to use subtitles as a metric to measure the frequency, topic coverage, and accessibility of sustainability-related content in television. By drawing on subtitling data, we can measure the degree to which sustainability is discussed and presented in the wider broadcast mediascape. These data are expected to be instrumental in drafting reports, guidelines, and recommendations on sustainability for broadcasting in the region with the possibility of influencing national and international policy. By using subtitles as measurable raw data to develop metrics to gauge the quantity of sustainability-related content in broadcast television, we can better understand how climate change is currently covered. Armed with this knowledge, we can develop strategies and benchmarks to promote sustainability as a concept and contribute towards Net Zero targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses Yan Fu's translation of the title and the key terms in Thomas Huxley's Evolution and Ethics and shows that his unfaithfulness was mainly due to his personal intention to inspire the Chinese people to fight against foreign enemies and the feudal system in late nineteenth-century China. In his famous The Heavenly Theory of Evolution, the translation of Evolution and Ethics, Yan Fu added the traditional Chinese value of 'heaven' by translating 'evolution' as 'heavenly evolution' in order to make Darwin's theory more acceptable and easier to understand by target readers. When he translated terms such as 'competition' and 'natural selection', Yan Fu borrowed the slogan of the Westernizing reform to explain the relationship linking evolution, competition and selection. Yan Fu wanted to arouse people's attention to the theory of evolution and hoped they would use evolutionary thought as a theoretical weapon to save themselves and the country from a national crisis. His unfaithful translation appealed to the scholars to make them spread the theory through their social influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the partition of India in 1947, religion has become a major catalyst for division and othering in most of South Asia. Bangladeshi author and activist Taslima Nasrin was exiled from her country, primarily for revealing the mistreatment of the Hindu minorities in Bangladesh in her novel Shame. Indian author Arundhati Roy has also faced severe backlash due to her portrayal of the mistreatment of the Muslims in India in her novel The Ministry of Utmost Happiness. Religion has become an extremely fraught issue in South Asia, making almost any criticism of religious fundamentalism a highly perilous endeavor. Yet, both Nasrin and Roy had the courage to do that. This paper explores how the aforementioned novels expose the process of othering of the religious minorities in India and Bangladesh by highlighting the retributive nature of communal violence which feeds on mistrust, hatred, and religious tribalism - a cursed legacy that can be traced back to the violent partition of the Indian subcontinent based on the two-nation theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the present paper, I aim to discuss how Aldous Huxley and Ira Levin have employed the peripheral symbolic geography of their two works (Brave New World and This Perfect Day) to articulate their debate between different sets of social values. Unlike other authors of negative utopias such as George Orwell or Yevgeny Zamyatin, neither Huxley nor Levin idealized pre-modern values. In order to highlight how the two articulated their views with the help of symbolic geography, I will also make use of Michel Foucault's theoretical concepts of heterotopias, heterochrony as well as the ideas developed by the critics Michael Lowy and Robert Sayre in their seminal work Romanticism against the Tide of Modernity. My purpose is thus firstly to point out how and why Huxley and Levin divided the symbolic geography of their works in two parts as well as how they employed the Romantic critique of modernity. Secondly, I aim to show how despite using this analytical tool, they also employed symbolic geography with the purpose of turning the critique on its head, thus unveiling both its strong points as well as its shortcomings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the topographical and socio-cultural developments during the Golden Age in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco, three Beat Generation epicenters, which determined the deconstruction of traditional norms. Modifications at both city and society levels were represented by the emergence of countercultures, such as the Beat. The visibility received by urban problems, due to the increase in social demonstrations and activism, fostered the formation of a unified front that demanded equality and encouraged social and political movements, such as the Civil Rights and the Second Wave Feminism. The socio-political challenges which the American society was confronted with from the 1950s to the 1970s in these three cities, also reveal a few problems regarding the status of the Beats as well as of minorities in metropolises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores D. H. Lawrence's technique of portrayal in the short story "England, My England" (1921) by applying the key terms annex-metaphor and "blind self" to Egbert, the central male character. The former term is coined by the author of the article as a means of understanding Lawrence's treatment of his protagonist's inner life. With the help of the daughter figure, the British author manages to shape the abstract character of notions, and to produce a figurative, volatile version of the father's psyche. The latter concept, "blind self," belongs to Lawrence himself, and can be transferred, the paper argues, from one character to another in the process of uncovering Egbert's metaphorically shaped responses to different types of environment: the mystical, the social, the political. The idea of blindness is materialized as attraction towards nature, as denial of society or, on the contrary, as denial of the self, and, last but not least, as automatic response to the whims of history and national politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an investigation into the place of audiovisual translation in Romanian television news programmes. Although news translation has attracted a lot of attention in recent years, the same cannot be said about the various forms of audiovisual translation used in news programmes, which might range from interlingual subtitling and voice-over to media interpreting and signed language interpreting. The present paper attempts to highlight the contexts in which these types of translation are used in Romanian broadcast news, their features and functions. We will begin by discussing the concept of news translation and contrast it with audiovisual translation in the news. This will be followed by an overview and short description of the different forms of audiovisual translation encountered in the news. Based on this framework, we will then conduct a small-scale survey of several news broadcasts of the Romanian public television service in order to identify the situations in which a particular type of audiovisual translation tends to be used, as well as the reasons for resorting to it and ensuing results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formal approach to conditionals, treating them in a decontextualized manner, has been the most developed. The present paper shows how problematic this approach can be when conditionals are studied in context. One large class of conditionals could be termed 'interactional', and includes formulaic if-clauses of politeness, conditionals which soften the message, speech-act conditionals emphasizing the relevance of some information given beforehand, and paratactic conditionals making promises or issuing threats. It is to this eclectic class that the 'drama queen' conditional is added. Recently discovered, this conditional does not deal with either truth or hypotheticality, but with the human emotions of the people who face their reality and compare it with their own past. Not unlike the conditionals that relay the message "It's absurd!", the 'drama queen' conditionals convey the message "It's unimaginable!". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this paper is the analysis of evaluative adjectives used in the description of physical appearance, clothing, personal qualities, intelligence and manners of female characters in the English prose fiction of the 19th century. Four novels written by the Victorian writers, approximately in the same time period, served as the source material for the research, namely E. Bronte's "Wuthering Heights" (1847), W. M. Thackeray's "Vanity Fair" (1847), E. Gaskell's "Cranford" (1851), and C. Dicken's "Bleak House" (1852). Evaluative adjectives are regarded in this paper as the ones that carry in their use an implication of a positive or negative attitude or evaluation on the part of the writer (beautiful, awful, etc.). They give an emotive or subjective characterization of the qualities of the referent, revealing the writer's or speaker's peculiar attitude towards the object described. The present paper has two aims. The first is to study what evaluative adjectives were mostly employed by the authors in the portrayals of women in each of the mentioned novels and whether the authors prefer positive or negative characterisation of female characters. The second one is to examine if there are any gender specific peculiarities in the use of evaluative adjectives in the portrayal of women in the novels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper starts from the assumption that organizational culture can be defined as the type of behavior, mainly considered in interactional terms, which is deemed acceptable by the employees (Hofstede 45). By analyzing frames, footing and their changes, the paper aims to compare the culture in two companies-a joint company (Romanian Belgium where English is used as the language of communication) and a Romanian one. The data used for the analysis come from two face-to-face meetings in these two companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fairly new medium for westerners, manga joins the variety of already existing "shakespeares", bringing a fresh and vivid perspective on some of the most famous Shakespearean plays. This paper discusses several representations of space, with a particular focus on the city (Verona), the Capulet ballroom, and Juliet's bedroom, as they are rendered by artists in three manga transmediations of Romeo and Juliet coming from different cultural contexts (British, American, and Japanese). The paper will also explore the ways in which the three cultures play with Shakespeare's original Italian setting and negotiate their influence over one another at the beginning of the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]