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The Southern Hemisphere lichen genus Villophora in subfamily Teloschistoideae is analyzed based on DNA sequence data. Six species are described, five of which are new to science: V. darwiniana and V. wallaceana grow on lignum and bark in southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego; V. onas and V. patagonica are lichenicolous or saxicolous on rocks in southern Patagonia; V. rimicola is saxicolous in Antarctica. Based on a three-gene DNA analysis, Tayloriellina is shown to be closely related to Villophora, and Tayloriellina microphyllina is established as a new combination. A key is provided to all species of the two genera. Raesaeneniana maulensis is combined into Villophora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caloplaca sol is described as a new species from limestone and basic siliceous rocks on the southern and western coasts of Great Britain. It is characterized by a well-developed, crustose, non-placodioid, epilithic, cracked, orange-yellow thallus, almost concolorous apothecia up to 0·66 mm diameter, and ascospores c. 11·0– 12·2 –13·0 µm long with a septum c. 0·4×the ascospore length. Caloplaca dalmatica is related but differs in the endolithic or only thinly epilithic thallus. Caloplaca marina is darker orange in colour, with more convex areoles, and is mostly confined to the splash zone of the seashore. Caloplaca maritima differs in the typically more convex, sometimes isolated areoles, and often in the presence of a crenulate thalline margin in young apothecia. Caloplaca itiana is newly reported from Great Britain from coastal limestone; it differs from C. sol in the thallus being endolithic or almost so, and from C. dalmatica in the more completely endolithic thallus and the larger ascospores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current view of the geographical ranges of lichens is often distorted by overly narrow or overly broad applications of names and by insufficient survey of most regions of the world. Here we present several cases where species of Teloschistaceae formerly thought to be limited to rather small territories in the western or eastern parts of Eurasia are in fact widespread in northern Eurasia. We support our findings with ITS nrDNA data in several new trees showing relationships in the genera Athallia, Calogaya, Caloplaca, Flavoplaca and Gyalolechia. The widespread species have little in common, except that most of them reproduce both sexually and asexually, and we discuss the possible influence of the combined reproduction on geographical range. Calogaya bryochrysion, Calogaya saxicola, Gyalolechia epiphyta and Gyalolechia ussuriensis are new combinations. Calogaya alaskensis is a younger synonym for C. bryochrysion. The generally arctic-alpine Calogaya bryochrysion also occurs on the bark of solitary trees in dry parts of the Altai Mountains. The Australian Flavoplaca cranfieldii is a younger synonym of F. flavocitrina. Gyalolechia epiphyta has been described numerous times, from different regions and substrata, as Caloplaca juniperi, C. laricina, C. tarani, Gyalolechia arizonica and G. juniperina. The name Gyalolechia xanthostigmoidea has recently been used for G. epiphyta, but it represents a distinct taxon. Gyalolechia ussuriensis is closely related to and morphologically indistinguishable from G. persimilis, but they have a different ecology and distribution and we regard them as distinct species. Caloplaca juniperina Tomin is lectotypified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gneiss inselbergs in the Caatinga region of Ceará in equatorial Brazil are literally covered with a wide diversity of caloplacoid lichens. This includes two closely related new saxicolous species of Caloplaca, both with the aspect of a Lecanora of the subfusca-aggregate: C. lecanorocarpa has a grey areolate bullate thallus with atranorin on a black prothallus, grey thalline apothecium margin, sessile apothecia with glossy dark brown disc, and ascospores of 10-12×5·0-5·5 μm, with a 5·0-5·5 μm thick septum; and the similar, related C. lecapustulata which mainly differs by the rimose thallus with irregular mushroom-shaped pustules. The phylogenetic position of the two new species has been assessed to be within the Caloplacoideae. A key to all tropical lecanoroid Caloplaca species is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent phylogenetic analysis of the family Teloschistaceae based on three molecular markers, 31 genera were newly described or resurrected. One of these genera was Parvoplaca, currently including four species in which anthraquinones may be present or absent in the apothecia. We have re-analyzed the genus and propose one new species, P. nigroblastidiata Arup, Halıcı & Vondrák, and one new combination, P. chelyae (Pérez-Vargas) Vondrák, Halıcı & Arup. The new species is known at present from Sweden, Turkey and Alaska. It is characterized by an endophloedal thallus, black blastidia produced in small spots and zeorin-lecanorine apothecia with an orange disc and black thalline margin. It is morphologically similar to Caloplaca turkuensis, but differs in the zeorine-lecanorine apothecia and the thalline margin that is dark grey-black instead of grey. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Based on a combined three locus analysis two new genera, Charcotiana and Amundsenia, are proposed in the lichen family Teloschistaceae, subfamily Xanthorioideae. Charcotiana includes the new species C. antarctica, which is known only from continental Antarctica. The bipolar genus Amundsenia includes the new species A. austrocontinentalis, which is also known only from continental Antarctica, and the Arctic species Caloplaca approximata which is here combined into the new genus. The two new genera are phylogenetically distinct, but poor in morphological characters; the new species consist mainly of minute apothecia in cracks of rocks located in the climatically harshest regions of the Antarctic. They are somewhat similar to another continental Antarctic species, Austroplaca frigida, which is described as a new name based on the illegitimate name Caloplaca frigida Søchting. The distribution of the four species is mapped. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A new genus, Catenarina (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota), with three species is described from the Southern Hemisphere, supported by molecular data. All species contain the secondary metabolite 7-chlorocatenarin, previously unknown in lichens. Catenarinadesolata is a non-littoral, lichenicolous species found on volcanic and soft sedimentary rock at 190–300 m in and near steppes in southernmost Chile and on the subantarctic island, Kerguelen. Catenarina vivasiana grows on maritime rocks and on rock outcrops in lowland Nothofagus forests, but has also been found at altitudes up to c. 580 m on moss and detritus on outcrops in Tierra del Fuego. The Antarctic species Caloplaca iomma is transferred to Catenarina based on chemical data; it grows on rocks near the coast in maritime Antarctica. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

It has been suggested that the absence of anthraquinones is not a synapomorphic character, but appears independently in unrelated lineages of Teloschistaceae. We analyzed ITS nrDNA regions in species of the genus Caloplaca and present evidence for five such examples: the Caloplaca cerina group, C. obscurella, the C. servitiana group, the C. xerica group and the C. variabilis group (Pyrenodesmia). In some cases, loss of anthraquinones is observed only in individuals within ordinarily pigmented populations, but sometimes the loss covers whole lineages containing one or more species. Both situations are observed in the C. servitiana group. Loss of anthraquinones is always followed by the synthesis of ‘alternative’ pigments (often Sedifolia-grey). In the specimens with anthraquinone-containing apothecia studied, these pigments are not visible in apothecial sections after dissolving anthraquinones in K. Fully unpigmented apothecia have not been observed.The Caloplaca xerica group is a newly established, infraspecific grouping of species related to, and similar to, C. xerica. The Caloplaca servitiana group is also newly established and represents an isolated lineage covering two rather different, but related species. Caloplaca neotaurica is described here as a new species with apothecia of two colour variants; orange-red (with anthraquinones) and grey (with Sedifolia-grey).The genus Huea represents another taxon lacking anthraquinones within Teloschistaceae. The genera Apatoplaca and Cephalophysis, which lack anthraquinones, are tentatively placed in Teloschistaceae, but their phylogenetic identity has not been recognized. Hueidea is reported to have no anthraquinones, but its secondary metabolites should be studied further and its possible placement in Teloschistaceae assessed.We suggest that Caloplaca abbreviata var. lecideoides and C. celata represent variants of C. stillicidiorum lacking anthraquinones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Caloplaca holocarpa group contains members of the family Teloschistaceae with a strongly reduced thallus and conspicuous yellow, orange or red apothecia. In the absence of well-defined thallus characters, taxa of this group must be identified mainly by apothecial characters and are as a result often difficult to separate. The species of this group have been shown not to form a monophyletic entity, with representatives of other Teloschistaceae with more complex thalli intermixed among them. Caloplaca skii and C. syvashica are recognized here as two homogeneous clades with Caloplaca holocarpa-like phenotypes. Caloplaca skii, which is widespread in southern Europe, resembles C. cerinelloides but is distinguished by its smaller and narrower ascospores and by growing predominantly on xerophilous shrubs. Caloplaca syvashica is restricted to shrubs in salt marshes in the northern Black Sea region. It is similar to the British Caloplaca suaedae and Australian C. yarraensis, but differs from both, mainly in ascospore characters. Caloplaca yarraensis is closely related to the new C. syvashica but arguments against their conspecificity are emphasised. A key for epiphytic C. holocarpa-like Teloschistaceae from Europe is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Caloplaca crenulatella species complex is monophyletic, based on analysis of ITS nrDNA sequences. It is characterized mainly by its ascospores and a simplified thallus. Caloplaca aquensis, C. borysthenica, C. interfulgens, C. lactea, C. marmorata and C. tominii represent well-defined monophyletic lineages within it. Caloplaca diffusa, described here as a new species, is a well-supported lineage with a distinctive phenotype. Caloplaca crenulatella s. lat. and C. ferrarii s. lat. are heterogeneous taxa appearing in four and two places respectively within our tree. Caloplaca ochracea also belongs to the group, although it has different ascospore characters. Caloplaca gyalolechiaeformis and C. pseudocitrina are later synonyms of C. tominii. Arctic and North American sorediate specimens morphologically very close to C. tominii represent a separate lineage recently recognized as C. erichansenii. The North American Caloplaca nashii has a C. crenulatella-like phenotype but does not belong to the C. crenulatella complex. The identities of Caloplaca lacteoides and Caloplaca epigaea are not clear, but the latter may be a terricolous ecotype of one of the entities within C. crenulatella s. lat. A key to the European species of the group is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1915 Hue described Lecanora (sect. Placodium) aequata growing over quartzite rocks from Busan and the Kangwon Provinces of South Korea. Later Zahlbruckner (1931) transferred it to the genus Caloplaca. Careful examination of syntype material of L. aequata lodged at The Natural History Museum, UK (BM) demonstrates that the species is conspecific with C. cinnabarina (Ach.) Zahlbr. and we henceforth synonymize it with that species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caloplaca phlogina is shown here to have two kinds of soralia, yellow soralia with anthraquinones versus whitish or white-green soralia lacking pigments. Both kinds are present, growing side by side, in some localities in Scandinavia, but yellow soralia appear to be more common. In contrast, the populations from halophilous shrubs on the Black Sea coast have predominantly white soralia, and they were described as a separate species, C. scythica. A single collection from Chile also has white soralia. Molecular data and phenotype examinations convinced us that Scandinavian and Black Sea populations are conspecific. We consider the North European, phenotypically variable population as a source for the Black Sea population which is ecologically and phenotypically more uniform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eleven species are recognized of which C. bogilana and C. subflavorubescens are described here as new to science while nine species (C. cinnabarina, C. decipiens, C. ferruginea, C. inconspecta, C. pellodella, C. scopularis, C. stantonii, C. squamosa and C. subsoluta) are reported for the first time for South Korea. Both new species are peculiar due to their secondary chemistry; anthraquinones along with atranorin, gyrophoric acid and lecanoric acid in C. bogilana, and gyrophoric acid together with anthraquinones in C. subflavorubescens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five taxa of the genera Omphalodina and Rhizoplaca known from continental Antarctica are reassessed in order to identify a remarkable species collected from northern Victoria Land, for which the new combination Rhizoplaca macleanii (C.W. Dodge) Castello is proposed here. This poorly known species is known only from continental Antarctica. Two synonyms are discussed: Omphalodina exsulans (Th. Fr.) C. W. Dodge and O. siplei (C. W. Dodge & G. E. Baker) C. W. Dodge are synonyms of Rhizoplaca melanophthalma (DC.) Leuckert & Poelt. The correct name of another species is Tephromela priestleyi (C. W. Dodge) Øvstedal. The name O. johnstonii (C. W. Dodge) C. W. Dodge should be abandoned, type material being too scanty for a reliable identification. A contribution to the flora of the Terra Nova Bay area (northern Victoria Land) is provided, with two additional species, including Buellia vilis Th. Fr. new to Antarctic regions, and two nomenclatural corrections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new taxonomy of the Caloplaca citrina group in the Black Sea region is presented. It is based on the nrDNA ITS molecular data, chemistry (anthraquinone contents) and 20 morphological characters. Six species previously known in the region are accepted: Caloplaca arcis, C. calcitrapa, C. dichroa, C. flavocitrina, C. geleverjae, C. limonia. Five new species are described: Caloplaca arcisproxima, C. austrocitrina, C. communis, C. confusa and C. nigromarina. Seven further species, Caloplaca britannica, C. citrina, C. marina, C. maritima, C. microthallina, C. ora and C. phlogina are also treated briefly. Some maritime species known from the Atlantic coast of Europe are absent from the region, and, surprisingly, Caloplaca citrina s. str. could not be confirmed from the study area. A key to the species present in the region is provided, although morphological characters are of very limited value in this group. The variability and taxonomic importance of particular features are discussed. No significant differences in secondary chemistry were observed among the species. Many examples of convergence and some semi-cryptic species were revealed by molecular data. The term 'semi-cryptic species' is introduced here into lichenology for those species which cannot be clearly diagnosed by their morphology, but which are determined by other characters, mainly by their ecology and distribution. We propose to describe formally such species, in spite of difficulties with subsequent morphological identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caloplaca herbidella (Hue) H. Magn. and C. furfuracea H. Magn. are two isidiate, epiphytic species in the large genus Caloplaca. Caloplaca herbidella in a strict sense is normally grey and fertile with thick, somewhat coralloid isidia, but orange, sterile forms with thin isidia also occur. Caloplaca furfuracea is superficially similar morphologically to C. herbidella s. str. but has thinner, more granular isidia and generally a darker grey colour. Doubts have been raised as to whether C. furfuracea should be acknowledged as a proper species or incorporated in C. herbidella. Using morphometric methods and molecular analysis of the nrITS DNA gene we show that C. herbidella and C. furfuracea are two clearly separated species. Furthermore, the mainly sterile, orange form of C. herbidella can be regarded as a separate species that is here described as C. coralliza Arup & Åkelius. All three species are described in detail, including photographs and notes on their ecology. Finally, new distributionmaps for Europe show that C. herbidella and C. coralliza are widespread in Europe, but the latter is probably less common than the former. Caloplaca furfuracea is clearly very rare in Europe with only few collections from Switzerland and Sweden, but seems to be more common in North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Caloplaca holocarpa group in the Nordic countries, except Iceland, is defined genetically using the nrlTS DNA gene. The members are analysed with regard to morphology, anatomy, ecology, and chemistry. The results show that C. holocarpa seems to be a very small group, but there are many morphologically similar species outside the group. Within the group several species have been confused, but it is shown that C. holocarpa, C. pyracea, and C. vitellinula are separate taxa. Caloplaca cerinella also belongs to the group whereas C. cerinelloides does not, but is included in the treatment because of its similarity to the former species. Caloplaca lithophila H. Magn. is a synonym of either C. holocarpa or C. vitellinula, most probably of the latter. Many specimens determined to C. holocarpa belong to Caloplaca oasis, but this species is shown to have much more variable morphology and wider ecology and distribution than previously understood. Caloplaca oasis has also been confused with C. polycarpa, which is similar, but morphologically and genetically distinct, even though related. Neither of the two species belong to the C. holocarpa group, but are related to the C. citrina group, not to the C. velana group as usually believed. Other species from northern and central Europe similar to C. holocarpa belong in other groups. The treated species are described and illustrated in colour. Distribution maps are given for the study area. A key to species in northern Europe similar to C. holocarpa is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new species of the lichen genus Caloplaca (Teloschistaceae) from India are described. Caloplacajatolensis belongs to the Triophthalmidium section, while C. pseudisteroides and C. subleptozona belong to the Sideritis group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caloplaca subalpina Vondrák, Šoun & Palice and C. thracopontica Vondrák & Šoun are described here as new to science. The former is a sorediate, often sterile, saxicolous species inhibating subalpine base-rich overhanging rocks in European mountains; the latter grows on maritime, cliffs of the Black Sea and is conspicuous by the lobules and pustules which are usually present on its thallus and by its apothecia which are typically large and abundant. The placing of the two species in the C. cerina group was confirmed by molecular studies using nrDNA ITS sequences. The chemosyndromes of both new species correspond to chemosyndrome A, which is in accordance with their position in the C. cerina group. A key to the saxicolous species of the C. cerina group is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nineteen lichens new to sub-Antarctic Heard Island are recorded. Three species are described as new: Gyalideopsis heardense øvstedal, Mycobilimbia subbyssoidea øvstedal and Psororna absconditum øvstedal. Altogether the total number of lichen species recorded on the island is now 90. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifty-six known lichenicolous, non-lichenized Opegrapha (Roccellaceae, Arthoniales) species (containing some undescribed taxa) are listed here, five of which are known from Caloplaca (Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales). Opegrapha vulpina, a new lichenicolous fungus on endolithic Caloplaca subg. Pyrenodesmia (Caloplaca erodens and rarely C. albopruinosa), is described from Europe. A second new species, Opegrapha hellespontica, lichenicolous on Caloplaca aurantia, is described from the European part of Turkey. Two possible sibling species of Opegrapha rupestris s. 1. lichenicolous on Caloplaca cirrochroa and C. variabilis s. 1., respectively, are discussed in the paper, but have not been described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caloplaca concreticola is described here as new. It is a morphologically well-characterized, sorediate species of the subgenus Pyrenodesmia, that comprises a part of the ‘‘black-fruited’’ taxa with an absence of anthraquinones in their apothecia. Currently it is known only from concrete and always occurs close to water (mainly on the walls of water channels). Analysis of nuclear ribosomal ITS sequence data of the new species, together with most European species of the subgenus, supports the recognition of the new species as a monophyletic taxon within the Pyrenodesmia clade. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Two species of lichenicolous fungi discovered in Turkey are described as new to science: Lichenostignia triseptata sp. nov. (on Aspicilia caesiocinerea) and Stigrnidiumjohnii sp. nov. (on Caloplaca sp.). In addition, S. caloplacae is considered to be a synonym of S. cerinae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caloplaca fuscorufa H. Magn, is a poorly known species that for a long time was known only from a single locality in Jamtland, northern Sweden, where it was collected in 1910. It has been suggested to be synonymous with C. crenularia (With.) J. R. Laundon, but has also been confused with C. exsecuta (Nyl.) Dalla Tone & Sarnth. We have compared the isotype of C. fuscorufa and material collected in Sweden, Norway and Svalbard, with presumably related species, using morphology, anatomy and chemistry as well as molecular data. The results show that C. fuscorufa is a distinct species, differing from C. crenularia mainly in its somewhat larger spores with wider septa, different colour of the apothecia and a more northern distribution. It differs from C. exsecuta mainly in its chemistry and smaller spores with smaller septa. Caloplaca crenularia is shown to have a more southern distribution in Sweden than previously understood. Chemical data and a molecular analysis based on ITS data show that C. fuscorufa is related to C. crenularia and C. ammiospila, but clearly separated from these species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species, Caloplaca lenae S∅chting & Figueras is described. It is a saxicolous lichen from a very dry and warm region of Central Asia, characterized by a thick occasionally effigurate thallus, with well-developed, labriform soralia, and conspicuous dark pycnidia. The apothecia are only present in some localities, and the spore form is very variable. Apart from anthraquinones it contains the depsidones, caloploicin, vicanicin and isofulgidin that have been recorded from few other species of Caloplaca, Fulgensia and Teloschistes. The taxonomic significance of the presence of depsidones is discussed in relation to a phylogenetic tree inferred from ITS data of nuclear ribosomal DNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galoplaca amarkantakana Y. Joshi & Upreti, a species closely related to C. pellodella and belonging to the section Sideritis, is described as new to science from India. It is characterized by a ± pruinose lobed olivaceous, grey-brown thallus having a parathecium of isodiametric cells, and by smaller ascospores and conidia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galoplaca squamuloisidiata van den Boom & V. J. Rico is described as new to science. It is a saxicolous species, pale green to grey, with olivaceous patches, with a rimose-areolate, squamulose, lobulate and isidiate thallus, growing on inland exposed acid rock faces in the western half of the Iberian Peninsula in the Mediterranean region. Its ecology and distribution, and the lichen communities in which it was found are presented. A key to the isidiate and granular-isidiate Caloplaca species in Western Europe is also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galoplaca sorediella Arup is described as a new species. It is so far known only from extreme maritime situations on seashore rocks in western England, Scotland and Wales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caloplaca badioreagens is a new endolithic species of subgenus Pyrenodesmia characterized by a greyish brown, K+ reddish brown epithecium, and simple, non-capitate paraphyses. It is readily distinguishable from other endolithic Pyrenodesmias (C. agardhiana, C. alociza, C. erodens) by the presence of an unknown lichen substance in the excipulum and the subhymenium, forming large, rectangular crystal plates in GAW and GE. The new species was collected on hard limestone in three localities of central and southern Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phoma fuliginosa sp. nov. is described and illustrated from apothecia of Galoplaca trachyphylla (Teloschistaceae) collected in Nebraska, USA. The species is distinguished from other lichenicolous fungi referred to the genus in the shape and size of the conidia. It is considered pragmatic to continue to use the generic name Phoma for this group of lichenicolous coelomycetes until cultural and molecular information is available, although these fungi may later prove not to be congeneric amongst themselves nor with the species occurring on plants. A key to the 14 lichenicolous species now accepted in Phoma is provided, and notes on reports of some additional collections referred to the genus are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on and a key to the 13 Polycoccum species known in Spain are presented, including synopses of their world distributions. Amongst these is P. rubellianae sp. nov., a lichenicolous fungus growing on thalli of Caloplaca rubelliana in eastern Spain (Valencia). It has relatively small ascomata, the lower part pale brown, and also small ascospores which are coarsely verrucose and have a thick gelatinous sheath when young. The new species is associated with a Phoma-like anamorph. The identity and systematic position of P. opulentum requires further study as the name has been applied to different species, and the occurrence of P. marmoratum in Spain is in need of confirmation. The Spanish record of P. arnoldii on Lecania cyrtella probably refers to another yet undescribed species. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract:14C/C ratios in samples from radial transects across individual thalli ofCaloplaca trachyphylla collected at two sites were measured and the results used to investigate whether 14C/C data might provide some insight into the magnitude of carbon turnover in this lichen species. The 14C/C data suggest that significant internal recycling/translocation of carbon is unlikely in the sampled thalli. However, converting the14 C/C data for the larger intact thalli sampled at each site to calendar years, using the atmospheric 14C record, does not yield constant or even monotonically varying growth rates. Since crustose lichen growth rates are constant or decrease with thallus size, and since the 14C/C data from these larger thalli show a relatively small spread in14 C/C data values compared to the Northern Hemisphere atmospheric 14C record over the past 50 years, the14 C/C data suggest that carbon turnover may be occurring. Carbon turnover was modelled starting with the atmospheric14 C record. Turnover was incorporated so that for each year in the record a constant percentage of the total carbon was lost annually and replaced by new photosynthetically fixed carbon with a 14C/C ratio equal to that of the contemporary atmosphere. The 14C/C data from the radial samples were then converted to a calendar year using the model record. Constant annual carbon turnover values of 0, 0·5, 1, 1·5, 2, 2·5, 3, 3·5, 4, 4·5, 5, 5·5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 50% were modelled. Carbon turnover values between 3 and 6% created 14C model records that when applied to 14C/C data from the thalli produced constant radial growth rates that were: (1) identical for all lichens at a given site, and (2) independent of lichen size at a given site. The 14C/C data further indicate that annual carbon turnover in this species of lichen is <10%, independent of the nature of thallus radial growth. The data and modelling suggest that carbon turnover might provide a simple explanation for the 14C/C data from the thalli and might explain the discrepancies between the standard atmospheric 14C record and the 14C/C ratios observed in C. trachyphylla. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses the study by O. Redchenko, J. Vondrák, and J. Košnar which investigates the DNA sequence of 151 year-old specimen of Caloplaca conversum collected in 1859. The study claims that the sequencing of the specimen was a record for all members of the fungi kingdom. The article also mentions that Caloplaca was found to be the oldest ascomycete fungus.