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We present a procedure which enables the computation and the description of structures of isotropy subgroups of the group of complex orthogonal matrices with respect to the action of *congruence on Hermitian matrices. A key ingredient in our proof is an algorithm giving solutions of a certain rectangular block (complex-alternating) upper triangular Toeplitz matrix equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cayley transform of a matrix A , C (A) = (I + A) − 1 (I − A) , has been investigated in the contexts of skew-symmetry, eigenvalue mapping and as a factorization technique for several matrix positivity classes. Here, we extend the discussion to Cayley transforms of almost skew-Hermitian matrices, positive definite matrices, semipositive matrices, as well as subclasses of the M -matrices, H -matrices and their inverses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We classify maximal digraphs whose Hermitian spectral radius is at most 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let λ j and a j j , 1 ≤ j ≤ n , be the eigenvalues and the diagonal entries of a Hermitian matrix A , both enumerated in the increasing order. We prove some inequalities that are stronger than the Schur majorisation inequalities ∑ j = 1 r λ j ≤ ∑ j = 1 r a j j , 1 ≤ r ≤ n. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we determine the underlying graphs of the mixed graphs with smallest Hermitian eigenvalue greater than − 3. Furthermore, we characterize all mixed graphs on n ≥ 11 vertices with smallest Hermitian eigenvalue greater than − 3. The mixed graphs on n ≤ 10 vertices with smallest Hermitian eigenvalue greater than − 3 could be also obtained easily with the help of computer because their underlying graphs are determined. Roughly speaking, we completely determine the mixed graphs with smallest Hermitian eigenvalue greater than − 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yoopyo Hong proved in 1989 that each Hermitian matrix A is orthogonally *congruent to a matrix of the form ε 1 A 1 ⊕ ⋯ ε r A r ⊕ B 1 ⊕ ⋯ ⊕ B s , in which A 1 , ... , A r , B 1 , ... , B s are uniquely determined by the orthogonal *congruence class of A, and ε 1 , ... , ε r ∈ { 1 , − 1 }. We prove that ε 1 , ... , ε p are uniquely determined by the orthogonal *congruence class of A as well. As an application, we present a canonical form of a pair (A , B) consisting of a Hermitian matrix A and a nonsingular symmetric matrix B with respect to transformations (S ⁎ A S , S T B S) with a nonsingular S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the block version of the classical two-sided Jacobi method for the Hermitian eigenvalue problem, the off-diagonal elements of iterated matrix A (k) converge to zero. However, this fact alone does not necessarily guarantee that A (k) converges to a fixed diagonal matrix. The same is true for the matrix of accumulated unitary transformations Q (k). We prove that under certain assumptions A (k) indeed converges to a fixed diagonal matrix, whose diagonal elements are the eigenvalues of the input matrix A. Next it is shown that for a simple eigenvalue the corresponding column of Q (k) converges to the corresponding eigenvector. For a multiple eigenvalue or a cluster of eigenvalues, we prove that the orthogonal projectors constructed from the corresponding columns of Q (k) converge to the orthogonal projector onto the eigenspace corresponding to those eigenvalues. Moreover, the appropriate convergence bounds are obtained for all discussed cases. Convergence results are also valid for the parallel block-Jacobi method with dynamic ordering. The developed theory is illustrated by numerical example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this paper is to prove the following determinantal inequality: det ⁡ (A k + | B s 2 A s 2 | 2 t s ) ≤ det ⁡ (A k + A t B t) ≤ det ⁡ (A k + | A s 2 B s 2 | 2 t s ) for any positive semi-definite matrices A and B , and for all 0 ≤ t ≤ s ≤ k. It generalizes several known determinantal inequalities, and one main consequence of it confirms Lin's conjecture which states that for positive semi-definite matrices A and B , det ⁡ (A 2 + A t B t) ≤ det ⁡ (A 2 + | A B | t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2. We conclude with another related determinantal inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2017, M. Lin formulated two conjectures concerning determinantal inequalities for positive semi-definite matrices A and B , and which can be stated as follows det ⁡ (A 2 + | A B | p) ≥ det ⁡ (A 2 + | B A | p) for p ≥ 0 and det ⁡ (A 2 + | A B | p) ≥ det ⁡ (A 2 + A p B p) for 0 ≤ p ≤ 2. The main goal of this paper is to confirm the first conjecture in a slightly more general setting namely in the case when A and B are Hermitian, and also to prove the second conjecture when 0 ≤ p ≤ 4 3. Various related inequalities are then presented and we conclude with an open log-majorization question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The singular values of a matrix A are defined as the square roots of the eigenvalues of A ⁎ A , and the energy of A denoted by E (A) is the sum of its singular values. The energy of a graph G , E (G) , is defined as the sum of absolute values of the eigenvalues of its adjacency matrix. In this paper, we prove that if A is a Hermitian matrix with the block form A = ( B D D ⁎ C ) , then E (A) ≥ 2 E (D). Also, we show that if G is a graph and H is a spanning subgraph of G such that E (H) is an edge cut of G , then E (H) ≤ E (G) , i.e., adding any number of edges to each part of a bipartite graph does not decrease its energy. Let G be a connected graph of order n and size m with the adjacency matrix A. It is well-known that if G is a bipartite graph, then E (G) ≥ 4 m + n (n − 2) | det ⁡ (A) | 2 n . Here, we improve this result by showing that the inequality holds for all connected graphs of order at least 7. Furthermore, we improve a lower bound for E (G) given in Oboudi (2019) [14]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matrices in R n × n with determinant equal to ∑ i ≤ n μ (i) , where μ represents the Möbius function, have been studied for decades. The motivation to study such matrices is the close connection that they have to the prime number theorem, Dirichlet convolution, and related concepts. We introduce two parameterized families of bordered Hermitian matrices that possess similar properties. Each family is comprised of matrices M s ∈ C (n − 1) × (n − 1) that satisfy det ⁡ M 0 = ∑ i ≤ n | μ (i) | , det ⁡ M 1 = (∑ i ≤ n μ (i)) 2 , and we show det ⁡ M s is a quadratic polynomial in s. We apply the Cauchy interlacing theorem to show that, for each matrix in one of the families, the product of all of the subdominant eigenvalues is bounded above by 6 / π 2 + O (n − 1 / 2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We investigate the change in the multiplicities of the eigenvalues of a Hermitian matrix with a simple graph G , when edges are inserted into G or removed from G. We focus upon cases in which the multiplicity of the eigenvalue does not change due to inserting or removing edges incident to a vertex. Furthermore, we show how the change in the multiplicities of the eigenvalues occur, when two disjoint graphs are connected with one edge, based upon the status of the vertices that are connected. Lastly, we give the possible classifications of cut-edges in a graph and characterize the occurrence of each possible status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1893 Jacques Hadamard introduced the famous inequality concerning the determinant of the Gram matrix. The generalizations of this inequality are the main subject of considerations presented in this paper. Calculations executed for the gramian of order three revealed that the description of gramian hides a great potential enabling to strengthen essentially the Hadamard inequality. The research, undertaken in this direction, resulted in discovering the more subtle versions of the Hadamard inequality, also by involving the “language” of the positive semi-definite Hermitian matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a Hermitian matrix A ∈ C p × p , given vectors x , y ∈ C p and for suitable functions f , the bilinear form y ⁎ f ( A ) x is estimated by extending the extrapolation method proposed by C. Brezinski in 1999. Families of one term and two term estimates e f , ν , ν ∈ C and e ˆ f , n , k , n , k ∈ Z , respectively, are derived by extrapolation of the moments of the matrix A . For the positive definite case, bounds for the optimal value of ν , which leads to an efficient one term estimate in only one matrix vector product, are derived. For f ( A ) = A − 1 , a formula approximating this optimal value of ν is specified. Numerical results for several matrix functions and comparisons are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the extrapolation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fundamental theorem of geometry of hermitian matrices characterizes all bijective maps on the space of all hermitian matrices, which preserve adjacency in both directions. In this and subsequent paper we characterize maps on the set of all invertible hermitian matrices over a finite field, which preserve adjacency in one direction. In this first paper it is shown that maps that preserve adjacency on the set of all invertible hermitian matrices over a finite field are necessarily bijective, so the corresponding graph on invertible hermitian matrices, where edges are defined by the adjacency relation, is a core. Besides matrix theory, the proof relies on results from several other mathematical areas, including spectral and chromatic graph theory, and finite geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maps that preserve adjacency on the set of all invertible hermitian matrices over a finite field are characterized. It is shown that such maps form a group that is generated by the maps A ↦ P A P ⁎ , A ↦ A σ , and A ↦ A − 1 , where P is an invertible matrix, P ⁎ is its conjugate transpose, and σ is an automorphism of the underlying field. Bijectivity of maps is not an assumption but a conclusion. Moreover, adjacency is assumed to be preserved in one direction only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enhanced principal rank characteristic sequence (epr-sequence) of a symmetric n × n matrix is a sequence ℓ 1 ℓ 2 ⋯ ℓ n where ℓ k is A , S , or N according as all, some, or none of its principal minors of order k are nonzero. Such sequences give more information than the (0,1) pr-sequences previously studied (where basically the k th entry is 0 or 1 according as none or at least one of its principal minors of order k is nonzero). Various techniques including the Schur complement are introduced to establish that certain subsequences such as NAN are forbidden in epr-sequences over fields of characteristic not two. Using probabilistic methods over fields of characteristic zero, it is shown that any sequence of A s and S s ending in A is attainable, and any sequence of A s and S s followed by one or more N s is attainable; additional families of attainable epr-sequences are constructed explicitly by other methods. For real symmetric matrices of orders 2, 3, 4, and 5, all attainable epr-sequences are listed with justifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given an n × n matrix, its principal rank characteristic sequence is a sequence of length n + 1 of 0s and 1s where, for k = 0 , 1 , … , n , a 1 in the k th position indicates the existence of a principal submatrix of rank k and a 0 indicates the absence of such a submatrix. The principal rank characteristic sequences for symmetric matrices over various fields are investigated, with all such attainable sequences determined for all n over any field with characteristic 2. A complete list of attainable sequences for real symmetric matrices of order 7 is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the problem of determining those undirected n -vertex graphs with a corresponding Hermitian matrix that admits only two distinct eigenvalues, with multiplicities k and n--k. After giving some general algebraic characterizations of these dual multiplicity graphs, we then prove two major graph theoretic necessary conditions on such graphs. Construction techniques are then developed, and these lead to a characterization of dual multiplicity graphs for which the lesser multiplicity is two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]